Diabetes knockout receptors glucagon. Medical search. Frequent questions

Finally, it is unclear if the analog suppresses native glucagon secretion into the portal circulation. (diabetesjournals.org)
It also stimulates glucagon secretion and fat accumulation. (wikipedia.org)
Little is known about regulated glucagon secretion by human islet α-cells compared to insulin secretion from β-cells, despite conclusive evidence of dysfunction in both cell types in diabetes mellitus. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Transplanted human islets retain regulated glucagon secretion in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: Excessive glucagon secretion by transplanted T2D islets in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
Regarding Type 1 diabetes(T1D), animal/islet-cell studies found that GABA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits α-cell glucagon and dampens immune inflammation, while GAD immunization may also preserve β-cells. (nature.com)
In vitro experiments found that isolated human islets treated with GABA receptor blockade have decreased insulin secretion at physiologic glucose concentrations 18 . (nature.com)
Further, GABA-deficient islets did not show appropriate glucagon inhibition in response to increasing glucose concentrations in vitro 22 , suggesting that GABA is directly involved in the suppression of glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells. (nature.com)
Dysregulated glucagon secretion deteriorates glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (theopenscholar.com)
Although insulin is known to regulate glucagon secretion via its cognate receptor (insulin receptor, INSR) in pancreatic alpha cells, the role of downstream proteins and signaling pathways underlying insulin's activities are not fully defined. (theopenscholar.com)
In contrast, alpha cell-specific IRS2-knockout animals manifested normal glucose tolerance and suppression of glucagon secretion after glucose administration. (theopenscholar.com)
It is characterized by hyperglycemia and defective production and/or secretion of insulin and complications in the heart, kidney, and neural system leading to death, which have drawn notable attention to the management of diabetes. (frontiersin.org)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and defects in insulin secretion and action at target tissues. (diabetestalk.net)
Nevertheless, recent work has revealed defects in glucagon secretion in islets isolated from donors positive for a single GAD autoantibody (GADA) [ 13 ]. (springer.com)

The authors conclude that glucagon controls glucose levels, energy, and lipid metabolism, at least in part, via FGF21-dependent pathways. (diabetesjournals.org)
Given the sine qua non status of glucagon in diabetes, it is vital to determine if FGF21 is a diabetogenic mediator of glucagon-induced overproduction of glucose and ketones that occurs in untreated insulin deficiency. (diabetesjournals.org)
The lab has used conditional knockouts to complement in vitro models using primary islets from humans/rodents to dissect cross-talk between insulin/IGF-I, glucose, and incretin (glucagon like-peptide-1) signaling pathways in islet cells. (joslin.org)
Alpha cell-specific IRS1-knockout mice exhibited glucose intolerance and inappropriate glucagon suppression during glucose tolerance tests. (theopenscholar.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to defects in glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
The involvement of autophagy in the development of diabetes is corroborated by affecting the physiology and role of pancreatic β cells and the homeostasis of glucose. (frontiersin.org)
Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
Currently, results are available from two studies with TZD focusing on cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, and from 12 cardiovascular outcome trials focusing on major adverse cardiovascular events associated with new antidiabetic agents (four with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, three with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and five with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues). (j-stroke.org)

2 ). They also find that a synthetic glucagon receptor agonist (IUB288) upregulates FGF21 expression in isolated primary hepatocytes from wild-type, but not glucagon receptor-null, mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
More recently, it was reported that the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes cannot occur in glucagon receptor-null mice in which virtually all insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells are destroyed ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Researchers at Universities of Angers and Ulster evidenced that genetic ablation of the GIP receptor in mice resulted in profound alterations of bone microarchitecture through modification of the adipokine network. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, the deficiency in GIP receptors has also been associated in mice with a dramatic decrease in bone quality and a subsequent increase in fracture risk. (wikipedia.org)
In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity. (wikipedia.org)
To determine unambiguously if suppression of glucagon action will eliminate manifestations of diabetes, we expressed glucagon receptors in livers of glucagon receptor-null (GcgR -/- ) mice before and after β-cell destruction by high-dose streptozotocin. (elsevierpure.com)
Distinct insulins in humans and mice permit in vivo studies of human β-cell regulation after human islet transplantation in immunocompromised mice, whereas identical glucagon sequences prevent analogous in vivo measures of glucagon output from human α-cells. (nature.com)
Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 editing to remove glucagon codons 2-29 in immunocompromised NSG mice, preserving the production of other proglucagon-derived hormones. (nature.com)
Glucagon knockout NSG (GKO-NSG) mice have metabolic, liver and pancreatic phenotypes associated with glucagon-signalling deficits that revert after transplantation of human islets from non-diabetic donors. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Human islet transplantation establishes a glucagon-signalling axis that corrects liver phenotypes in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD/SCID/IL2 receptor ɣ chain null mice. (nature.com)
2011) Glucagon receptor knockout prevents insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes in mice. (touchstonelabs.org)
Mice overexpressing was resistant to streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus25. (immune-source.com)
At the very least FGF1, FGF2, and FGF7 knockout mice may be utilised for this goal, as they have no or only mild phenotypic abnormalities.5 Alternatively, person FGFs could possibly be inhibited in the wound internet site utilizing neutralizing antibodies or small-interfering RNAs. (glucagon-receptor.com)
It will be thrilling to identify the effect FGF-BP1 overexpression on wound healing in aged mice or in mice right after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin therapy. (glucagon-receptor.com)
Due to the fact diabetes is associated with impaired wound angiogenesis in mice and humans,two,20 the enhancement of FGF-BP1 levels could be especially efficient under these circumstances. (glucagon-receptor.com)
Filled pubs: Pdx-cre Foxo knockout mice and their wild-type settings (mice, aswell as mice that develop diabetes because of intense peripheral insulin level of resistance, as a result of targeted knockout of insulin receptor Pyraclonil in muscle tissue, fat and mind (GIRKO)26. (healthanddietblog.info)
Of take note, the second option mice are low fat and also have no intrinsic -cell abnormalities, but develop diabetes mainly because a complete consequence of their inability to pay for insulin resistance. (healthanddietblog.info)
b) Co-immunostaining of ALDH1A3 and insulin or glucagon, somatostatin (Text message), and Pp in and Pdx1-cre-driven Foxo knockout mice. (healthanddietblog.info)
To raised assess Neurog3/ALDH1A3-positive cells, we offer two representative areas from Foxo knockout mice. (healthanddietblog.info)
VIP treatment has also been shown to prevent the development of diabetes in genetically obese mice. (genx.bio)
Insulin resistance in older PTG heterozygous mice correlates with a significant increase in muscle triglyceride content, with a corresponding attenuation of insulin receptor signaling. (jci.org)
Food-associated estrogenic compounds induce estrogen receptor-mediated luciferase gene expression in transgenic male mice. (knaw.nl)
Immunohistopathological studies of pancreases from individuals with type 1 diabetes are generally compatible with these observations made in mice (see references below) but have exposed additional phenomena peculiar to the natural history of the disease in humans. (springer.com)
Effects of insulin and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide on the kidney proteome in db/db mice. (lu.se)
IGF2 mutation knock-in (IGF2 KI) and ZBED6 knockout (ZBED6 KO) lead to changes in IGF2 expression and increase muscle mass in mice and pigs. (biomedcentral.com)

Glucagon hypersecretion by transplanted islets from donors with type 2 diabetes revealed islet-intrinsic defects. (nature.com)
The Paracrinology of Islets and the Paracrinopathy of Diabetes. (touchstonelabs.org)
In this study, we applied four methods (Picopure extraction kit, Qiazol protocol, Qiazol + Clean-up kit, and RNeasy Microkit + Carrier) to extract RNA from human islets obtained from both non-diabetic individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes who had undergone partial pancreatectomy, as well as handpicked islets from both non-diabetic and diabetic organ donors. (theopenscholar.com)

Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (incretin mimetics). (genetobe.com)

The inflammatory response, critical illness, and underlying risk factors may all predispose to complications of obesity such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. (jomes.org)
A high mortality rate has been observed in certain groups such as older populations and people with underlying health issues such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). (jomes.org)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. (frontiersin.org)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Patients with hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of cerebrovascular ischemic stroke [ 4 , 5 ]. (j-stroke.org)
Our aim is to clarify the currently described effects of probiotics in the prevention and management of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)

The common medications used to treat people with obesity, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, statins, and antiplatelets agents, should be continued because these agents have anti-inflammatory properties and play protective roles against cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. (jomes.org)

A second area of interest is to derive induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from living human donors geared to differentiating them into mature insulin or glucagon secreting cells. (joslin.org)

The importance of the network defined by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) downstream of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) has been recognized for many years. (bvsalud.org)
Receptor function will be assessed by assaying its tyrosine kinase activity. (diabetestalk.net)

Tsukuba, Japan-Incretins are hormones secreted by intestinal cells that regulate pancreatic insulin and glucagon to control sugar metabolism in mammals. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

Although counterparts of insulin and glucagon have been identified in invertebrates, no hormone equivalent to incretin has been described. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

Finally, we are studying pathways utilized by lymphocytes that allow regeneration of beta cells in type 1 diabetes. (joslin.org)
Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
Specifically, evidence supports that several signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the development of diabetes. (frontiersin.org)
This study examines exciting new hallmarks for the strict involvement of autophagy and TGF-β signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the design of novel therapeutic strategies. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)

The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)

A new report in this issue of Diabetes provides evidence that at least some metabolic actions of glucagon may be mediated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). (diabetesjournals.org)
Such an effect could alter the insulin-to-glucagon ratio reaching the liver and profoundly impact metabolic regulation. (diabetesjournals.org)
In conclusion, the metabolic manifestations of diabetes cannot occur without glucagon action and, once present, disappear promptlywhen glucagon action is abolished. (elsevierpure.com)
Here, we hypothesised that prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota lowers intestinal permeability, by a mechanism involving glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) thereby improving inflammation and metabolic disorders during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)

and (Desk I). Besides these genes specific peptides or their analogues such as for example glucagon like peptide-1/exendin-4 may also be involved with islet regeneration. (immune-source.com)

The development of a radioimmunoassay in 1959 made possible elucidation of glucagon's role in normal physiology and in disorders such as diabetes and stress hyperglycemia ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Plasma glucagon concentration is now known to be elevated in every known form of diabetes, including total pancreatectomy, and all agents that suppress glucagon also lower hyperglycemia ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Restoration of receptor expression using adenovirus containing the GcgR cDNA restored hepatic GcgR, phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (P-CREB), and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, markers of glucagon action, rose dramatically and severe hyperglycemia appeared. (elsevierpure.com)
Dysregulated autophagy in pancreatic β cells due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation is associated with diabetes and accompanied by dysregulated autophagy in insulin target tissues and the progression of diabetic complications. (frontiersin.org)

There were no clinically significant differences in glycemic control or diabetes antibody titers. (nature.com)
Furthermore, chronic glycemic control has been adversely associated with obstructive sleep apnea in REM sleep but not non-REM sleep in Trends Sleep disturbances are associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). (vdocuments.mx)

Using in vivo (knockout) and in vitro (knockdown) studies targeting insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, we compared the relative roles of IRS1 and IRS2 in regulating alpha cell function. (theopenscholar.com)

Additionally, Dr. Chen is the Founding Director of the Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics at UM since July 2012, which generates gene-targeted (knockout and knockin) and transgenic rabbits/pigs for human disease models. (genetobe.com)
cell replication and/or neogenesis as proven in research using GSK1838705A transgenic and knockout mice16. (immune-source.com)

Age-dependent human β cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling. (nature.com)

First, the lab is investigating the significance of growth factor signaling mechanisms in the regulation of islet biology by creating genetic models to examine the roles of insulin/IGF-1 receptors and their substrate proteins. (joslin.org)

It has also been suggested that altered intestinal microbiota leads to increased intestinal permeability and mucosal immune response, contributing to the development of diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)

Discovering human diabetes-risk gene function with genetics and physiological assays. (nature.com)
Moreover, the CRISPR Achilles' knockout analysis revealed that RICTOR was a critical gene for the survival of many tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)
His original cloning of the gene for exendin-4, led to an entirely new class of drugs to treat diabetes. (genetobe.com)
Their research strategy included advanced genetic engineering to generate mutant flies of specific gene knockout strains (in which genetic expression has been inactivated or deleted) and knock-in strains (in which a one-for-one substitution of a genetic sequence has been created at a particular location). (tsukuba.ac.jp)
The Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor (VIPR1) is a protein that is encoded by the VIPR1 gene. (genx.bio)

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins (GPCRs) found on beta-cells in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)

By 1975, it was proposed that glucagon plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

GIP receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues including the central nervous system enabling GIP to influence hippocampal memory formation and regulation of appetite and satiety. (wikipedia.org)
This was supported by the identification of novel IRS1-specific downstream target genes, Trpc3 and Cartpt, that are associated with glucagon regulation in alpha cells. (theopenscholar.com)
This signaling framework represents a new non-canonical regulation of mTOR activity that is independent of AKT and could be a novel mechanism underpinning the action of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors that are linked to the mTOR signaling network. (bvsalud.org)
Regulation of SMILE improves pathological conditions such as hepatitis, diabetes and fatty liver disease. (etals.org)

Dr. Kulkarni has been on the Joslin Staff and Harvard Medical School Faculty since 1999The research interests of the Kulkarni Lab are focused on two major complementary areas with the long term goal of designing therapeutic strategies to generate new beta cells to prevent and/or cure type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (joslin.org)
We are also interested in differentiating iPS cells into mature cells that are involved in complications observed in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (joslin.org)
RNA sequencing of single human islet cells reveals type 2 diabetes genes. (nature.com)
AlphaIRS1KD cells also displayed suppressed global protein translation, including reduced glucagon expression, impaired cytoplasmic Ca2+ response, and mitochondrial dysfunction. (theopenscholar.com)
In response to dietary sugars, incretins from the mammalian gut stimulate pancreatic cells to produce insulin and to suppress its counter-regulatory hormone glucagon. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
It signals NPF receptor in the corpora cardiaca, a gland-like organ in insects, and stimulates insulin producing cells in the insect brain to suppress glucagon-like hormone while enhancing insulin-like peptide production. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
Type 1 diabetes results from the poorly understood process of islet autoimmunity, which ultimately leads to the loss of functional pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)
Type 1 diabetes results from organ-specific autoimmunity, which eliminates most of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)
It was once believed that virtually all beta cells are lost in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
However, it now is clear that there is a range of residual beta cells that are dysfunctional in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
In particular, the dialogue between T cells and beta cells is far more complex in humans and recent evidence supports potential type 1 diabetes 'endotypes' based on age at onset [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
In type 1 diabetes, the lowered expression of adhesion proteins within the intestinal epithelium favours a greater immune response that may result in destruction of pancreatic β cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and increased expression of interleukin-17, related to autoimmunity. (biomedcentral.com)

Conversely, inhibition of PVA neuronal activity using DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) or inactivation of PVA extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the critical time window blunted mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic pain models. (iasp-pain.org)

This may constitute an important step forward in our understanding of both glucagon and FGF21 biology. (diabetesjournals.org)
1 ) builds upon evidence that FGF21 is a player in glucagon biology, but fails to identify precisely those glucagon actions that it mediates. (diabetesjournals.org)
As a physician-scientist, Dr. Chen has made seminal contributions to advance the field of cardiovascular biology and diabetes treatment. (genetobe.com)

VIP binds to VIPR1 and activates the receptor, which leads to several different downstream effects. (genx.bio)

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. (wikipedia.org)

Exematide increases insulin release and decreases excessive glucagon release from the pancreas. (genetobe.com)

Consequently, several therapeutic agents such as adiponectin, ezetimibe, GABA tea, geniposide, liraglutide, guava extract, and vitamin D were shown to inhibit diabetes and its complications through modulation of the autophagy pathway. (frontiersin.org)

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and its regulated target networks in both the liver and the intestines are critical in suppressing BA synthesis and promoting BA transport and enterohepatic circulation. (aspetjournals.org)
The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)

Diabetes is a condition of multifactorial origin, including genetic and environmental factors, and accounts for 3.5% of the mortality cases due to non-communicable chronic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientific evidence suggests increased inflammatory stress is related to molecular mechanisms leading to insulin resistance, and the intestinal microbiota interacts with environmental factors and susceptible genetic factors, contributing to the development of diabetes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Another pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, appears to play a part in the progression of diabetes, insulin resistance, and autoimmunity in both type 1 and 2 diabetes and complications in diabetes. (frontiersin.org)
Undoubtedly, sustained efforts by the global type 1 diabetes research community to understand the basis of T cell-driven autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes have paid dividends. (springer.com)
Notwithstanding this achievement, we are still far from a nuanced understanding of how islet autoimmunity originates and propagates during the development of type 1 diabetes and why it is so heterogeneous among individuals. (springer.com)
Central to solving the puzzle as to how type 1 diabetes occurs will be to identify the elusive cause(s) of initial islet autoimmunity. (springer.com)

First and foremost is whether the long-acting glucagon analog IUB288, which is used in most of the experiments, faithfully reproduces the physiologic actions of native glucagon. (diabetesjournals.org)

In type 2 diabetes, receptor activation and recognition by microorganisms from the intestinal lumen may trigger inflammatory responses, inducing the phosphorylation of serine residues in insulin receptor substrate-1, reducing insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)

The insulin receptor (IR) and JAK1 tyrosine kinases and STAT3 can serve as direct substrates for the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). (diabetesjournals.org)
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is also involved in diabetes-related vascular complications [ 10 ]. (j-stroke.org)

We wanted independent confirmation of the observation in the books, and discovered that identical raises of ALDH1A3 have been seen in diabetic Nkx6.1 (ref. 11) and MafA knockout mice12, aswell as with a mix of diabetes-sensitive versus resistant mice13. (healthanddietblog.info)

We found that a selective gut microbiota change controls and increases endogenous GLP-2 production, and consequently improves gut barrier functions by a GLP-2-dependent mechanism, contributing to the improvement of gut barrier functions during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)
Diet manipulation is the foundation of prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes. (thno.org)

Better understanding of the functional role of incretins may inform therapeutic strategies for medical disorders associated with their dysfunction such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

Goat's rue, the original biguanide, has been used to treat diabetes since the Middle Ages, when people were not aware that bacteria existed. (blogspot.com)

Diabetes is a condition of multifactorial origin, involving several molecular mechanisms related to the intestinal microbiota for its development. (biomedcentral.com)
Research in animal models and humans has hypothesized whether the administration of probiotics may improve the prognosis of diabetes through modulation of gut microbiota. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, this systematic review appraises the current literature covering gut microbiota, probiotics and diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)

Conclusions and implications to practice-This study confirms that a low-energy TDR [total diet replacement] intervention including behavior modification and physical activity can be used effectively to manage patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity receiving IT [insulin therapy]. (blogspot.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms10

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care25

Geographicals1

Secretion14

Glucose8

Mice26

Islets3

Agonist1

Mellitus6

Peptide-1 analogues1

Insulin or glucagon1

Tyrosine Kinase2

Hormones1

Incretin1

Pathways5

Nuclear receptor2

Metabolic4

Analogues1

Hyperglycemia4

Glycemic control2

Vitro1

Transgenic2

Cell proliferation1

Roles of insulin1

Intestinal permeability1

Gene5

GPCRs2

Plays a crucial role1

Regulation4

Cells13

Inhibition1

Biology3

Downstream1

Metabolism1

Excessive1

Liraglutide1

Liver2

Genetic2

Autoimmunity4

Physiologic1

Responses1

Protein2

Diabetic1

Obesity and diabetes2

Dysfunction1

Treat diabetes1

Microbiota3

Patients with type 2 diabet1