• Here, we describe in detail the spatiotemporal expression of three rprm genes ( rprma, rprmb , and rprm l) within distinct anatomical structures in the developing peripheral and central nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
  • In silico prediction showed that the top eight most highly expressed miRNAs from salivary glands potentially target human blood-expressed genes, suggesting that R. prolixus may modulate the host's gene expression at the bite site. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since identification of EZH2 in the research of protooncogene product Vav [ 3 ], studies have shown that EZH2 is highly expressed in tumorigenesis, which regulates the expression of tumor suppressor genes, such as in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To this aim, they compared the activity of genes in mouse and cattle embryos which control the development of fingers and toes during embryonic development. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By manipulating the expression of specific genes, the scientists have successfully transformed the scales on chicken feet into feathers, providing new insights into the mechanisms behind significant evolutionary transitions in various species. (thedailyscience.org)
  • It involves studying how genes and their interactions regulate the various processes of development, including the formation of body axes, the specification of cell fates, and the patterning of tissues and organs. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The major event of MBT was the activation of a large group of histones and other genes that modify chromatin structure preceding massive gene expression changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple mutations affecting embryonic development have been induced by chemical and insertional mutagenesis resulting in the identification of genes with important roles in development in Drosophila [ 23 - 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The production of terminally differentiated cells from such cells, therefore, requires successive changes of cell fates, meaning that genes relevant for the next stage of differentiation must be switched on and genes not relevant anymore must be switched off. (amegroups.org)
  • However, despite its smaller size, most developmental genes and at least half of the disease- and cancer-causing genes in humans are conserved in Drosophila , making Drosophila an excellent model system for the study of human development and disease. (nih.gov)
  • One of the important groups of conserved developmental genes are the homeotic genes. (nih.gov)
  • In Drosophila , the homeotic genes specify cell identities at both embryonic and adult stages. (nih.gov)
  • The homeotic genes are expressed in precise spatial patterns that are crucial for the proper determination of cell fate. (nih.gov)
  • While these transgenic assays have been important in defining the structure of the cis -regulatory elements and identifying trans -acting factors that bind to them, their functions within the context of the endogenous genes remain poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, we validated practical implications from the inferred patterns by displaying genes sharing identical spatial-temporal manifestation patterns with exhibited differential manifestation in the embryonic forebrains of mutant mice. (palomid529.com)
  • Different cell types in distinct brain regions and developmental stages are engaged in different functions, which are accomplished by different sets of genes. (palomid529.com)
  • There are already several atlases of human and mouse brains generated by the Allen Brain Institute, providing comprehensive expression profiles of thousands of genes in refined brain structures and connections of Rabbit polyclonal to AMPK gamma1 defined regions and cell types. (palomid529.com)
  • It probes only about 2100 genes but covers their expression profiles in the anatomical structures of the whole brain at seven developmental time points. (palomid529.com)
  • Although the pattern of corticosterone release was similar between the genotypes, neuronal activation in response to stress, quantified by the expression of the immediate early genes activity regulated cytoskeleton associated protein ( Arc ) and Fos Proto-Oncogene ( cFos ), was blunted in both sexes of animals lacking brain serotonin. (frontiersin.org)
  • We hypothesized that a high fat diet in non-human primates would induce changes in hepatic chromatin structure resulting in altered expression of fetal genes critical to the development of childhood and adult obesity. (nih.gov)
  • To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK family genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of NKL genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data for the remaining seven NKL genes revealed expression in different structures associated with the developing nervous system in embryos of E. rowelli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, future studies should focus on the expression of these genes in other bilaterians, which would provide a basis for comparative studies and might help to better understand the role of NK genes in the diversification of bilaterians. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, unlike in other animal groups, the most conserved developmental stages were not at the body plan establishing phase, and genes normally involved in bilaterality appear to function in pentameric axis development. (echinobase.org)
  • The expression of skin color results from the interplay of several genes like tyrosinase which starts of the reaction by converting tyrosine to L-DOPA. (biologybard.com)
  • Each of these active genes at a specfic developmental stage produces a beta-globin. (biologybard.com)
  • The developmental order of these genes include epsilon, gamma-G, gamma-A, delta and beta. (biologybard.com)
  • For developing four new techniques that more efficiently profile the expression of RNA molecules in millions of single cells in worms, mice, and humans, mapping which genes are turned on and off in these cells throughout cell development, Junyue Cao is the grand prize winner of the 2020 Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists . (aaas.org)
  • He was able to link specific factors controlling gene expression to their target genes across thousands of cancer cells. (aaas.org)
  • We further showed the differential expression of other globin genes: Myoglobin 1 is most highly expressed in the reproductive adult, myoglobin 2 expression peaks in the larva. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Odontogenesis is the result of a manifestation of an polygenic system, in which the development genes manifest themselves in a sequential, cyclic pattern 1-2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • 1 In particular, morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) have been used to block the expression of targeted genes in several invertebrate and vertebrate models. (cdc.gov)
  • Morphogenesis is important for creating the three germ layers of the early embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and for building up complex structures during organ development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs) 3 . (nature.com)
  • Much of this process relies on the morphogenesis of the extra-embryonic tissues and the effect this has on the organization of embryonic cells. (nature.com)
  • Morphogenesis: Morphogenesis refers to the processes by which cells and tissues arrange themselves spatially to give rise to the three-dimensional structure of an organism. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The development of new tools and culture techniques has also enabled the factors that influence branching morphogenesis in the embryonic and pubertal gland to be identified. (biologists.com)
  • The development of a single-cell zygote into a multi cellular organism with a plethora of cell and tissue types necessitates the precise spatiotemporal coordination of numerous mechanisms in the developing embryo, including the regulation of gene expression, morphogenesis, and tissue patterning. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Using single-cell profiling of mutant phenotype, we in- vestigate the fundamental principles governing cell fate specification, morphogenesis, and tissue patterning. (tu-berlin.de)
  • We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • It is therefore likely that miRNAs influence the mechanisms that specify the germ-band type and body structure, which is related to the metamorphosis mode, in insect embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The development of limbs in both species is initially strikingly similar and molecular differences only become apparent during hand and foot plate development: in mouse embryos the so-called Hox gene transcription factors are distributed asymmetrically in the limb buds which is crucial to the correct patterning of the distal skeleton. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In contrast, their distribution becomes symmetrical from early stages onward in limb buds of cattle embryos: "We think this early loss of molecular asymmetry triggered the evolutionary changes that ultimately resulted in development of cloven-hoofed distal limb skeleton in cattle and other even-toed ungulates," says Developmental Geneticist Prof. Rolf Zeller. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They discovered that the gene expression in limb buds of cattle embryos is altered, such that the cells giving rise to the distal skeleton fail to express the Hedgehog receptor, called Patched1. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. (nature.com)
  • Although it is possible to culture structures derived from human blastocysts ex vivo, these cultures do not recapitulate the events and structural organization of the in vivo embryos 6 ( Supplementary Information ). (nature.com)
  • The volumetric analysis of cellular expression patterns provides evidence for molecular mechanisms regulating the development of pre-implantation mouse embryos. (zeiss.com)
  • The embryos at this stage are sensitive to changes in growth environment, structural integrity and phototoxicity. (zeiss.com)
  • To prevent any aberrant changes in the developmental phenotype, the embryos could not be could not be forced against the cover glass and needed to be imaged quickly and with low phototoxicity. (zeiss.com)
  • To address some of the limitations of these models, here we used two complementary ex vivo models based on Xenopus embryos: pluripotent animal cap explants expressing Gata4 transcription factor and conjugates of gastrula -stage AE with animal caps (AC). (xenbase.org)
  • AC/AE conjugates (sandwiches) were cultured until sibling control embryos reached st. 34 and were processed for myl7 expression (turquoise) and nr1h5 (purple) by WMISH. (xenbase.org)
  • Transcriptomic analyses provide an efficient approach to explore the temporal gene expression profiles in embryos and to search for the developmental regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analyses were carried out in unfertilized oocytes, newly fertilized oocytes and embryos at the stages of mid-blastula transition and segmentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, she had a breakthrough discovering a second gene that seemed to influence pattern formation in the embryos of flies, a gene later called dorsal. (wepapers.com)
  • The dissertation topic focused on genetic patterns in Drosophila embryos and the various mutations that can occur throughout development (Resnik 2012). (wepapers.com)
  • In mouse development, transcription is first detected in late 1-cell embryos, but translation of newly synthesized transcripts does not begin until the 2-cell stage. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The most effective enhancer in cleavage stage mouse embryos depends on DNA binding sites for TEF-1, the prototype for a family of transcription factors that share the same TEA DNA binding domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • inter-regional divergence of expression profiles is certainly saturated in early adults and embryos but reaches a minimal point around birth26. (palomid529.com)
  • Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • d pitx gene expression detected in embryos of attachment stage and cystidean stage. (echinobase.org)
  • Identification of the relative embryonic autonomy as a critical stage in embryo culture in vitro, along with morphological, histological, and physiological statuses of the relatively autonomous embryos, is considered. (springer.com)
  • In terms of the pattern of structures, this is controlled by a re-activation of signals active in the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and phasor analysis to measure endogenous retinoic acid (RA) directly in vivo, we have investigated the amplitude of noise in RA signaling, and how modulation of this noise affects patterning of hindbrain segments (rhombomeres) in the zebrafish embryo. (elifesciences.org)
  • Do miRNAs contribute to specify the germ-band type and the body structure in the insect embryo? (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the early embryonic development, abnormal expression of EZH2 impaired embryo growth and pluripotency maintenance [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • One of the yet unsolved riddles in biology is how cells in the early embryo become organized to generate the different tissues and complex structures of the body. (uib.no)
  • and (3) evidence of developmental dynamism relating to ability to progress, in a structurally organized manner, through morphologically characterized developmental milestones of the early post-implantation human embryo following initial aggregate formation 3 . (nature.com)
  • A) RT-PCR showing expression of cardiac fate marker myl7 , liver fate marker nr1h5 and control marker odc1 in Gata4 mRNA-injected ACs , control ACs and stage 33 sibling control embryo . (xenbase.org)
  • A) Injection of cer1 or hhex MOs (10 or 20 ng/ embryo , respectively) in AC have no effect on heart and liver marker expression in AC/AE conjugates. (xenbase.org)
  • In the developing embryo, TFs regulating the assembly/disassembly of transcriptional complexes and ultimately gene expression, are directed by complex extrinsic signalling processes which connect all cells within a multi-cellular organism to their environment. (amegroups.org)
  • Her main work with bicaudal allowed her to publish a paper in 1977, "Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. (wepapers.com)
  • Chromatin-mediated repression is established after formation of a 2-cell embryo, concurrent with the developmental acquisition of enhancer function. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • An embryo is the early stage of the development of a multicellular organism. (disabled-world.com)
  • In other multicellular organisms, the word "embryo" can be used more broadly to describe any early developmental or life cycle stage before birth or hatching. (disabled-world.com)
  • Using this spatiotemporal atlas, we uncover embryo and tissue-wide gene expression patterns that govern body plan formation and the architecture of rudimentary organs. (tu-berlin.de)
  • This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
  • Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • I graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University as a Master in Physiology with specialization in developmental biology. (uib.no)
  • Developmental biology is a scientific field that studies the processes and mechanisms by which organisms grow and develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote) to a complex, multicellular organism. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Developmental biology employs a variety of techniques, including genetic analysis, molecular biology, imaging, and experimental manipulations, to investigate the processes underlying development. (microbiologynote.com)
  • How developmental trajectories are encoded in the genome and how the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic processes regulates development is one of the major questions in developmental biology. (amegroups.org)
  • Throughout this paper I will detail the early career of Dr. Nusslein-Volhard and the ways in which her research helped to revolutionize the field of developmental biology as it pertains to embryonic development and gene analysis/function. (wepapers.com)
  • After losing interest in molecular biology she decided to apply her knowledge of genetics to cellular biology, more specifically pattern formation and regeneration in the hydra, a genus of freshwater polyps. (wepapers.com)
  • Christiane worked with her mentor and other postdocs on her first publication in developmental biology. (wepapers.com)
  • Developmental Biology of Plants: A Symphony of Life), St. Petersburg: DEAN, 2014. (springer.com)
  • As a stem cell and developmental molecular biologist, Dr. Fame is dedicated to broad collaboration focused on translating an understanding of neural development and CSF biology into regenerative strategies for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disease. (stanford.edu)
  • qPCR analysis reveals that the transcript for Rhopr-CRF/DH receptor 2 (Rhopr-CRF/DH-R2) is expressed in reproductive tissues and fat body (FB) in adult female R. prolixus, and its expression increases post blood meal (PBM), a stimulus that triggers diuresis and reproduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Injection of dsCRFR2 into adult females reduces Rhopr-CRF/DH-R2 transcript expression, accelerates oogenesis, increases the number of eggs produced, and reduces hatching rate in female R. prolixus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The distinction between the hemimetabolan and holometabolan modes of metamorphosis is important: hemimetabolan species develop the basic adult body structure during embryogenesis, whereas holometabolans delay this until the pupal stage [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are three main stages of mammary gland development both in rodents and humans: embryonic, pubertal and adult. (biologists.com)
  • We found a significant increase, in both gene and protein expression, of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult TPH2-deficient (TPH2 −/− ) male and female rats in comparison to wild type (TPH2 +/+ ) counterparts. (frontiersin.org)
  • Of interest, we have observed in a rodent transgenerational model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that a diet supplemented with essential nutrients, yet unaltered in its caloric content, prevents adult metabolic disease and is associated with abrogation of reprogrammed gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • Since 1980, biologists have successfully mapped the complete developmental process of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ), from single embryonic cells to the adult worm. (aaas.org)
  • Embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have higher oxygen affinities than the adult hemoglobin, sustaining the oxygen demand of the developing organism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notably, the ontogeny of sea lamprey hemoglobins essentially recapitulates their phylogeny, with the embryonic hemoglobins emerging first, followed by the evolution of larval and adult hemoglobins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Embryonic and fetal Hb have higher oxygen affinities than adult Hb, which is essential to overcome the placental barrier in mammals [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2005). Finally, negative revealed that SSEA4 is detectable in the early neuroepi- selection strategies have been also developed as an alter- thelium, and its expression decreases as development native method to enrich for NSCs from both adult proceeds. (lu.se)
  • Besides this principal role, called the classical function, AChE shows also other non-classical functions related to processes during embryonic development and diseases. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Cell differentiation is usually the final stage of development, preceded by several states of commitment which are not visibly differentiated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the decreased expression of the EZH2 gene is crucial for stem cell differentiation into specific cell lineages involved in myogenesis, adipogenesis, osteogenesis, neurogenesis, and haematopoiesis [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Their expression profiles are consistent with the hypothesis that the neurexins and AChE have a function in early neuronal differentiation and axonogenesis. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Our findings may have implications for research on liver differentiation from embryonic stem cells. (xenbase.org)
  • Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gehring was the renowned developmental biologists of those times. (wepapers.com)
  • Advanced imaging and genomic technologies enable neural biologists to map the connections, functions and gene expression profiles of brain regions. (palomid529.com)
  • Single-cell sequencing technologies enable biologists to track the gene expression dynamics across multiple developmental lineages41. (palomid529.com)
  • Transcriptome profiling of the early stages in Atlantic cod revealed the presence of transcripts involved in patterning and development of tissues and organs long before activation of the zygotic genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the following segmentation stage major events in the formation of tissues and organs take place. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The technique helped him reconstruct the detailed developmental trajectories of major cell types that form 15 human fetal organs such as the brain, heart, liver, and intestine. (aaas.org)
  • Moreover, in line with the somatic nervous system, pretarget sorting via heterotypic axonal interactions is revealed to play critical roles in patterning extrinsic efferent trajectories to the gut. (jneurosci.org)
  • The expression pattern of this gene family has been recently described during zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryogenesis, and primarily locates in the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
  • We sequenced small RNA libraries representing 11 developmental stages of B. germanica ontogeny (with especial emphasis on embryogenesis) and the changes in miRNA expression were examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Four main waves of miRNA expression were recognized (with most miRNA changes occurring during the embryonic stages): the first from day 0 to day 1 of embryogenesis, the second during mid-embryogenesis (days 0-6), the third (with an acute expression peak) on day 2 of embryonic development, and the fourth during post-embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the variations observed within and across species, the initial development of these skin appendages follows a similar pattern during embryogenesis. (thedailyscience.org)
  • These human complete SEMs demonstrated developmental growth dynamics that resemble key hallmarks of post-implantation stage embryogenesis up to 13-14 days after fertilization (Carnegie stage 6a). (nature.com)
  • Embryogenesis: Embryogenesis is the early stage of development that occurs after fertilization. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) is the key event during embryogenesis marked by the switch of control from the maternal and possibly paternal transcripts to the newly synthesized embryonic gene products [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Importantly, a precise temporal description of RPRM protein expression during the development of neuronal structures is still missing. (frontiersin.org)
  • The existence of multiple molecular forms, the homology with other neuronal cell adhesion molecules, and the early expression pattern, suggest that AChE may function in cell adhesion, and thus in neurite growth, guidance and even synaptogenesis. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • We uncover and define discrete and distinct gene expression patterns along the dorsoventral axis prior to neuronal sub type specification in the spinal cord. (tu-berlin.de)
  • We took advantage of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) deficient rats, lacking serotonin specifically in the brain, to investigate whether a vulnerable genotype can be associated with alterations of neuronal plasticity from the early stage of maturation of the brain until adulthood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using sci-RNA-seq, he was able to profile nearly 50,000 cells, recover rare neuronal cell types, and define the genetic expression of 27 distinct cell types in the C. elegans worm. (aaas.org)
  • Cerebral organoids showed high variability in neuronal content and tau expression. (researchsquare.com)
  • The switch from maternal to zygotic developmental programs is associated with large-scale modification of chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three AC/AE examples are shown demonstrating adjacent expression domains of myl7 in the AC-derived tissue and nr1h5 in the AE-derived component of the explant (12/12 specimens showed the same pattern). (xenbase.org)
  • Understanding developmental processes is crucial for elucidating the origins of birth defects, tissue regeneration, evolutionary changes, and disease mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The mammary gland is an ideal tissue in which to study a range of developmental processes, as discussed below. (biologists.com)
  • The precise control of tissue-specificity of gene expression is essential for successful development and depends on distal cis -regulatory elements such as enhancers which interact with promoter elements in physical space. (amegroups.org)
  • Until now, in most studies, the specialized cells were often either hard to produce or aberrant, and they tended to form a mishmash instead of well-structured tissue suitable for transplantation. (disabled-world.com)
  • We identify and characterize continuous gene expression changes influencing tissue patterning along developmental axes. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Families of molecules such as those of Wnt, Hh (hedgehog), FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factor) and BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Protein, of TGFßs - Transforming Growth Factor family) have been identified, in different proportions and sites, with tissue-specific and stage-specific functions 1-2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • We and others have synthesized light-activatable cMOs that allow spatiotemporal control of RNA splicing or translation, complementing the use of conditional knockouts to study stage- and tissue-specific differences in gene function. (cdc.gov)
  • Our goal was to address that issue by studying the changes in miRNA expression along the ontogeny of the German cockroach Blattella germanica , which is a short germ-band and hemimetabolan species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miRNAs follow well-defined patterns of expression over hemimetabolan ontogeny, patterns that are more diverse during embryonic development than during the nymphal stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined the changes in miRNA expression over the ontogeny of the German cockroach Blattella germanica , using 11 small RNA libraries prepared and sequenced in our laboratory, representing developmentally important stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early ontogeny is associated with dramatic gene expression changes that underlie and determine the developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we determine the embryonic ontogeny of the two main striatal pathways (striatonigral and striatopallidal) and identify novel (non)cell-autonomous roles for the axon guidance receptor Frizzled3 in uncharacterized aspects of striatal pathway formation (i.e., anterior-posterior axon guidance in the striatum and axon entry into the globus pallidus). (jneurosci.org)
  • Developmental Genetics: Developmental genetics focuses on the genetic mechanisms that control development. (microbiologynote.com)
  • High throughput single-cell technologies have paved the way for comprehending the topography of cell states that emerge across developmental time and deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying these transitions. (tu-berlin.de)
  • In summary, our results demonstrated that serotonin deficiency affects neuroplastic mechanisms following a specific temporal pattern and influences the response to an acute stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • We demonstrate that RA forms a noisy gradient during critical stages of hindbrain patterning and that cells use distinct intracellular binding proteins to attenuate noise in RA levels. (elifesciences.org)
  • As one of the two distinct complexes, namely, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2, PRC2 mediates gene silencing by modulating chromatin structure [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, despite their distinct appearances, these appendages share common developmental processes during the embryonic stage. (thedailyscience.org)
  • During development, cells undergo changes in gene expression patterns, leading to the development of distinct cell types and tissues. (microbiologynote.com)
  • While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH , Bari , Emx , Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work has shown that distinct tauopathies are characterised by unique structures, which are (in part) a result of the deposition of specific tau isoforms. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the zebrafish, rprma mRNA is expressed in the olfactory placodes (OP) and olfactory epithelium (OE), rprmb is observed in the tectum opticum (TeO) and trigeminal ganglion (Tg), whereas rprml is found primarily in the telencephalon (Tel). At protein level, RPRM is present in a subset of cells in the OP, and neurons in the OE, TeO, hindbrain and sensory peripheral structures. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, we provide a reference dataset describing the expression patterns of RPRM gene products during zebrafish and mouse development as a first step to approach the physiological role of the RPRM gene family. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, zebrafish is very well-suited for systematic analysis of gene expression patterns at transcript level by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and at protein level by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence (IHC/IF). (frontiersin.org)
  • Function of FGF signaling in the developmental process of the median fin fold in zebrafish. (nih.gov)
  • Shh signaling is crucial in the development of various structures, such as the neural tube, limb buds, and skin appendages. (thedailyscience.org)
  • Understanding these crucial stages is essential for ensuring optimal neonatal health outcomes. (fnps-society.org)
  • Understanding these early stages of development is crucial not only for unraveling the mysteries of life's origins but also for providing insights into potential causes of developmental disorders. (fnps-society.org)
  • Regional specification refers to the processes that create the spatial patterns in a ball or sheet of initially similar cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The early stages of regional specification do not generate functional differentiated cells, but cell populations committed to developing to a specific region or part of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morphogen gradients induce sharply defined domains of gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, yet how cells interpret these signals in the face of spatial and temporal noise remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Once the egg is fertilized, and the egg starts to divide, the signals continue with the same regularity, but are initiated in particular cells (those that eventually give rise to the muscle cells of the body) before propagating through other cells in a stereotyped wave-like pattern. (uib.no)
  • We characterized this pattern at different developmental stages, noting that it was always the cells that give rise to the muscle lineage that were the initiators. (uib.no)
  • Lastly, we used RNA knockdown methods to diminish the expression of connexin proteins, which generate so-called "gap junctions" between cells - channels of communication which calcium and other molecules can traverse. (uib.no)
  • Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions) 4 . (nature.com)
  • Understanding how embryonic cells biomolecularly restrict their early developmental potential and promote specific cell commitment helps to provide key insights on cancer plasticity and could improve fertilization protocols. (zeiss.com)
  • It involves the coordinated growth, specialization, and patterning of cells to form functional organs. (microbiologynote.com)
  • One was an efficient method for reprogramming stem cells back to a naïve state - that is, to their earliest stage - when they have the greatest potential to specialize into different cell types. (disabled-world.com)
  • In contrast, access to models derived from mouse embryonic cells, which grow in lab incubators by the millions, is virtually unlimited. (disabled-world.com)
  • The future body plan is formed during the gastrulation and early organogenesis stages when cells commit to their fates and organize into discrete anatomical units. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • Comparison of our expression data to those of other bilaterians revealed similar patterns of NK2.1 , vax , BarH and Emx in various aspects of neural development, such as the formation of anterior neurosecretory cells mediated by a conserved molecular mechanism including NK2.1 and vax , and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system involving BarH and Emx . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, about the paracrine activities of amniotic fluid stem cells, renal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cells as well as other stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because in order to avoid renal injury, the recovery of affected cells is as significant as preventing its progression towards end stage renal disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vertebrates, bands of mobile cells fan out from the embryonic brain and spinal cord and then resettle in far-flung locales to form structures as diverse as bone or nerves. (stowers.org)
  • Kulesa, the director of Imaging, develops sophisticated imaging technology to understand how neural crest cells travel long distances and assemble various structures, such as the peripheral nervous system. (stowers.org)
  • Neural crest cells spring from the crest or dorsal ridge of the embryonic brain and spinal cord and then migrate to faraway regions of the face, heart or gut. (stowers.org)
  • Scientists can directly identify gene expression patterns in individual cells, but the process relies on physically isolating single cells into compartments - a limitation akin to a queue that only allows people to pass through one by one. (aaas.org)
  • He also developed a variant of the technique, sci-RNA-seq3, that allowed him to trace two million mouse cells across multiple developmental pathways leading to organ formation. (aaas.org)
  • In a recent study published in Science , Cao examined gene expression at the single cell level for human fetal development using sci-RNA-seq3, profiling around five million cells from over 100 human fetal tissues. (aaas.org)
  • Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • 2005). Notch1 and syndecan-1 potent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. (lu.se)
  • We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)
  • However, all developmental processes originate from pluripotent precursor cell types. (amegroups.org)
  • The results suggest that miRNAs play important roles in the developmental transitions between the embryonic stages of development (starting with maternal loading), during which they might influence the germ-band type and metamorphosis mode. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results validated a different transcript in pigs and characterized its expression profile in fetal tissues of different gestation stages, which indicated that EZH2 played important roles during porcine embryonic development. (hindawi.com)
  • So far, the expression pattern and the function of EZH2 have been broadly studied in humans [ 11 ] and mice [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The scientists in the Department of Biomedicine then focused their attention on the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, as it controls Hox gene expression and the development of five fingers and toes in mice and humans. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Axons that reach the GP in Frizzled3 knock-out mice fail to enter this structure. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we mapped extrinsic innervation of the gut and explored the relationships among various types of extrinsic axons during embryonic development in mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, with characterized intrinsic markers targeting vagal sensory, spinal sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons, respectively, we comprehensively traced the spatiotemporal development of extrinsic axons to the gut during embryonic development in mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • Finally, for my third question, we bred RAPGEF5 mutant mice and inspected them at stages E9.5, E10.5, E14.5 and 6 weeks after birth. (biologists.com)
  • The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
  • Immunohisto- have been used for positive selection of NSCs from em- chemistry on human embryonic central nervous system bryonic mice (Nagato et al. (lu.se)
  • It explores the intricate cellular and molecular events that orchestrate the formation of tissues, organs, and body structures, as well as the timing and coordination of these processes. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Organogenesis: Organogenesis is the process by which organs and organ systems develop from embryonic tissues. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In pigs, several studies have focused on its function in early embryonic development regulation and in SCNT efficiency improvement [ 8 , 14 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Regulation of gene expression plays a central role in embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many studies of gene expression data analysis tackled the dynamic nature of gene regulation events36,37,38, yet the spatial aspects were often not addressed as spatial information was missing in most gene expression datasets. (palomid529.com)
  • Disruptions to tau splicing are associated with a number of tauopathies, however, in vitro and in vivo models to understand the consequences of disrupted tau splicing have been lacking, due in part to species differences in tau splicing and the developmental regulation of tau in human neurons. (researchsquare.com)
  • While the developmental regulation of tau splicing is conserved, maturation of tau splicing is accelerated in 3D cultures compared to 2D cultures. (researchsquare.com)
  • Herein we examine the temporal and spatial expression patterns of RPRM gene-products (mRNA and protein) during neural development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) offers a beneficial resource of spatial/temporal gene expressions in mammalian brains. (palomid529.com)
  • Among them the developing mouse brain database of the Allen Brain Atlas comprises unique spatial-temporal-gene expression data. (palomid529.com)
  • Despite the rich knowledge derived from each approach, their computational methods did not explicitly incorporate the structures underneath the spatial-temporal data. (palomid529.com)
  • These studies assumed the expression data is usually a collection of impartial instances sampled from regions or voxels of the brain images, thus decreased the information about spatial dependency of sampled regions/voxels. (palomid529.com)
  • A few other studies incorporated spatial information for comparing brain expression images34 and mapping the 3D gene expression data onto a flat chart35. (palomid529.com)
  • Although the molecular functions of several key developmental factors are well understood, their exact role in determining these fates remain unclear. (tu-berlin.de)
  • The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidum), and amygdala, is a highly complex and evolutionarily advanced brain structure. (intechopen.com)
  • Evolutionarily conserved echinoderm stages and potential involvement of pitx signal in pentameral body plan development.a Mid-embryonic conservation found in echinoderm species. (echinobase.org)
  • These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)
  • The presence of tau splicing mutations results in disease-associated alterations in tau expression, specifically a dose-dependent increase in 4R tau isoforms in the presence of the MAPT 10+16 variant. (researchsquare.com)
  • They are all developmental anomalies of the duct plate and occurred at various stages of remodeling. (medscape.com)
  • The results suggest the inclusion of the pattern of the presence of FGF-10 in future investigations into the cause of morphological anomalies, such as palato-gingival groove. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, a transient alteration in the expression of a single gene, Shh, can trigger a series of developmental events leading to feather formation instead of scales. (thedailyscience.org)
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We define the earliest gene expression patterns in the developing brain, stratifying substructures and molecular boundaries prior to the formation of morphological units during development. (tu-berlin.de)
  • The formation of these patterns can have different origins: purely chemical, purely mechanical, or a combination of the two. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • Increasing noise disrupts sharpening of rhombomere boundaries and proper patterning of the hindbrain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Early stages are controlled by gametic transcripts, which are subsequently substituted with transcripts from the genome of the zygote. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, we generate a high-resolution atlas of gastrulation and early organo- genesis and perform a comprehensive dissection of the spatiotemporal architecture of complex embryonic structures using high-throughput single-cell technologies, paving the way for the in- vestigation of congenital and developmental disorders. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Inhalation anthrax has three clinical stages: early-prodromal, intermediate-progressive, and late-fulminant. (cdc.gov)
  • Embryonic precursors of liver and heart , whilst not sharing cellular origin, develop in close proximity through a dynamic series of inductive signaling events. (xenbase.org)
  • These approaches can bring new understanding of embryonic development and also of the cellular changes that cause disease," said Valda Vinson, editor at Science . (aaas.org)
  • B) qPCR showing fold difference in expression between Gata4 treated animal caps and control animal caps grown to st. 33, induction of expression of myl7 , nr1h5 , hhex and marker of endoderm foxa2 is shown. (xenbase.org)
  • The beta chain of embryonic hemoglobin is formed by epislon globin, that is soon replaced by gamma globins in 3 months. (biologybard.com)
  • A single hemoglobin chain is expressed constitutively in all stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the transcript variant and temporal expression pattern of EZH2 in the middle and late porcine fetus are still unknown. (hindawi.com)
  • Subsequently, we detected the expression of EZH2 on mRNA level and protein level in two different embryonic development stages (65-dpc and 90-dpc) via qRT-PCR and western blots. (hindawi.com)
  • We are excited about the future applications of this technique in characterizing cell state heterogeneity and cell population dynamics across different development stages of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory disease," said Cao, an assistant professor at The Rockefeller University. (aaas.org)
  • Using RNA interference, transcript expression of Rhopr-CRF/DH-R2 was knocked down, and egg production monitored by examining the major yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vg), the number and quality of eggs laid, and their hatching ratio. (bvsalud.org)
  • Detailed site-specific glycan analysis of a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants provides useful information toward the understanding of the role of protein glycosylation on viral protein structure and function and development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study is aimed at providing information for understanding the biological function of EZH2 in porcine embryonic development. (hindawi.com)
  • The novel innovation and significance resides within its potential to provide (1) an expanded understanding of the mechanism through which a maternal high fat diet reprograms primate gene expression and (2) a simple intervention (essential nutrient supplementation with neither diet nor behavioral modification) with tremendous potential impact given the current obesity epidemic and the lack of efficacious therapeutics. (nih.gov)
  • In each species, the developmental phase in which pentameral body plan establishment begins is colored in gray. (echinobase.org)
  • Examination of gene expression in st. 43 AC/AE explants by RT-PCR reveals expression of liver (fabp1), intestine (fabp2), pancreas (pdia2 and pdx1 , but not ins and amy2a), thyroid/lung (nkx2-1) as well as ventricular cardiomyocyte (myl3) markers. (xenbase.org)
  • Prezygotic transcripts included multiple regulators that are most likely involved in developmental processes that take place long after fertilization, such as components of ErbB, hedgehog, notch, retinoid, TGFb, VEGF and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as transcripts involved in the development of nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we establish and employ a zygotic perturbation platform to evaluate the importance and role of developmental regulators. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Here, we identified the coding sequence of the EZH2 gene and characterized its expression pattern in fetal tissues of Duroc pigs at 65- and 90-day postcoitus (dpc). (hindawi.com)
  • Here we found that knockdown of connexin expression, and therefore of gap junction expression, disrupted the coordination of the intercellular calcium wave, and resulted in abnormal development. (uib.no)
  • Failure of any of these signals may lead to abnormal patterns of growth or replication as seen in case of cancer. (biologybard.com)
  • Michel Milinkovitch emphasizes the significance of these findings, stating, "Our results demonstrate that the transition from scales to feathers, a significant evolutionary leap, does not necessitate extensive changes in the genome's composition or expression. (thedailyscience.org)
  • Mathematical frameworks have been devised to account for the self-organization of biological patterns, most famously the Turing framework. (mpi-cbg.de)