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The genome contains the fewest genes of any angiosperm mitochondrial genome sequenced to date, with intact copies of only 25 of the 41 protein genes inferred to be present in the common ancestor of angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
The genome has also experienced a major reduction in tRNA gene content, including loss of functional tRNAs of both native and chloroplast origin. (biomedcentral.com)
High frequency intra- and intermolecular recombination among large repeated sequences is the rule, generating a heterogeneous pool of genome configurations within a single individual [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Plant mitochondrial genomes contain genes for their own rRNA subunits as well as for some of the ribosomal proteins and tRNAs required for translation (Figure 1 ), but many necessary ribosomal protein and tRNA genes are located in the nuclear genome, so their gene products must be imported into the mitochondrion [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
1) "native" tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome and inherited from the α-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria, 2) chloroplast-like tRNAs, which are also encoded in the mitochondrial genome but which were acquired by functional gene transfer from the chloroplast genome during land plant evolution, and 3) nuclear-encoded tRNAs imported from the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, to capture the heterogeneity of the HEV quasispecies, including recombination events and SNP that occur with very low frequencies, we developed new sequencing approaches for HEV genotype 3 based on the amplification of the near full-length genome of HEV by long-range PCR (lrPCR) followed by subsequent next-generation sequencing (NGS) and third-generation sequencing. (nature.com)
Studies on the GM process have shown that the foreign gene inserts invariably damages the genome, scrambling and rearranging DNA sequences, resulting in inappropriate gene expression that can trigger cancer [3, 4]. (i-sis.org.uk)
CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing has revolutionized genetic research, triggering the development of a plethora of technologies and applications that provide unprecedented control over genes in a growing list of model species ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway plays an important role in the maintenance of the genome integrity, meiotic recombination and gametogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
instead, a convergence has taken place between conventional mutagenesis and NBTs, in particular due to the possibilities of TILLING methods that allow the fast detection of mutations in any gene of a genome. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, by both strategies mutations in any gene across the genome can be obtained at a rather high speed. (frontiersin.org)

Divergence in one region of 18S rRNA appears to be the result of a gene conversion event, in which recombination with a homologous gene of chloroplast origin led to the complete replacement of a helix in this ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
In heterokaryotypic individuals (those that are heterozygous for an inversion) recombination within the inverted region is largely suppressed, either because homologous pairing is partially inhibited or because crossovers give rise to unbalanced gametes (carrying deletions or duplications) which will lead to the death of the zygote [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The authors deliberately induced a single DSB in one of the homologous chromosomes in a diploid yeast strain and achieved homologous recombination-based "loss of heterozygosity" events within 20 kb of the target site. (life-science-alliance.org)

High levels of genetic recombination among cotransfected plasmid DNAs in poxvirus-infected mammalian cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Recombination frequencies were calculated by Southern blotting, which detects novel plasmid restriction fragments generated by genetic recombination, and by a plasmid rescue procedure in which the reconstruction of an intact tetracycline gene in the transfected rabbit cell was monitored by transformation back into Escherichia coli. (ox.ac.uk)

Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes also contain numerous introns, some of which have been split such that the resulting gene fragments must be transcribed separately and then trans- spliced together [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, these findings provide further support for models in which conflicts between different genes in genomes can drive the process of speciation. (elifesciences.org)
Design features include changes in the genetic code and special ends that enhance recombination, i.e., breaking into genomes and rejoining. (i-sis.org.uk)
Horizontal gene transfer happens when foreign genetic material jumps into genomes, creating new combinations (recombination) of genes, or new genomes. (i-sis.org.uk)
Genetic modification is essentially horizontal gene transfer and recombination, speeded up enormously, and totally unlimited in the source of genetic material recombined to make the GMDNA that's inserted into the genomes plants, animals and livestock to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (i-sis.org.uk)

We find that chromosomal rearrangements and related recombination defects are major but not sole causes of hybrid infertility. (elifesciences.org)
26 ) leveraged the CRISPR-Cas9 system to produce other chromosomal rearrangements, generating targeted mitotic recombination events in yeast to enable the fine mapping of trait variants. (life-science-alliance.org)

The mechanism that has carried the derived inversion haplotypes to such high allele frequencies remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)

There are reasons to believe GM inserts are more likely to undergo horizontal transfer and recombination than natural DNA [1-4], chief among which is that the GM inserts (and the GM varieties resulting from them) are structurally unstable, and often contain recombination hotspots (such as the borders of the inserts). (i-sis.org.uk)

Plasmid derivatives of pBR322 containing XhoI linker insertion mutations in the tetracycline gene were used to assess recombination frequencies in rabbit cells infected with the leporipoxviruses Shope fibroma virus and myxoma virus and the orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus. (ox.ac.uk)
It's the odds of the mutations occurring times the odds that it will become well enough established to be detectable. (blogspot.com)
Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the differences between the strategies are 1) the precision of the exact site of mutation in a target gene, and 2) the number of off-target mutations affecting other genes than the target gene. (frontiersin.org)

GMDNA often contains antibiotic resistance marker genes needed in the process of making GM organisms, but serves no useful function in the GM organism. (i-sis.org.uk)
A better understanding of how these species cause disease and spread antibiotic resistance requires a knowledge of how its genes are controlled, on both the DNA and the RNA level. (frontiersin.org)

We selected and genotyped 21 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five MMR genes ( MLH1, MLH3, PMS2, MSH4 and MSH5 ) using the SNPstream 12-plex platform in a case-control study of 1,292 idiopathic infertility patients and 480 fertile controls in a Chinese population. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide evidence supporting the involvement of genetic polymorphisms in MMR genes in the aetiology of male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this work is three-fold: (1) to examine whether MMR gene polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of azoospermia or oligozoospermia, (2) to ascertain whether genetic variants in MMR genes result in sperm DNA damage and, thereby, increase male infertility, and (3) to investigate the biological activity of the significant functional variants. (biomedcentral.com)

The deduced recombination frequency in vaccinia virus-infected cells was at least fivefold lower and was not detectable in mock-infected cells, suggesting that the induced recombination activity detected by these methods was under viral control. (ox.ac.uk)

A gene present on the X and Y sex chromosomes that is used in DNA identification testing to determine the gender of the donor of the DNA in a biological sample. (ojp.gov)

Consequently, conservation of farm animal breeds had been for several reasons, for example, to retain potentially useful genes and gene combinations such as the Booroola fecundity gene in sheep [10], the exploitation of heterosis, and to overcome selection plateaus, in addition to cultural motivations, research, and food security. (scirp.org)

We found that ecDNAs contained diverse collections of oncogenes and immunomodulatory genes. (nature.com)
Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)

The characteristics of a single copy of a specific gene, or of a single copy of a specific location on a chromosome. (ojp.gov)
The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)

The results of kinetic studies, analysis with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and the use of phosphonoacetic acid, a specific inhibitor of poxvirus DNA polymerase, indicated that recombination between transfecting DNAs occurred concomitantly with DNA replication but that the two processes could be partially uncoupled. (ox.ac.uk)
This work provides evidence of association of the PARK2 gene and suggests that methylation of the PARK2 promoter may influence degeneration of the intervertebral disc. (bmj.com)

Housekeeping genes in the FSCN1 - ACTB (F-A) locus (Fig. 1a ) have relatively steady expression levels across various tissues and thus exogenous gene silencing resulting from chromatin inactivation might be avoided. (biomedcentral.com)
2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)

Population-based Sanger sequencing has been shown to miss minor variants with a frequency below 20% 20 . (nature.com)

Mitochondrial gene loss and functional transfer to the nucleus is an ongoing process in many lineages of plants, resulting in substantial variation across species in mitochondrial gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
That's because each species comes onto the evolutionary stage in its own space and time, and only those species that overlap in space and time could ever exchange genes at all in nature. (i-sis.org.uk)
Additional reports suggest that recombination in mitotic cells is not restricted to yeast but may also occur in other species such as houseflies ( 27 ) and tomatoes ( 28 ). (life-science-alliance.org)

Gene expression also relies on extensive C-to-U (and sometimes U-to-C) RNA editing, in which substitution of specific pyrimidines in the mRNA sequence restores phylogenetically conserved codons [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This comprehensive global TSS mapping atlas provides a valuable resource for RNA biology and gene expression analysis in the Enterococci. (frontiersin.org)

This gene has not previously been considered a candidate in LDD and further functional work is needed on this hitherto unsuspected pathway. (bmj.com)

A different form of a gene at a particular locus. (ojp.gov)
Here, we report the first application of single Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) to induce gene insertion at a selected locus in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, this repair pathway causes a major safety problem for gene targeting strategies, particularly for gene therapy and transgenic animal production [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Subsequently, we demonstrate that a single Cas9n-induced single-strand break can stimulate the insertion of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 ( NRAMP1 ) gene with reduced, but still considerable, off-target effects. (biomedcentral.com)
After a systematic selection of target sites and transgenic colonies, we successfully obtained nine exogenous natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 ( NRAMP1 ) gene-inserted cows through the Cas9n strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)

Analyzing bacteria in late exponential phase, we capture ~40% ( E. faecalis ) and 43% ( E. faecium ) of the annotated protein-coding genes, determine 5′ and 3′ UTR (untranslated region) length, and detect instances of leaderless mRNAs. (frontiersin.org)

However, conclusive data of such recombination events in higher eukaryotes are lacking. (life-science-alliance.org)

Consequently, we determined the feasibility of using Cas9n-induced SSB to stimulate homology-directed repair (HDR) and therefore provided a safe alternative for gene insertion and transgenic animal generation. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies of gene knockout mice indicate that several members of the MMR family also participate in the meiotic recombination process and are involved in gametogenesis [ 17 , 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A large number of corrupted R-M system genes in REBASE [ 25 ] testify in favor of a rather frequent loss of R-M systems. (biomedcentral.com)

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have caused has increased with the occurrence of high-level resistance hospital outbreaks worldwide, and the vancomycin-resist- to multiple antimicrobial drugs, such as ampicillin and ance gene ( vanA ) has crossed genus boundaries to methi- vancomycin (4). (cdc.gov)
The Caryophyllaceae represents one lineage that has experienced a particularly high rate of mitochondrial gene loss relative to other angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)

The highest recombination frequencies were measured in cells infected with Shope fibroma virus and myxoma virus, and a minimum recombination frequency of at least one recombination event per 7 kilobases was calculated within 24 h posttransfection under these conditions. (ox.ac.uk)

The frequency of recombination between transfected plasmid DNAs was measured by using cultured cells infected with a variety of poxviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
We conclude that the dramatic expansion of recombination activities in the cytoplasm of poxvirus-infected cells is virus specific and offers a good model system with which to analyze the mechanism of recombination in a eucaryotic environment. (ox.ac.uk)

This study investigated whether genetic variations in MMR genes are associated with an increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)

As observed more broadly in angiosperms, ribosomal proteins have been especially prone to gene loss in the S. latifolia lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate the effects of loss of β1 function in vivo , we have used gene-targeting methods to produce β1(-/-) mice, and we have analyzed their neuronal phenotypes. (jneurosci.org)

that lack male recombination [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on their important physiological functions, these five MMR genes are good candidate genes for explaining male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)

There is a natural limit, not only to the rate but also to the scope of gene shuffling in evolution. (i-sis.org.uk)

These findings suggest a markedly expanded role for nuclear gene products in the translation of mitochondrial genes in S. latifolia and raise the possibility of altered selective constraints operating on the mitochondrial translational apparatus in this lineage. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, translation of mitochondrially-encoded genes requires a mix of nuclear and mitochondrially encoded components. (biomedcentral.com)

By enhancing both the rate and scope of horizontal gene transfer and recombination, GM has also increased the chance of generating new disease-causing viruses and bacteria [1, 2]. (i-sis.org.uk)

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