• It is toxic by these three routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, even for an extremely toxic (high hazard) substance, the risk of an adverse outcome is unlikely if exposures are near zero. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxic inhalation of ethylene glycol is unlikely at room temperature because of the chemical's low volatility, but can occur when the liquid is heated, agitated, or sprayed. (cdc.gov)
  • Table 1 shows the pesticides most often implicated in poisonings, injuries and illnesses, according to 1996 data from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. (missouri.edu)
  • American Association of Poison Control Centers, Toxic Exposure Surveillance System, 1996 data. (missouri.edu)
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds can cause toxic effects by all routes of exposure including inhalation, ingestion, dermal application and irrigation of body cavities. (inchem.org)
  • However, the toxic haematological effects of 2-ME persist for only a short period of time after cessation or reduction of exposure. (bmj.com)
  • Reactive Chemicals - This refers to chemicals liable to explode or react violently upon contact with other substances or upon exposure to external factors such as heat and toxic gases. (hsseworld.com)
  • The digestive tract is a barrier to absorption of toxic substances, whereas injection of a substance bypasses natural bodily defenses and is fully absorbed. (everlyreport.com)
  • Exposure to toxic substances from smokeless tobacco products is not the same as exposure by ingestion or inhalation since it is neither swallowed, nor inhaled, but retained predominantly in contact with oral epithelial tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to derive pairs of NOAELs for oral and in- equivalent dose and dosing regimen that produces the halation or dermal exposure, a toxicological database was same toxic endpoint or response as that obtained for a generated using the Microsoft Corporation ACCESS 7.0 given dose and dosing regimen by another route (Pep- software program for WINDOWS 95 NL. (cdc.gov)
  • In the occupational setting, toxic effects following exposure to boron are generally acute, and include nosebleed, nasal irritation, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath (IPCS 1998). (peopleforcleanbeds.org)
  • Toxicity rating is an arbitrary grading of doses or exposure levels causing toxic effects. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • Selective toxicity of rotenone to insects and fish in comparison to mammalian species is due to greater absorption from the GI tract and formation of large quantities of highly toxic metabolites. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Toxic effects may result from skin absorption. (msdssafe.com)
  • however, persons with pre-existing tissue irritation or damage who are exposed to ricin may sustain further injury and greater absorption of ricin toxin. (cdc.gov)
  • Significant inhalation exposure does not occur at room temperature, but respiratory tract irritation is possible when the liquid is heated, agitated, or sprayed. (cdc.gov)
  • A skin irritation study did not show any signs of systemic toxicity, and therefore supports low absorption of this hydrolysis product. (europa.eu)
  • Additional health effects of exposure to formaldehyde include respiratory and eye irritation and contact dermatitis. (carexcanada.ca)
  • Exposure to diluted solutions can cause mild and self-limited irritation. (inchem.org)
  • There are no reliable studies to check for signs of dermal toxicity, and skin irritation/corrosion studies did not report any signs of systemic toxicity. (europa.eu)
  • Clinical manifestations vary widely, depending on the dose and route of exposure, and may range from minor upper airway irritation to cardiovascular collapse and death within minutes. (medscape.com)
  • Inhalation of high concentrations of gas/vapor causes lung irritation with coughing and nausea, central nervous depression with headache and dizziness, slowing of reflexes, fatigue and inco-ordination. (msdssafe.com)
  • Anon, 1997), it would appear that single high-level exposures may lead to eye irritation, respiratory tract lesions, and possibly permanent impairment of lung function. (envroyvn.com)
  • Ethanol is typically consumed in alcoholic beverages, but exposures also happen through inhalation of ethanol vapor and through dermal (skin) absorption. (healthandenvironment.net)
  • Vapor exposures in high concentrations (at or above the LCt 50 ) typically can cause death in 6-8 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • Principal routes of exposure are usually by inhalation of vapor and skin contact. (msdssafe.com)
  • 3. Describe the most likely type of particle deposition to occur for each of the four fabrics based on fabric characteristics such as porosity, fiber size, thickness, water vapor transmission rate, absorption rate, pore volume, and fabric uniformity. (aievolution.com)
  • However, systemic toxicity was observed in male rats in an acute dermal toxicity study with the parent substance at very high doses. (europa.eu)
  • No repeated dose toxicity study with dermal application is available. (europa.eu)
  • The systemic NOAEC from a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test in rats via inhalation conducted according to OECD 422 (BASF SE 2015) was identified as the appropriate starting point for a systemic DNEL derivation for long-term exposure following inhalation. (europa.eu)
  • Also, there were not much toxicity study for various routes in accordance with test guideline. (eaht.org)
  • Therefore, it is implicit in the regulations that washing with soap and water is an effective way to remove dermal contamination. (cdc.gov)
  • Possible routes of contamination include air inhalation, food intake, and dermal absorption. (wellnessmama.com)
  • The study found no link between nutritional habits and hydrocarbon levels in the body but did find a strong potential link between cosmetic and beauty product use and contamination, suggesting that beauty products may be a major source of hydrocarbon exposure. (wellnessmama.com)
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as lab coats, are routinely worn by workers handling ENPs to protect themselves from dermal exposure or underclothes contamination. (aievolution.com)
  • In an oral acute study there were signs of systemic toxicity indicating absorption of test substance-related material had occurred. (europa.eu)
  • Recently, the commercialization of TiO 2 has caused an increase of exposure to human and four main routes of exposure are known for oral / dermal exposures, pulmonary absorption and injection are known for one of the most common forms of route to human [ 7 ]. (eaht.org)
  • Recently, the commercialization of TiO 2 has caused an increase of exposure to human and four main routes of exposure are known for oral/dermal exposures, pulmonary absorption and injection are known for one of the most common forms of route to human and it may translate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) [ 4 , 5 ]. (eaht.org)
  • Chronic exposure to xylene can cause liver and kidney damage, with increased blood urea levels, pulmonary congestion, respiratory failure, and hepatomegaly [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • absorption through non-intact skin or via a solvent carrier), or ocular contact. (cdc.gov)
  • However, most occupational exposures involved solvent mixtures. (medscape.com)
  • Table 1 lists common sources of organic solvent exposures. (medscape.com)
  • If exposure to highly concentrated solvent atmosphere is prolonged this may lead to narcosis, unconsciousness, even coma and possible death. (msdssafe.com)
  • Chronic solvent inhalation exposures may result in nervous system impairment and liver and blood changes. (msdssafe.com)
  • However, brief skin contact and incidental dermal absorption are unlikely to cause toxicity symptoms. (police1.com)
  • This assessment report does not provide a detailed examination of potential effects from exposure to polymeric aluminum, as polymeric aluminum is most likely to form, and to cause toxicity, during the neutralization of acidic aluminum-rich waters and this is unlikely to occur in the release scenarios considered in this assessment (Roy 1999b). (canada.ca)
  • While accidental ingestion or inhalation of very small amounts of fentanyl can indeed lead to fatalities, the risk of transdermal exposure - absorption into the bloodstream via skin contact with powder particles - has been greatly exaggerated. (police1.com)
  • When oral exposure takes place, it is necessary to assume that except for the most extreme of insoluble substances, that uptake through intestinal walls into the blood takes place. (europa.eu)
  • However, the water solubility (7.8E+04 mg/l) and predicted log K ow (0.89) of the hydrolysis product, 2,4,4-trimethylpentylsilanetriol , suggest that dermal uptake is likely to be low. (europa.eu)
  • As with dermal exposure, damage to membranes caused by the corrosive nature of the HCl hydrolysis product might enhance the uptake. (europa.eu)
  • 14, 15 Traditional airborne exposure monitoring had difficulties in evaluating the uptake of 2-ME through skin absorption. (bmj.com)
  • The literature, while of limited quality, overall strongly suggests inorganic Pb has the potential for dermal uptake in meaningful amounts associated with negative health outcomes based on upper bound diffusion rate estimates. (cdc.gov)
  • Future standard test guideline-compliant studies are needed to provide high-confidence estimates of dermal uptake. (cdc.gov)
  • The relative level of uptake depends on the route of exposure to aluminum and its form. (cdc.gov)
  • occupational exposures are not as well covered. (missouri.edu)
  • In occupational exposures to pesticides, dermal and eye injuries are more common than systemic poisonings, although systemic poisonings are likely to be more severe. (missouri.edu)
  • They are found in the ambient air and the food chain, and can be transmitted to humans through the ingestion of contaminated food products, inhalation, or transdermal exposure. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Toluene is known to be neurotoxic and some of the chronic effects observed after prolonged periods of exposure include memory/concentration problems, disturbance of emotional and psychomotor functions, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hearing loss, which can cause permanent brain damage or even lead to death [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Following chronic exposure to rotenone, fatty acid synthesis is altered in the mitochondria, resulting in fatty changes in the liver and kidney. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Quantitative measures of exposure are used: in risk assessment, together with inputs from toxicology, to determine risk from substances released to the environment, to establish protective standards, in epidemiology, to distinguish between exposed and control groups, and to protect workers from occupational hazards. (wikipedia.org)
  • Health care workers practicing outside the United States face unique health hazards, including exposure to infectious diseases associated with patient contact or handling clinical specimens. (cdc.gov)
  • A chemical risk assessment involves the identification of chemical hazards in the workplace and recommends controls to reduce exposure and minimize harm to workers. (hsseworld.com)
  • It is important that a job hazard analysis be performed to determine the most appropriate level and type of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect against respiratory and dermal hazards for specific tasks. (cdc.gov)
  • The NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program has previously conducted research on possible workplace hazards and provided recommendations to law enforcement and emergency responders to protect against possible drug-related exposures other than fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • Although limited data are available on toxicological hazards of nanomaterials following oral exposure, in the oral route, the acute toxicity performed for TiO 2 NPs in rodents, it showed that lethal dose (LD 50 ) value was higher than 2150 mg/kg body weight or even 5000 mg/kg body weight [ 8 ]. (eaht.org)
  • Given these results and the ongoing nature of the opioid crisis, officers must be properly trained to recognize and guard against exposure hazards. (police1.com)
  • The analysis is made separately for each is made to identify the hazards of the substance and to population potentially exposed, i.e., consumers, work- relate these to the anticipated exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • 1982). However, blood boron concentrations were increased within 2 6 hr after application of the same amount of boric acid in a water-based jelly, indicating that the vehicle in which boric acid is applied to the skin affects absorption. (peopleforcleanbeds.org)
  • Exposure profiling considered two approaches: predictive modeling using a generic near-field exposure model for each substance, and an analysis of measured concentrations collected by federal and provincial water quality monitoring programs using antimony concentrations as a conservative indicator of exposure for the 11 substances. (canada.ca)
  • As exist, a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) has workers are mainly exposed by inhalation and skin to be derived or, if this is not possible, a lowest- contact, NOAELs derived from dermal or inhalation observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL). (cdc.gov)
  • In rabbits, the LD 50 for rotenone following IV, oral, and dermal routes are 0.35-0.65, 1.5, and 100-200 mg/kg, respectively.A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.4 mg/kg/d has been determined in rats and dogs. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Health care workers might be exposed through dermal, ingestion, inhalation, or percutaneous routes of absorption. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this rapid review was to identify and evaluate published literature on dermal exposures to support the estimation of key percutaneous absorption parameters (Kp, flux, diffusion rate) for use in occupational risk assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • Eleven articles were identified containing information from both in vitro and in vivo systems relevant to percutaneous absorption kinetics. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. (inchem.org)
  • Children are at greater risks from exposure because of their smaller size. (healthandenvironment.net)
  • Cumulative Risks from Stressor Exposures and Personal Risk Factors in the Workplace: Examples from a Scoping Review. (cdc.gov)
  • This has been illustrated during the COVID-19 pandemic by increased exposure and health risks for essential workers and those with pre-existing conditions, and mask-wearing behavior. (cdc.gov)
  • While there are important questions about the risks of different types of exposures (and resultant health effects) that might occur during law enforcement and emergency response activities, workers involved in these types of activities leading to potential exposures should take prudent precautions. (cdc.gov)
  • Questions remain about the risks of exposures to fentanyl and its analogs. (cdc.gov)
  • Fentanyl: What are the exposure risks? (police1.com)
  • Due to a lack of route-specific toxicity data, the health risks resulting from occupational exposure are frequently assessed by route-to-route (RtR) extrapolation based on oral toxicity data. (cdc.gov)
  • Especially, in cases where chemical exposure by inhalation or skin contact cannot be excluded route-specific toxicity studies should be considered to prevent from inadequate estimates of human health risks. (cdc.gov)
  • The ecological risks of the 11 substances in the Antimony-containing Substances Group were characterized using the Ecological Risk Classification of Inorganic Substances (ERC-I). The ERC-I is a risk-based approach that employs multiple metrics considering both hazard and exposure in a weight of evidence. (canada.ca)
  • These may include gastrointestinal symptoms, pain, burning sensation or local ulceration depending on the site of exposure and the concentration of the solution. (inchem.org)
  • The vast majority of exposure and toxicological studies have focused on effects related to inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure routes. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitriles may release HCN during burning or when metabolized after absorption by the skin or gastrointestinal tract. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant of interest and the organism being considered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the same general concepts apply to other organisms, the overwhelming majority of applications of exposure assessment are concerned with human health, making it an important tool in public health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure assessment is the process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to an agent, along with the number and characteristics of the population exposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure assessment' and 'exposure analysis' are often used as synonyms in many practical contexts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biomonitoring is the assessment of human exposure to chemicals by measuring the chemicals or their metabolites in human specimens such as blood or urine. (cdc.gov)
  • With the rapid growth of the semiconductor manufacturing industry in Asia, quantitative exposure assessment and toxicity of 2-ME have become increasingly important. (bmj.com)
  • These doses can be determined and applied scientifically to a human health risk assessment by following the generally-accepted, peer-reviewed toxicological methods for assessing each exposure pathway. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • Such data are needed to allow for improved evaluation of Pb exposures in an occupational risk assessment context. (cdc.gov)
  • This scoping review characterizes existing evidence of combined stressor exposures and personal factors and risk to foster methods for occupational cumulative risk assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • To protect workers, workplace exposures and modifiable and unmodifiable characteristics should be considered in risk assessment and management. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, no studies relevant for the assessment of acute dermal toxicity of nano-TiO 2 are available [ 9 ]. (eaht.org)
  • TiO 2 have been studied on inhalation and skin exposure due to the properties of the materials' use (cosmetics, paints and other products) and the additional safety information on other intake routes for the potential risk assessment is limited. (eaht.org)
  • Route-to-route extrapolation (oral to inhalative) was performed according to the ECHA Guidance Document on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.8. (europa.eu)
  • Significant oral exposure is not expected for N-[3-(dimethoxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine. (europa.eu)
  • Significant oral exposure is not expected for this corrosive substance. (europa.eu)
  • Inhalation and dermal absorption are most significant in occupational settings. (healthandenvironment.net)
  • Lead (Pb) exposure continues to be a significant public health issue in both occupational and non-occupational settings. (cdc.gov)
  • For example do dermal exposures represent a significant health risk for first responders, should an OEL be established for fentanyl, and are there other activities that would benefit from NIOSH providing best work practices? (cdc.gov)
  • A statement released by a joint task force of the American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology says the risk of clinically significant fentanyl exposure to emergency responders is extremely low through the skin. (police1.com)
  • There were no significant changes as a result of chlorine dioxide exposure in any of the parameters recorded. (envroyvn.com)
  • Animal and human studies have shown that 2-ME can cause adverse reproductive, developmental, and haematological effects through inhalation, dermal absorption, and ingestion. (bmj.com)
  • One theory suggests that exposure to mercury, particularly during crucial developmental stages, may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder. (ambitionsaba.com)
  • Ricin is not as well absorbed into the body via ingestion when compared to injection or inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation or injection of ricin would be expected to lead to a more rapid onset of signs and symptoms of ricin poisoning and a more rapid progression of poisoning compared to ingestion, given the same exposure amount. (cdc.gov)
  • Form of the mercuric compound (e.g. organic vs. inorganic) and route of exposure (dermal, inhalation, ingestion, injection) dictates toxicity. (everlyreport.com)
  • found by comparing methylmercury to thimerosal that while blood levels of ethylmercury post-injection drop more rapidly than blood levels of methylmercury post-ingestion, the percentage of inorganic mercury deposited in the brain after exposure to thimerosal was nearly five times higher than the amount of inorganic mercury deposited after methylmercury exposure. (everlyreport.com)
  • In both personal and occupational hygiene, washing is the primary method recommended for dealing with dermal exposure to hazardous chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals ( Report ) presents nationally representative, cumulative biomonitoring data gathered since 1999-2000. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals website lists updates to the available data tables. (cdc.gov)
  • Long-term exposure to hazardous chemicals can lead to the development of illnesses and some types of cancer. (hsseworld.com)
  • The primary routes of exposure to chemicals and other harmful substances used and generated by oil and gas facilities are inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption-of substances in air, drinking water, or surface water-which can lead to a range of symptoms," notes Steinzor. (preventcancernow.ca)
  • No route to route extrapolation is needed, but an adaptation of the inhalation human NOAEC to the experimental design was performed (see also discussion). (europa.eu)
  • Allometric scaling is not necessary as those differences are already applied during route-to-route extrapolation. (europa.eu)
  • From our database analysis it can be concluded that the widely used RtR extrapolation methodology based on correction for differences in (estimates of) absorption is not generally reliable and certainly not valid for substances inducing local effects. (cdc.gov)
  • The predicted water solubility (8.6E+05 mg/L) and predicted log K ow (1.0, unionised form) of the parent substance, N-[3 -(dimethoxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine, are potentially favourable for absorption across the skin before hydrolysis occurs, so some systemic exposure to the parent may occur. (europa.eu)
  • Occupational exposure to the test substance occurs mainly by dermal as well as inhalation exposure. (europa.eu)
  • However, cyanide exposure occurs relatively frequently in patients with smoke inhalation from residential or industrial fires. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide exposure most often occurs via inhalation or ingestion, but liquid cyanide can be absorbed through the skin or eyes. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure also occurs through dermal contact with contaminated air or by skin contact with products containing phenol. (selfdecode.com)
  • 13 To minimize this exposure and protect the worker, hazardous compounding takes place in a biological safety cabinet with vertical airflow hood and external exhaust. (equashield.com)
  • Touching or simply being present in a room with a small amount of the drug is not enough to cause any life-threatening issues - although it is imperative that you minimize skin exposure to better prevent accidentally brushing the powdered drug into the air or against your nose or mouth. (police1.com)
  • Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
  • Protecting worker and public health involves an understanding of multiple determinants, including exposures to biological, chemical, or physical agents or stressors in combination with other determinants including type of employment, health status, and individual behaviors. (cdc.gov)
  • These studies have explored various aspects, including mercury exposure sources, biological mechanisms, and epidemiological data. (ambitionsaba.com)
  • In Europe, the current EU Directive 94/36/EC authorizes the use of E171 in foodstuffs without establishing an acceptable daily intake level by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, based on TiO 2 absorption considered to be very low 5 . (nature.com)
  • To characterize exposure, intake estimates from environmental media, food, drinking water and uses of certain product types were derived. (canada.ca)
  • The expert toxicologist will establish the various exposure pathways and assess exposure based on a determination of cumulative dosage by each pathway for each heavy metal and/or heavy metal valence or compound. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • Exposure to inorganic Pb compounds through dermal absorption has been less well studied, perhaps due to the assumption that the dermal pathway is a minor contributor to aggregate exposures to Pb compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • N-[3-(Dihydroxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine with a predicted water solubility of 1E+06 mg/L and a molecular weight of approximately 178 clearly meets these criteria so should oral exposure occur then systemic exposure is very likely. (europa.eu)
  • The molecular weights of the parent and hydrolysis product, 2,4,4-trimethylpentylsilanetriol , are not ideal for dermal absorption, but they would not preclude it. (europa.eu)
  • Workers in industries that use these agents may have occupational exposure, whereas other individuals may have environmental exposures if they live near industrial installations and/or have contact with contaminated water, soil, air, or food. (medscape.com)
  • CDC's Environmental Health Laboratory (Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), National Center for Environmental Health) used mass spectrometry methods to obtain the blood, serum, and urine exposure measurements presented in the Report . (cdc.gov)
  • 170) 1.Hazardous substances - toxicity 2.Environmental exposure 3.Guidelines I.Series ISBN 92 4 157170 5 (NLM Classification: WA 465) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. (inchem.org)
  • Exposure Sciences involves the study of human exposures to chemical environmental contaminants in different media such as air, water, food, and soil and via multiple routes including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, as well as exposures to physical environmental agents such as radiation, temperature, noise, and other built environment factors. (uci.edu)
  • Environmental Epidemiology examines the effects of exposure to environmental agents and other factors on health outcomes. (uci.edu)
  • The curriculum is based on a foundation of basic and health sciences with applications of scientific principles to environmental exposures and their potential health effects. (uci.edu)
  • High levels of mercury exposure, such as through contaminated fish consumption or environmental pollution, can have detrimental effects on neurodevelopment. (ambitionsaba.com)
  • Exposure through the skin, inhalation, and ingestion are all possible routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional research is needed to better understand the possible routes of exposure and means to prevent those exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Substances with log K ow values between 1 and 4 favour dermal absorption (values between 2 and 3 are optimal) particularly if water solubility is high. (europa.eu)
  • The chemical differences of binding to carbon, hydrogen and other substances can significantly alter absorption characteristics, including toxicity and other factors. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • Evidence for transdermal passage and presence in the food chain (fish) suggests potential exposure of humans during development. (researchgate.net)
  • chain (fish) suggests potential exposure of humans during development. (researchgate.net)
  • The main input variable for the majority of these algorithms is log K ow so by using this, and where appropriate, other known or predicted physicochemical properties of N-[3-(dimethoxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine or its hydrolysis products, reasonable predictions or statements may be made about their potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretions (ADME) properties. (europa.eu)
  • ppm = parts per million c = ceiling (not to be exceeded at any time) em = exposure must be reduced a the minimum dsen = dermal sensitization rsen = respiratory sensitization sen = potential for sensitization twa = time weighted average stel = short term exposure limit (15 min. (carexcanada.ca)
  • The reduction in exposure through both inhalation and potential dermal contact with 2-ME might account for the haematological recovery. (bmj.com)
  • NIOSH provides interim recommendations for routine law enforcement activities following an arrest or execution of a search warrant-such as evidence collection-that may lead to potential exposures to fentanyl or related compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • New peer reviewed articles have measured and evaluated air emissions in gas production areas, potential routes of exposure from water and air and potential health impacts associated with contaminants released through unconventional gas operations. (preventcancernow.ca)
  • Finally, potential exposures to FRs applied to furnishing fabrics within the home have not been studied. (peopleforcleanbeds.org)
  • This greater relative surface area of the TiO 2 NPs affords a greater potential for properties such as catalytic activity and UV absorption at certain wavelengths. (eaht.org)
  • surface catalysed reactions in nano-form, absorption (or potential absorption) from dermal and inhalation routes, potential of nano-form to deliver ionic forms, etc. (nanotechia.org)
  • Characterization of dermal absorption following decontamination via washing. (cdc.gov)
  • However, oral exposure to the hydrolysis product N-[3-(dihydroxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine is potentially possible via the environment. (europa.eu)
  • Similarly, the predicted water solubility ( 1E+06 mg/L ) of the hydrolysis product, N-[3-(dihydroxymethylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine , is favourable for absorption across the skin but the log K ow of -4 (ionised form) is not. (europa.eu)
  • It's odor is not detectable at a low enough concentration to be considered a warning of excessive exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The vast majority of study summaries evaluated (n = 22, 92%) reported detectable amounts of dermal absorption of inorganic Pb. (cdc.gov)
  • Data on inhalational exposure to ricin in humans is extremely limited. (cdc.gov)
  • 3 , 4 ] Epidemiological studies reviewed by IARC demonstrated sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia in humans, and limited evidence that formaldehyde exposure causes sinonasal cancer. (carexcanada.ca)
  • Very few data are available relating to single exposures in humans. (envroyvn.com)
  • or each of these agents, carcinogenicity in rats and/or mice, els, differences in exposure con- there was sufficient evidence of car- for example for the liver (aflatoxins, ditions between studies in animals cinogenicity from studies in rats and/ trichloroethylene [TCE], and vinyl and in humans, or limitations in Part 1 ยท Chapter 1. (who.int)
  • In the ionised form present when the parent substance is in solution at pH 7, although the water solubility is favourable for absorption across the skin, the predicted log Kow of -2 is not. (europa.eu)
  • The guinea-pig maximisation skin sensitisation study on the parent substance was positive, indicating that a minimal amount of absorption must have occurred. (europa.eu)
  • Model to predict either high or low fraction absorbed for an orally administered, passively transported substance on the basis of a new absorption parameter. (europa.eu)
  • According to the model "Intestinal absorption (human)", 72.4 % of the substance is absorbed after oral exposure. (europa.eu)
  • These effects can result from all routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The effects of ricin poisoning depend upon the amount of ricin exposure, the route of exposure and the person's premorbid condition. (cdc.gov)
  • No long-term effects are known to exist from ricin exposure that did not acutely result in signs and symptoms of ricin poisoning. (cdc.gov)
  • This review aims to compile relevant information from published studies and elucidate any patterns in the effects of washing on dermal ab-sorption. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies on occupational exposure in 1930 revealed toxicity by inhalation, dermal an oral route, with severe effects an deaths. (europa.eu)
  • Short-term, high-level exposures such as those frequently reported in case reports can result in acute reversible and irreversible health effects that involve the CNS and PNS. (medscape.com)
  • To examine the association between 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) exposure and haematological effects, as well as the recovery from these haematological effects with continuous reduction in exposure to 2-ME. (bmj.com)
  • The haematological effects had returned to normal in the first follow up survey 2.5 months later, when a reduction in 2-ME exposure was noted. (bmj.com)
  • With most users, peak opioid effects are reached in 10 minutes with the intravenous route, 10-15 minutes after nasal inhalation and 30-45 minutes with the intramuscular route [5]. (ems1.com)
  • Moreover, validated screening methods to predict/exclude the occurrence of local effects after repeated exposure are warranted. (cdc.gov)
  • Teratogenic effects can also be observed [ 14 ], affecting the development of embryos and fetuses during maternal exposure. (hindawi.com)
  • Two studies provided quality estimates on the impacts of dermal absorption from water-insoluble Pb compounds on blood Pb levels. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to obtain information on human exposure, we conducted a monitoring study on human milk with three series of mother-child pairs (2004, 2005, 2006), with focus on cosmetic UV filters in relation to other endocrine disrupters. (researchgate.net)
  • They also indicate that it may be possible to reduce human exposure during critical periods such as pregnancy and lactation by transiently abstaining from use. (researchgate.net)
  • A report (Masserman JH, Goldsmith H. 1934) that summaries observations of a clinical study on human exposure a dose of 2.66 mg/kg/day of 2,4-DNP sodium salt for 14 day (LOAEL) to a woman psichiatric patient described a comatose condition. (europa.eu)
  • Traditionally, human exposure to PCBs was linked to dietary ingestion. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Human exposure to aluminum may occur through different routes such as ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the quality of the data available is poor, often involving mixed exposures with other irritant gases, such as chlorine or sulfur dioxide, and there is no dose-response information. (envroyvn.com)
  • Risk is a function of exposure and hazard. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhalation hazard is increased at higher temperatures. (msdssafe.com)
  • This study was reported to evaluate an acute toxicity of TiO 2 (P-25 and GST) according to OECD test guideline 402 and 423 in Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats via route of oral and dermal. (eaht.org)
  • Although there is still no evidence for the development of cancer due to toluene, acute exposure causes immediate excitability and euphoria, followed by a depressing response with disorientation, mood fluctuations, hallucinations, and ataxia [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Of note, health care workers working abroad can be at increased risk for exposure to patients with emerging, highly pathogenic, or uncommon, infectious diseases (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • In some cases, these exposures were estimated to be below acceptable levels, as designated in regulations for workers. (medscape.com)
  • Results of haematological examination in the first exposure survey showed that haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count in the male exposed workers were significantly lower than those in the comparison workers. (bmj.com)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the exposure to toluene and xylene and to identify related signs and symptoms in gasoline station workers. (hindawi.com)
  • Workers exposed to fuels had higher average levels of these exposure biomarkers (HA and MHA), which were also higher in convenience store workers than in filling station attendants. (hindawi.com)
  • Gasoline station workers showed high levels of HA and MHA, reflecting high occupational exposure to the solvents toluene and xylene present in gasoline, demonstrating that changes in the current legislation and in the work environment are necessary to ensure better health protection for these workers. (hindawi.com)
  • ENPs can pose a major health risk for workers through exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact. (aievolution.com)
  • Inhalation of trace amounts of fentanyl that become airborne, not skin contact, is the primary exposure route of concern. (police1.com)
  • Whether the cause is related to oil exposure or stress, six primary medical problems have been identified for Early Phase sea otters (Table 5.1). (wildliferesearch.com)