• Cyclic nucleotides, like other nucleotides, are composed of three functional groups: a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • A cyclic nucleotide, unlike other nucleotides, has a cyclic bond arrangement between the ribose sugar and the phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • There are two main groups of cyclic nucleotides: the canonical or well-established and the non-canonical or unknown-function cyclic nucleotides. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The two well-established cyclic nucleotides are adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The non-canonical cyclic nucleotides include the purines inosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic IMP), xanthosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic XMP) and the pyrimidines cytidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic cCMP), uridine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic UMP), and thymidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cTMP) (145). (pancreapedia.org)
  • An overview of the non-canonical cyclic nucleotides is provided in Section V. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
  • This cyclic conformation allows cyclic nucleotides to bind to proteins to which other nucleotides cannot. (pancreapedia.org)
  • In addition, increases in GPX, SOD3, G6PD, HK, and PFK at proteomic and transcriptomic levels suggested elevation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of glutathione and nucleotides, and antioxidative pathway activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation, TCA and mitochondrial energy metabolism were reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is located in the sperm head rather than the flagellum and is controlled by intracellular pH, but not cyclic nucleotides. (elifesciences.org)
  • This channel is activated by signalling molecules inside cells, called 'cyclic nucleotides', and its activity ultimately leads to calcium ions flowing into the sperm cell's tail. (elifesciences.org)
  • Electrophysiological experiments then revealed that the fish version of CNGK is not activated by cyclic nucleotides, but is activated when the inside of the cell becomes more alkaline. (elifesciences.org)
  • Many of these proteins take part in pathways that stimulate calcium mineral release (for instance, calcium-calmodulin G proteins signaling) and the forming of intracellular junctions, resulting in arousal of contractions. (researchensemble.com)
  • Cyclic GMP is the intracellular trigger for penile erection. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • These protein kinase interactions result in reduced intracellular calcium levels and a consequent relaxation of arterial and trabecular smooth muscle, leading to arterial dilatation, venous constriction, and the rigidity of penile erection. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also named MITA, MYPS, or ERIS) is an intracellular DNA sensor that induces type I interferon through its interaction with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). (umassmed.edu)
  • This demonstrates the intersection of two key pathways of innate immune regulation, NLR and STING, to fine tune host response to intracellular DNA, DNA virus, and c-di-GMP. (umassmed.edu)
  • FGFR3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that comprises an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and 2 intracellular tyrosine kinase domains [ 8 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • We show that this dual phenotype results from elevated cAMP levels and hyperactivation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). (crick.ac.uk)
  • It is likely to act as a bioactive compound by exerting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and/or binding to specific proteins such as oxidative enzymes and transcriptional factors in signal transduction pathways. (rsc.org)
  • In comparison, mitochondria are huge and many in differentiated somatic cells, which depend even more on oxidative phosphorylation for effective energy creation15. (tam-receptor.com)
  • As a result, reprogramming somatic cells into iPSCs is normally along with a metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, concomitant with Mouse monoclonal to GST adjustments in function and framework of mitochondria16,17. (tam-receptor.com)
  • The ferritin-like Dps protein is required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium oxidative stress Our investigations indicate that Salmonella have leveraged the regulatory activity that Gre factors directly promote gapA gene expression, we visualized the products of the fluorescence vesicle suspension from entering into the metabolite inlet but did not attempt to extract the mean change in the Salmonella enterica. (mister-finch.com)
  • Mitochondria provide most of the cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). (biomed.news)
  • The enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) links oxidative phosphorylation to de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. (biomed.news)
  • 4. Chen X, Wang N, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Wang Y, Wu C, Yang J. (2014) Yonkenafil: a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor induces neuronal network potentiation by a cGMP-dependent Nogo-R axis in acute experimental stroke. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phosphorylated IRF-3 oligomerizes, translocates to the nucleus, and induces the expression of type I IFNs, conferring antiviral activity to the host and activating the acquired immune responses. (grantome.com)
  • Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Binding of various FGFs to FGFR3 induces receptor dimerization and transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues [ 9 ], leading to activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades ( Fig. 1 ) [ 10 , 11 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic dsDNA sensor in innate immunity. (grantome.com)
  • After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic GMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which in turn phosphorylates several proteins. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • cGAS binds to double-stranded DNA and catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) (4, 5), a diffusible cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic adaptor protein STING (6). (woofahs.com)
  • Activated STING then serves Fenretinide as a platform for the inducible recruitment of the TBK1 kinase, which phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor IRF3, leading to the induction of the type I interferon mediated antiviral response (7). (woofahs.com)
  • cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′cGAMP). (frontiersin.org)
  • The models of most immune evasion during innate immune responses are conserved, including altering the post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of vital proteins to inactivate or degrade these components, eluding DNA sensing from PRRs, decreasing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) cellular abundance, and modifying metabolism approach in host cells ( Eaglesham and Kranzusch, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As a second messenger, cGAMP stimulates the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) via the adaptor STING located on the ER membrane. (grantome.com)
  • The engagement of cGAMP by STING leads to the recruitment and activation of the protein kinase TBK1. (grantome.com)
  • The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The increasing cGMP binds to regulatory binding sites for protein kinase G thereby activating the catalytic units that enable protein kinase G to reduce cytosolic Ca2+ levels needed for smooth muscle contraction within blood vessels.1,2 In addition, NO is also known to cause direct activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels resulting in a hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells that allow for increased blood flow. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Here we found that the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein, NLRC3, reduced STING-dependent innate immune activation in response to cytosolic DNA, cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and DNA viruses. (umassmed.edu)
  • Translocation and structure switch of STING provides the prerequisite for TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) recruitment and auto-phosphorylation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The induced proximity of IRF-3 and TBK1 leads to IRF-3 phosphorylation and activation. (grantome.com)
  • NLRC3 associated with both STING and TBK1 and impeded STING-TBK1 interaction and downstream type I interferon production. (umassmed.edu)
  • The first is by activation of guanylate cyclase, which promotes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (trochetadalafil.com)
  • In primates, including humans, the L -arginine-nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is the key mechanism of penile erection (Figure 1). (trochetadalafil.com)
  • The interaction of NO with guanylyl cyclase causes a conformational change in this enzyme, which results in the catalytic production of 3′-5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate from guanosine 5′-triphosphate. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K + channel (CNGK) mediates a cGMP-induced hyperpolarization that evokes Ca 2+ influx. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, when intact platelets were incubated with NO and then lysed, enhanced activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 was detected in the cytosol. (rupress.org)
  • It is activated by viral DNA and catalyzes the synthesis of a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide 2? (grantome.com)
  • 3 hr, and is reduced by inhibitors of PKA and of protein or RNA synthesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Conversely, either NO or cGMP analogs paired with one-train tetanization produced late-phase potentiation, and the cGMP-induced potentiation was blocked by inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis and an inhibitor of PKG, but not by an inhibitor of PKA. (jneurosci.org)
  • Conclusions These outcomes implicate CA-074 Methyl Ester novel inhibtior the myometrium as an important regulator of endocrine hormone (cortisol and progesterone synthesis) and signaling pathways (cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP arousal) that immediate quiescence via the transcripitional upregulation of both book and previously linked regulators. (researchensemble.com)
  • Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • The activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by viral DNA results in the expression of type I interferons, a key family of antiviral cytokines. (grantome.com)
  • Fenretinide DNA-PK as the sensor of this pathway and demonstrate that DNA-PK kinase activity drives a robust and broad antiviral response. (woofahs.com)
  • We discover heat shock protein HSPA8/HSC70 as a target for inducible phosphorylation in the DNA-PK antiviral pathway. (woofahs.com)
  • Introduction The cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway has emerged as a key component of the innate Fenretinide immune response that is important for antiviral immunity (1), contributes to specific autoimmune diseases (2), and mediates important aspects of antitumor immunity (3). (woofahs.com)
  • Open in a separate window Figure 2: A STING-independent DNA sensing pathway (SIDSP) in human cells(A) Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts were treated with Lipofectamine alone (Lipo) or the indicated ligands for four hours before harvest and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of mRNA expression. (woofahs.com)
  • My results indicate that KCNK3 internalizes in response to Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation, using a novel pathway that requires the phosphoserine binding protein, 14-3-3β, and demonstrates for the first time regulated KCNK3 channel trafficking in neurons. (umassmed.edu)
  • One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
  • This occurs through the downregulation of methylmalonyl coenzyme A epimerase (MCEE), mediated by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-driven transcription factor Sp1/early growth response protein 1 transcriptional switch driven by metastatic signalling at its promoter level. (biomed.news)
  • Like most bacteria, Xcc uses a variety of extracellular protein structures to interact with their surrounding environment and drives cellular movement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These extracellular protein structures called flagella and pili contribute cellular movement in the form of 'swimming' and 'swarming', respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three-train L-LTP was also blocked by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (jneurosci.org)
  • These results suggest that NO contributes to L-LTP by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which acts in parallel with PKA to increase phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. (jneurosci.org)
  • NO-induced activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) increases the open probability of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK channels) by direct phosphorylation. (reactome.org)
  • Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. (umassmed.edu)
  • In AD, nicotine improves cognitive impairment by enhancing protein kinase B (also referred to as Akt) activity and stimulating phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling, which regulates learning and memory processes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, studies evaluating the effects of PDE inhibition on prefrontal cortex-dependent cognition and in monkeys are rare. (springer.com)
  • Using lately developed useful mapping equipment (HOPACH (hierarchical purchased partitioning and collapsing cross types) and GenMAPP 2.0), we've identified new potential transcriptional regulatory gene systems mediating the changeover from quiescence to term activation. (researchensemble.com)
  • Selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors improve the formation of hippocampus-dependent memories in several rodent models of cognition. (springer.com)
  • During middle to past due gestation, myometrial quiescence is certainly maintained by many contractile inhibitors, such as for example relaxin, adrenomedullin, nitric oxide, progesterone and prostacyclin [1,2]. (researchensemble.com)
  • Field M, Graf LH Jr, Laird WJ, Smith PL (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: In vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. (springer.com)
  • A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Taken together, we demonstrate that for the conditions tested PilG and PilH have inverse regulatory effects on flagellum-dependent and pili-dependent motility in Xcc and that this regulatory impact depends on these proteins influences on genes/proteins involved in flagellar biosynthesis and pilus assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This activation was blocked by expression of the MAP kinase phosphatase MKP-1. (umassmed.edu)
  • While types distinctions in labor legislation have been noticed, a few common signaling elements and pathways have already been implicated as essential regulators across species. (researchensemble.com)
  • Several these regulators induce cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and cGMP-mediated signaling pathways. (researchensemble.com)
  • Finally, we tested whether the antiviral response to DNA was dependent on the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7, which together are essential for the IFN response to all other known nucleic acid detection pathways (12). (woofahs.com)
  • Here, type I Interferon signaling is required to dampen parasite load during liver-stage infections, but leads to host mobidity if these pathways are activated in the erythrocytic phase of infection. (umassmed.edu)
  • For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, this increase in cGMP degradation is paralleled by the phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase type 5 at Ser-92. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, our data suggest that NO-induced desensitization of the cGMP response is caused by the phosphorylation and subsequent activity increase of phosphodiesterase type 5. (rupress.org)
  • Depending on which family the G protein is, it goes on to activate (G αs protein subunit) or inhibit (G αi protein subunit) the membrane-bound cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Considerably higher resistance against cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases compared to dibutyryl or 8-Br-cAMP, no metabolic side effects. (biolog.de)
  • In healthy individuals, nicotine improves memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation by enhancing the phosphorylation of calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cyclic nucleotide signalling is a major regulator of malaria parasite differentiation. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). (umassmed.edu)
  • Moreover, DAT segregates into two populations at the neuronal plasma membrane: trafficking-competent and -incompetent. (umassmed.edu)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate that novel, non-classical endocytic mechanisms dynamically control the plasma membrane presentation of these two important neuronal proteins. (umassmed.edu)
  • In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the progression of PD by inhibiting Sirtuin 6, a stress‑responsive protein deacetylase, thereby decreasing neuronal apoptosis and improving neuronal survival. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here we present evidence demonstrating the role of two single domain response regulators PilG and PilH in the antagonistic control of flagellum-dependent (swimming) and pili-dependent (swarming) motility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • To prevent infected cell lysis, recombinant replication deficiency virus has been developed as a gene delivery tool to replace wild-type adenovirus (recombinant AdV in "application" part). (genemedi.com)
  • By using purified recombinant proteins, we found NLRC3 to interact directly with STING. (umassmed.edu)
  • Co-immunoprecipitation, bacterial two-hybrid and pull-down analyses showed that PilH and PilG were able to interact with district subsets of proteins that potentially account for their regulatory impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ubiquitination is a multifunctional posttranslational modification controlling the activity, subcellular localization and stability of proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • The protein kinase activity of these JNK isoforms was measured using the transcription factors ATF2, Elk-1 and members of the Jun family as substrates. (umassmed.edu)
  • Comparison of the binding activity of the JNK isoforms demonstrated that the JNK proteins differ in their interaction with ATF2, Elk-1 and Jun transcription factors. (umassmed.edu)
  • Once inside, it activated adenyl cyclase, causing the concentration of cyclic-AMP to increase. (kenyon.edu)
  • Inverse to the reported increase in sensitivity caused by NO shortage, concentrating NO attenuated the cGMP response in a concentration-dependent manner. (rupress.org)
  • The dependence of current amplitude on nucleotide concentration is well described by the Hill function with values of K 1/2 , the ligand concentration that half-saturates current, that, in turn, depend on Ca 2+ . (silverchair.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • Gupta DD, Saha S, Chakrabarti MK (2005) Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in a human colonic carcinoma cell line, COLO-205. (springer.com)
  • Hexon and penton structures form the capsid of AdV, and fiber protein mediates the binding of the virion to the cell surface and is a major determinant of viral tropism. (genemedi.com)
  • Adenovirus transcription is a two-phase event, early and late, occurring before and after viral DNA replication, respectively (Figure. (genemedi.com)
  • Then the endosome acidifies, resulting in disassociation of capsid proteins and transportation of viral DNA into nucleus. (genemedi.com)
  • Life cycle of adenovirus is separated by DNA replication process into two distinct phases: the early and late, occurring before and after viral DNA replication, respectively. (genemedi.com)
  • Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
  • Nevertheless, quercetin is completely converted into its conjugated metabolites by phase-II enzymes during intestinal absorption. (rsc.org)
  • Phase II enzymes present in the intestinal epithelial cells and the liver cells facilitate their metabolic conversion to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (rsc.org)
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes are known to control cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels in the parasite, but the mechanisms by which cyclic AMP (cAMP) is regulated remain enigmatic. (crick.ac.uk)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Globally, a concordance was evidenced between the two species, we also consider the following choices are used: pristiq price without insurance These choices were made since they showed better empirical performance than, e. (mister-finch.com)
  • These findings suggest that while channel proteins found in sperm cells from different species look similar and serve similar roles, they are activated in ways that can be very different. (elifesciences.org)
  • Two aspartic acid residues in the active site of the cyclase (AC or GC) promotes the binding of ATP. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Elements previously from the legislation of myometrial activation are the oxytocin receptor, difference junction proteins connexin-43, voltage-gated calcium mineral stations, prostaglandin receptor subtypes, estrogen, transcription and cortisol elements c-Jun and c-Fos. (researchensemble.com)
  • In single cones under whole-cell voltage clamp, we simultaneously measured changes in membrane current and outer segment free Ca 2+ caused by sudden Ca 2+ sequestration attained by uncaging diazo-2. (silverchair.com)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
  • 16 Furthermore, its oxidation products can act as electrophiles to bind specific proteins , resulting in the modification of their cellular functions. (rsc.org)
  • Additionally, the hexon component of AdV capsid can bind to coagulation factor X (FX) to activate TLR4 on the surface of splenic macrophages and thereby stimulate NF-κB dependent activation of IL-1β, which may help recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the marginal zone of the spleen and clear virus from the spleen rapidly [49, 50]. (genemedi.com)
  • Besides binding to coagulation proteins, AdV in blood vessel can also bind to component C3 and natural [51-55]. (genemedi.com)
  • There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil and thymine). (pancreapedia.org)
  • However, DNA transfection of STING-deficient U937 cells activated a potent type I IFN response (Fig. 2B). (woofahs.com)
  • First, and consistent with dozens of prior studies, the antiviral response to DNA in mouse cells is nearly entirely STING-dependent (9). (woofahs.com)
  • B) PMA-differentiated human U937 monocytes or two clonal lines of STING KO U937 cells were treated with the indicated ligands for 16 hours before harvest and RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression. (woofahs.com)
  • K 1/2 increases as Ca 2+ rises, and this dependence is well described by a modified Michaelis-Menten function, indicating that modulation arises from the interaction of Ca 2+ with a single site without apparent cooperativity. (silverchair.com)