Levels of circulating thymidine andNucleosideKinaseDeoxycytidinePhosphorylase activityThymineUridineMitochondrialReactionSynthesisBrdUAnalogsMutationsPhosphateEnzymeMitochondriaPlateletsColiNewlyCellsAnalogNucleosidesSynthesis of thymidinePlasma deoxyuridineEncoding thymidine phosphorylaseUridinePhosphorylase deficiencyMNGIENucleotideIncorporationTriphosphateCatabolismAcceptorTYMPReplicationTumorLaboratoryCellularCellPreviouslyRepairTime
Levels of circulating thymidine and1
- Deficiency of TP leads to dramatically elevated levels of circulating thymidine and deoxyuridine. (nih.gov)
Nucleoside6
- Thymidine Incorporation Assay BrdU offered by a company Thermo Fisher Scientific includes a nucleoside analog that is identified during active DNA synthesis by employing immunohistochemistry. (news-medical.net)
- This firm also developed Click-iT EdU Microplate Assay that utilizes nucleoside analog EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) and a detection method that does not necessitate DNA denaturation. (news-medical.net)
- EdU (5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine) is a nucleoside analog of thymidine and is incorporated into DNA during active DNA synthesis. (gaiascience.com.sg)
- The pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase Y03 is of bacterial origin and thermostable up to 60°C. Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the reversible phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond of the pyrimidine nucleosides uridine, thymidine and 2'-deoxyuridine with the formation of the corresponding pyrimidine base and pentose-1-phosphate. (bionukleo.com)
- In mammalian cells, there are three pyrimidine nucleoside salvage enzymes with the capacity to phosphorylate all four deoxynucleosides, the two thymidine kinase isoenzymes, TK1 and TK2, and the deoxycytidine kinase, dCK. (rhea-db.org)
- Actively dividing cells were quantified and cell cycle kinetics were determined by cumulative and pulse-labeling using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) a nucleoside analog of thymidine. (biomasswars.com)
Kinase2
- Thymidine rescues ATR kinase inhibitor-induced deoxyuridine contamination in genomic DNA, cell death, and interferon-α/β expression. (nih.gov)
- This gene encodes a deoxyribonucleoside kinase that specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. (nih.gov)
Deoxycytidine6
- During the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, DNA polymerases incorporate a variety of nucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine) into the newly extending strands of DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
- Phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine in the mitochondrial matrix. (nih.gov)
- TK2 is expressed constitutively and can phosphorylate deoxycytidine to the same extent as thymidine. (rhea-db.org)
- The reactions of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane with 2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxycytidine, thymidine, and calf thymus DNA have been studied in aqueous buffered solutions. (ncl.ac.uk)
- The HPLC analyses of the reaction mixtures of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane with 2′-deoxycytidine and thymidine showed the formation of one major product in each reaction. (ncl.ac.uk)
- The adduct from 2′deoxycytidine was identified as N3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine (dCI) derived by alkylation at N-3 followed by deamination. (ncl.ac.uk)
Phosphorylase activity1
- Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor has thymidine phosphorylase activity. (reactome.org)
Thymine2
- Cytosolic thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) catalyzes the reversible reactions of thymine or uracil with 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate to form thymidine or deoxyuridine and orthiophosphate. (reactome.org)
- EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) is essentially a popular scientific tool first synthesized in 2008 as an analog, or chemical mimic, of the DNA building block thymidine - which represents the letter "T" in the DNA code of adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Scientists add EdU to cells in lab experiments to replace the thymidine in DNA. (newswise.com)
Uridine2
- It is also involved in the synthesis of thymidine from deoxy uridine thus promoting nucleic acid protein synthesis. (avenzor.ae)
- Thymidylate synthase is vital for de novo DNA synthesis, by catalyzing the transformation of deoxy-uridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxy-thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). (careersfromscience.org)
Mitochondrial1
- Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the nuclear TYMP gene, which encodes for thymidine phosphorylase, an enzyme required for the normal metabolism of deoxynucleosides, thymidine, and deoxyuridine. (encyclopedia.pub)
Reaction1
- The rate of dehalogenation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (BrdUMP), a reaction catalyzed by TS that does not require CH(2)H(4)folate as cosubstrate, by mutant TSs was analyzed and showed that only S167A and S167G catalyzed the dehalogenation reaction and values of k(cat)/K(m) for the mutant enzymes were decreased by 10- and 3000-fold, respectively. (rcsb.org)
Synthesis2
- 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog, is widely used to measure de novo DNA synthesis. (bdbiosciences.com)
- The most reliable among them calculates proliferation by direct measurement of DNA synthesis, and thymidine incorporation assay is often cited as a reference model. (news-medical.net)
BrdU1
- Two-month-old wild-type ( BACE1 +/+), heterozygous ( BACE1 +/-) and homozygous BACE1 knock-out ( BACE1 -/-) mice were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog that is incorporated into replicating cells. (eneuro.org)
Analogs1
- Unlike other thymidine analogs, it has a convenient chemical "handle" to which fluorescent probe molecules will bond tightly. (newswise.com)
Mutations1
- Mutations in the thymidine phosphorylase gene of the patient's nuclear DNA causes a buildup of thymidine and deoxyuridine, explained Michio Hirano, MD, associate professor of neurology at Columbia University Medical Center, who was the lead author of the new report. (lww.com)
Phosphate1
- We have investigated UP-substrate interactions by determining the crystal structures of native Escherichia coli UP (two forms), and complexes with 5-fluorouracil/ribose 1-phosphate, 2-deoxyuridine/phosphate and thymidine/phosphate. (rcsb.org)
Enzyme1
- A Phase 2, multi-centre, multiple dose, open label trial without a control will investigate the application of erythrocyte-encapsulated thymidine phosphorylase (EE-TP) as an enzyme replacement therapy for MNGIE. (encyclopedia.pub)
Mitochondria1
- We think the buildup of thymidine and deoxyuridine is toxic to mitochondria. (lww.com)
Platelets1
- While dialysis seeks to eliminate the noxious metabolites, Dr. Hirano's team had shown in a 2006 Neurology paper that another effective approach is to give the patients platelets, which are naturally rich in the thymidine phosphorylase that patients lacks. (lww.com)
Coli1
Newly1
- Cell-cycle manipulation with vinblastine and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BUdR) revealed that previous passage through both S phase and mitosis was required for entry into this newly observed late phase. (rupress.org)
Cells1
- In addition, there was high correlation (r = 0.973, P less than 0.001) between the number of cells in the late phase and measured [3H]thymidine uptake. (rupress.org)
Analog5
- 5-AmdU is cell permeable and incorporates into peplicating DNA instead of its natural analog thymidine. (jenabioscience.com)
- The Click-iT EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits rely on EdU (5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine), a thymidine analog which is incorporated into DNA during active DNA synthesis, which is then detected using click chemistry, a copper catalyzed covalent reaction between an azide and an alkyne. (selectscience.net)
- Newly produced cells were identified using a thymidine analog, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, which is incorporated into DNA during mitosis. (mcmaster.ca)
- In principal, EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine), a thymidine analog, is administered to animals. (baseclick.eu)
- Thymidine, q.v., analog. (drugfuture.com)
Nucleosides3
- By breaking down thymidine, this chemical reaction helps regulate the level of nucleosides in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mitochondria use nucleosides, including thymidine, to build new molecules of mtDNA. (medlineplus.gov)
- ANA-3 (Shewana3_1039, A0KU05) is important for utilization of thymidine and other nucleosides. (lbl.gov)
Synthesis of thymidine1
- It is also involved in the synthesis of thymidine from deoxy uridine thus promoting nucleic acid protein synthesis. (avenzor.ae)
Plasma deoxyuridine1
- Request Plasma deoxyuridine and thymidine. (chl.co.nz)
Encoding thymidine phosphorylase1
- Mutations in the nuclear gene encoding thymidine phosphorylase (TP) cause mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), an autosomal recessive disease with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA abnormalities. (nih.gov)
Uridine3
- Deoxyuridine is also a substrate for uridine phosphorylase. (golifescience.com)
- A similar protein from V. cholerae ( Q9KPL5 ) binds uridine and 2'-deoxyuridine and is likely to be a thymidine transporter as well, but this is not proven. (lbl.gov)
- The nupC protein from B. subtilis (P39141) was shown to be a uridine transporter ( PMID:8550462 ) and is suspected to be a thymidine transporter as well, so it is ignored. (lbl.gov)
Phosphorylase deficiency2
- Site-specific somatic mitochondrial DNA point mutations in patients with thymidine phosphorylase deficiency. (nih.gov)
- Hirano M, Marti R, Spinazzola A, Nishino I, Nishigaki Y. Thymidine phosphorylase deficiency causes MNGIE: an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
MNGIE3
- We have demonstrated alterations of thymidine (dThd) metabolism in MNGIE patients. (nih.gov)
- MNGIE is caused by variations in the TYMP gene, important for allowing adequate levels of thymidine in the mitochondria. (nih.gov)
- Nishino I, Spinazzola A, Hirano M. Thymidine phosphorylase gene mutations in MNGIE, a human mitochondrial disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
Nucleotide2
- Unlike the other fundamental nucleotides, dTMP is often referred to as thymidine monophosphate (abbreviated as TMP ) and the prefix deoxy - is dropped since it is a nucleotide component of DNA and not of RNA. (biologyonline.com)
- However, as indicated above, the salvage pathway to thymidine nucleotide synthesis is especially important in the preparation for cell division. (golifescience.com)
Incorporation2
- The 3H-thymidine incorporation assay is very sensitive, but the radioactive compound requires specialized equipment and dedicated lab space for handling. (baseclick.eu)
- This was measured by the ability of deoxyuridine to suppress tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA. (ashpublications.org)
Triphosphate2
- A related DNP-labelled deoxyuridine triphosphate has also been synthesised. (ox.ac.uk)
- An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
Acceptor1
- Deoxyuridine can also act as acceptor, and dGTP can act as a donor. (enzyme-database.org)
TYMP2
- Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the TYMP gene variations or the increased levels of thymidine and deoxyuridine in blood. (nih.gov)
- TYMP gene variants greatly reduce or eliminate the activity of thymidine phosphorylase. (medlineplus.gov)
Replication1
- Preferentially incorporated into cellular DNA in place of thymidine during replication causing increased radiosensitivity of the cell. (drugfuture.com)
Tumor1
Laboratory1
- Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
Cellular1
- Production of 2-[¹¹C]thymidine for quantification of cellular proliferation with PET. (abx.de)
Cell1
- Thymidine depletion eventually results in reduction of DNA and cell apoptosis. (medscape.com)
Previously1
Repair1
- This extra thymidine can damage mtDNA, disrupting its usual maintenance and repair processes. (medlineplus.gov)
Time1
- Taking the synthesis of Floxuridine (5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine) as study case, we obtained the highest space-time yield (5.5 g/L/h) reported to date. (paradisiresearch.com)