• There are seven members of the LDLR family in mammals, namely: LDLR VLDL receptor (VLDLR) ApoER2, or LRP8 Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 also known as multiple epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat-containing protein (MEGF7) LDLR-related protein 1 LDLR-related protein 1b Megalin. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABL is a rare disease associated with a unique plasma lipoprotein profile in which LDL and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) are essentially absent. (medscape.com)
  • The 4 major lipoproteins are very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and chylomicrons (CMs). (medscape.com)
  • LDL is formed from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and is catabolized predominantly by the high affinity LDL receptor. (nih.gov)
  • The mechanism of the LDL-lowering effect of lovastatin may involve both reduction of VLDL-C concentration, and induction of the LDL receptor, leading to reduced production and/or increased catabolism of LDL-C. Apolipoprotein B also falls during treatment with lovastatin. (nih.gov)
  • low density lipoprotein (LDL) glycosaminoglycan's (GAGs), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors are also involved in enhancing the binding of the HCV virus to the membrane. (bartleby.com)
  • Rosuvastatin also inhibits hepatic synthesis of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (pediatriconcall.com)
  • The overall effect is a decrease in plasma LDL and VLDL. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Apolipoprotein B binds to specific receptors on cell membranes and is involved in removal of LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol from circulation. (thermofisher.com)
  • These fatty acids are transported to the liver, where they are used for triglyceride synthesis and are exported as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which is elevated in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain apoprotein B-100 (apo B), are synthesized in the liver, and transport TGs and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These modules include a putative signal peptide for protein export, four epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats with associated spacer domains, three LDL-receptor (LDLR) repeats, a single transmembrane spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. (nih.gov)
  • Ng lipoproteins are taken up by two functionally significant low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors: the prototypic LDL receptor (LDLR) along with the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • Scientists from the University of Nottingham and Duke University have discovered that many of the blood vessels that feed high grade glioma brain tumours have high levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (LDLR) on them. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, acting to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells. (embl.de)
  • The gene, termed low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5), encodes a protein of 1615 amino acids that contains conserved modules which are characteristic of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. (nih.gov)
  • Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP) - impaired function is related to Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is normally bound at the cell membrane and taken into the cell ending up in lysosomes where the protein is degraded and the cholesterol is made available for repression of microsomal enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. (thermofisher.com)
  • LDLRAP1, LDL receptor adaptor protein 1 (i.e. (endotext.org)
  • These findings are a significant step in understanding the biology of tumours and how they gather energy to grow and spread like from the body's own fat and protein containing lipoprotein particles. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The enzyme PCSK9 protein regulates cholesterol metabolism by degrading the low-density lipoprotein receptor. (asbmb.org)
  • Apolipoprotein B (apo B) in human plasma is a major protein of low density lipoproteins (LDL) with a molecular mass of approximately 260-500 kDa. (thermofisher.com)
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the carrier protein for cholesterol in the blood. (thermofisher.com)
  • Amgen's patents share a common specification and are directed toward antibodies that help rid the body of "bad cholesterol" or "low-density lipoprotein" cholesterol known as LDL-C. Those antibodies target PCSK9, a naturally occurring protein, and prevent PCSK9 from binding to and destroying liver cell receptors (LDL-R) that help extract LDL-C from the bloodstream. (klgates.com)
  • The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene family consists of cell surface proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands. (thermofisher.com)
  • Viral Entry The envelope proteins of HCV form a heterodimer which helps binding the hepatitis C virus to the receptors present on the hepatocytes membrane. (bartleby.com)
  • The LDL particles are bound to long receptor molecules on the cell surface, which then associate with adaptor proteins and clathrin on the inner side of the membrane. (rcsb.org)
  • The repeat is found in a variety of proteins that include, vitellogenin receptor from Drosophila melanogaster, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor [ ( PUBMED:6091915 ) ], preproepidermal growth factor, and nidogen (entactin). (embl.de)
  • Sanofi developed Praluent®, a monoclonal antibody that also targets PCSK9 to prevent it from binding to and destroying LDL-R proteins. (klgates.com)
  • Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The second is an apolipoprotein(a) which is bound to the LDL-like molecule at the ApoB receptor with a disulfide bond. (medscape.com)
  • Serum lipids profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ (apoA-Ⅰ), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and clinicopathologic data were analyzed. (researchsquare.com)
  • Jenny Kanter and Karin Bornfeldt of the University of Washington School of Medicine have shown previously that the low insulin levels characteristic of diabetes lead to increased levels of apolipoprotein C3, or APOC3, and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, or TRLs, as well as accelerated atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • Apolipoprotein B is mostly synthesized in the liver, and is a major apolipoprotein of very low density, intermediate density and low density lipoproteins (LDL) as well as being a major component of lipoprotein (a). (thermofisher.com)
  • Apolipoprotein B is a ligand for the LDL receptor and elevated levels are associated with premature atherosclerosis. (thermofisher.com)
  • Reducing PCSK9 can help your liver break down more LDL cholesterol and encourage healthy cholesterol levels. (dallasnews.com)
  • The enzyme proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, or PCSK9, regulates cholesterol metabolism by binding and chaperoning the low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, receptor to be degraded. (asbmb.org)
  • That receptor clears LDL from circulation, making PCSK9 an appealing drug target: Blocking PCSK9 lowers blood LDL concentration, thereby reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. (asbmb.org)
  • Furin post-translationally modifies extracellular PCSK9 to form PCSK9_55, which has reduced capacity for LDL receptor degradation. (asbmb.org)
  • A recent discovery showed that statin therapy stimulates the production of PCSK9, an enzyme that leads to the destruction of LDL receptors. (acc.org)
  • The present study tested SAR236553/REGN727, a monoclonal antibody that binds to PCSK9, blocking its effects and preventing the degradation of LDL receptors. (acc.org)
  • 1] Notably, Amgen's patents do not claim any particular antibody by amino acid sequence, but instead claim the entire genus of antibodies that bind to at least one of 15 specified amino acid residues of PCSK9 and block PCSK9 from binding to LDL-R. The specifications disclose a trial-and-error process "used to generate and screen antibodies that bind to PCSK9 and block PCSK9 from binding to LDL-Rs. (klgates.com)
  • Medicines called PCSK9 inhibitors lower cholesterol-increasing LDL receptors. (cdc.gov)
  • This enzyme destroys your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, preventing your body from breaking down LDL cholesterol effectively. (dallasnews.com)
  • The body needs bile acids and makes them by breaking down LDL cholesterol. (cdc.gov)
  • Although heterozygotes are usually asymptomatic, they exhibit decreased LDL cholesterol and apoB levels and possibly have a decreased risk of atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers found that APOC3 and APOB colocalize in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta, supporting their hypothesis that the lipoproteins containing APOC3 particles could be these TRLs and RLPs. (asbmb.org)
  • LDL receptor analysis can be used to identify the specific LDL receptor defect, and LDL receptor or apoB-100 studies can help distinguish heterozygous FH from the similar syndrome of familial defective apoB-100. (medscape.com)
  • and APOC3, which slows the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnant lipoprotein particles, or RLPs, lipids that have been linked previously to cardiovascular disease. (asbmb.org)
  • They may also increase removal of LDL particles and increase apoA-I and apoA-II in the liver which may contribute to increase in HDL cholesterol levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The nuclear hormone receptors liver X receptor α (LXRα) and LXRβ function as physiological receptors for oxidized cholesterol metabolites (oxysterols) and regulate several aspects of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The traditional statin therapy used by millions of Americans lowers LDL cholesterol - the "bad" cholesterol that leads to plaque build-up in the arteries and subsequently heart disease - by inhibiting the production of cholesterol in liver cells, causing an increase in the number of LDL receptors on the cell surface. (acc.org)
  • These receptors grab LDL circulating in the blood and deliver it into the liver, where it is subsequently processed and flushed out of the body. (acc.org)
  • More LDL receptors mean more LDL is brought out of the blood into the liver, and circulating levels of LDL cholesterol decrease. (acc.org)
  • Most patients with homozygous FH do not survive adulthood beyond age 30 years unless treated with unusual methods, such as liver transplantation, LDL apheresis, or ileal bypass surgery to dramatically lower their LDLc levels. (medscape.com)
  • Lipoproteins synthesized by the liver transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lipoproteins circulate through the blood continuously until the TGs they contain are taken up by peripheral tissues or the lipoproteins themselves are cleared by the liver. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A new study significantly refines the association between prostate cancer and blood lipids, highlighting genetic risk factors associated with low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides as key players and identifying 17 related gene loci that make risk contributions to levels of these blood lipids and to prostate cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Variations of plasma lipids and lipoproteins have been observed in ovarian cancer patients. (researchsquare.com)
  • All lipids are hydrophobic and mostly insoluble in blood, so they require transport within lipoproteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pathway defects in lipoprotein synthesis, processing, and clearance can lead to accumulation of atherogenic lipids in plasma and endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Using data from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we examined associations between 22 polymorphisms in 13 candidate genes and four serum lipids: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). (cdc.gov)
  • We've known for 30 years that lowering LDL cholesterol with statins lowers the risk of heart disease and that the more you can lower LDL cholesterol, the greater reduction in that risk," said James McKenney, PharmD, chief executive officer of National Clinical Research, and the study's lead investigator. (acc.org)
  • Several types of medicines help lower LDL cholesterol. (cdc.gov)
  • Statin drugs lower LDL cholesterol by slowing down the liver's production of cholesterol. (cdc.gov)
  • Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) are relatively uncommon inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism that cause low cholesterol levels. (medscape.com)
  • these apolipoproteins have lipid-soluble segments, the beta apolipoproteins, which remain part of the lipoprotein throughout its metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Other apolipoproteins (A, C, D, E, and their subtypes) are soluble and are exchanged between lipoproteins during metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • FH is a disorder of cholesterol metabolism associated with mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and a few other genes. (cdc.gov)
  • Type "B" repeats in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that plays a central role in mammalian cholesterol metabolism. (embl.de)
  • If you look at LDL cholesterol trials where they gave statins to control LDL, the best predictor at that point of recurrent events was actually the lipoprotein(a) level, not the LDL level. (medscape.com)
  • The discovery of the LDL receptor mutation in FH patients-for which Goldstein and Brown won the Nobel prize in 1985-led to the development of statins as a new class of drugs to combat high cholesterol, a major cause of heart disease in populations. (cdc.gov)
  • CHICAGO (March 26, 2012) -A novel monoclonal antibody identified in a new study dramatically lowered circulating LDL cholesterol by 40 percent to 72 percent, a development with potential to provide a new option for patients who are resistant to cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins or to the current standard of care, according to research presented today at the American College of Cardiology's 61st Annual Scientific Session. (acc.org)
  • About one in five people with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are resistant to cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins, and for many others the current standard of care does not lower cholesterol enough. (acc.org)
  • Results from our study contribute to a growing body of literature identifying key determinants of plasma lipoprotein concentrations and could provide insight into the biological mechanisms underlying serum lipid and cholesterol concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
  • TLR4), and scavenger receptors involved in cholesterol uptake (SR-AI, CD-36). (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus, the HSP27 IC potentiates HSP27 cell membrane signaling with receptors involved in modulating inflammation and cholesterol uptake, as well as HSP27 internalization. (biorxiv.org)
  • Decreased hepatic cholesterol concentrations stimulate the upregulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors which increases hepatic uptake of LDL. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • LDL binds to its receptor on the capillary walls and thereby mediates the uptake and clearance of cholesterol from the circulation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Factors that stimulate hepatic lipoprotein synthesis generally lead to elevated plasma cholesterol and TG levels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2007) by attenuating the expression of scavenger receptors (SRS) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). (scialert.net)
  • Statin use was the only predictor of LDL-C goal attainment. (revespcardiol.org)
  • However, we know in some cases that even the best statin can't get LDL cholesterol as low as it should be. (acc.org)
  • ApoER2 moreover, can harbour a cleavage site for the protease furin between type A and type B repeats which enables production of a soluble receptor fragment by furin-mediated processing. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the risk of developing coronary heart disease is continuous and graded over the range of cholesterol levels and many coronary events do occur in patients with total cholesterol (total-C) and LDL-C in the lower end of this range. (nih.gov)
  • 15] found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in serum was higher in ovarian cancer patients than in control subjects, but total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) showed no such association. (researchsquare.com)
  • Nicotinic acid raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels while lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous reports from the Framingham Heart Study suggested a strong positive relationship between coronary heart disease and elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, in addition to an inverse relationship between the disease and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [ 5 - 8 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Lovastatin has been shown to reduce elevated LDL-C concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • In atherosclerotic lesions oxidatively modified LDL is found and oxidized LDL is specifically recognized and ingested by macrophages via scavenger receptor A and CD36. (thermofisher.com)
  • Zheng SM, Chen H, Sha WH, Chen XF, Yin JB, Zhu XB, Zheng ZW, Ma J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulates CD206 positive macrophages upregulating CD44 and CD133 expression in colorectal cancer with high-fat diet. (wjgnet.com)
  • A nitric oxide (NO) detection kit was used to determine the concentration of NO. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)‑1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‑1, endothelin‑1, caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), p65 and p‑p65. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Compared with the ox‑LDL group, S/V treatment significantly increased the cell viability, NO concentration and Bcl‑2 expression, decreased the levels of IL‑1β, IL‑6 and TNF‑α and reduced the expressions of MALAT1, ICAM‑1, VCAM‑1, cleaved‑caspase‑3, Bax, TLR4 and p‑p65. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Preoperative HDL-C and LDL-C levels are significant predictors of clinical outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. (researchsquare.com)
  • To help answer that question, researchers at Western University's Robarts Research Institute have identified that an estrogen receptor, previously shown to regulate blood pressure in women, also plays an important role in regulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. (news-medical.net)
  • Niacin is a B vitamin that can improve all lipoprotein levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic basis for elevation in lipid levels is not well understood, but substantial heritability has been demonstrated in twin [ 9 ] and family-based [ 10 - 12 ] studies, which have estimated that approximately 43% to 83% of the variance in blood lipid and lipoprotein levels is attributable to genetic factors. (cdc.gov)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family codes for a class of structurally related cell surface receptors that fulfill diverse biological functions in different organs, tissues, and cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent evidence indicates that the members of the LDL receptor gene family are active in the cell signalling pathways between specialized cells in many, if not all, multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to these domains which can be found in all receptors of the gene family, LDL receptor and certain isoforms of ApoER2 and VLDLR contain a short region which can undergo O-linked glycosylation, known as O-linked sugar domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family: a cellular Swiss army knife? (wikipedia.org)
  • Complete cloning and sequencing of rat gp330/"megalin," a distinctive member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. (embl.de)
  • Severe hypoglycemia stimulates epinephrine secretion, which activates lipoprotein lipase and the release of free fatty acids. (medscape.com)
  • In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Structure of the LDL receptor extracellular domain at endosomal pH" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study aimed to investigate the effects of S/V on the expression of metastasis‑associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), inflammation and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL) and to elucidate its possible mechanism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Overall, the findings suggested that S/V could downregulate the expression of MALAT1, inhibit inflammation and apoptosis and improve endothelial function in ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs via inactivating the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that the expression of MALAT1 is increased in endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL and its expression level can reflect the damage degree of endothelial cells ( 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Here, we describe an association of the 3′-UTR +1073 C/T polymorphism of the OLR1 (oxidised LDL receptor 1) on chromosome 12 with AD in French sporadic (589 cases and 663 controls) and American familial (230 affected sibs and 143 unaffected sibs) populations. (bmj.com)
  • The estrogen component is estetrol, a synthetic trihydroxy analogue of a native estrogen ( FIGURE 1 ) present during pregnancy, which is selective for nuclear estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta. (uspharmacist.com)
  • a transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic region with (a) signal(s) for receptor internalization via coated pits, containing the consensus tetrapeptide Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr (NPxY). (wikipedia.org)
  • New research has shown that the blood vessels that feed aggressive brain tumours have receptors that could allow a new type of drug-containing nanoparticle to be used to starve the tumours of the energy they use to grow and spread, and also cause other disruptions to their adapted existence, even killing themselves. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • In this image clathrin is forming a coated pit that is importing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from blood plasma. (rcsb.org)
  • They also increase the liver's ability to remove LDL cholesterol that is already in the blood. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter focuses predominantly on the application of lipid and lipoprotein biomarkers to CHD. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 2 ] persons with a profound reduction of LDL cholesterol may have a decreased risk for heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • The study's primary endpoint was the percentage LDL cholesterol reduction from baseline to after 12 weeks. (acc.org)
  • The placebo group reported a 5 percent reduction of circulating LDL cholesterol. (acc.org)