• Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DENV genome is about 11000 bases of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) that codes for three structural proteins (capsid protein C, membrane protein M, envelope protein E) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). (wikipedia.org)
  • The DENV E (envelope) protein, found as a dimer on the surface of the mature viral particle, is important in the initial attachment of this particle to the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species. (mdpi.com)
  • In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar to the 'vascular-leak' syndrome seen in severe dengue in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • In this study, the role of the His residue at position 39 in the M protein (M39) of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) in the virus life cycle was investigated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Mutations encoding basic (Arg), non-polar (Leu and Pro) and uncharged polar (Asn, Gln and Tyr) amino acids at M39 were introduced into a DENV-2 genomic-length cDNA clone and their effects on virus replication were examined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This study aims to improve the development of immunodiagnostic methods for dengue virus (DENV) detection through the production and characterization of 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Brazilian isolates of DENV-1, -2 and -3. (fiocruz.br)
  • The mAbs include IgG2bκ, IgG2aκ and IgG1κ isotypes, and most were raised against the envelope or the pre-membrane proteins of DENV. (fiocruz.br)
  • When the antibodies were tested against the four DENV serotypes, different reactivity patterns were identified: group-specific, subcomplex specific (DENV-1, -3 and -4 and DENV-2 and -3) and dengue serotype-specific (DENV-2 or -3). (fiocruz.br)
  • To our knowledge, these are the first monoclonal antibodies raised against Brazilian DENV isolates, and they may be of special interest in the development of diagnostic assays, as well as for basic research. (fiocruz.br)
  • BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are known for their potential as vectors of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • We investigated whether expression of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) protease induced alterations in the cellular lipid profile, and subsequently whether co-expression of these proteases with VLP constructs was able to improve VLP yield. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Dengue virus complex (DENV), formed by four serotypes, constitutes the most important arbovirus affecting humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used a DENV immune serum from a secondary infection to examine the impact of characterizing the anti-DIII antibody response after affinity purification with recombinant DIII proteins to eliminate potential interferences from the interactions with human plasma proteins and other anti-DENV antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dengue (DEN) is a result of infection by one or multiple types of four dengue viruses known as Dengue virus (DENV) 1-4. (lww.com)
  • Dengue Virus (DENV) belongs to the genus flavivirus in the Flaviviridae family. (lww.com)
  • serological testing such as Non-structural Protein 1 (NS 1) ELISA, DENV specific IgM antibody captures ELISA are used. (lww.com)
  • Previous studies on DENV-2 diversity from the Harris Lab have identified significant levels of variation in genomic diversity between genes, notably in the Envelope gene, which encodes for a viral structural protein that is an important target for antibody binding. (berkeley.edu)
  • Dendritic cells (DC), present in the skin, are the first target cells of dengue virus (DENV). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A dose-dependent anti-DENV activity of the CBAs Hippeastrum hybrid (HHA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA) and Urtica dioica (UDA), but not actinohivin (AH) was observed against all four DENV serotypes as analyzed by flow cytometry making use of anti-DENV antibodies. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The CBAs act at an early step of DENV infection as they bind to the viral envelope of DENV and subsequently prevent virus attachment. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The CBAs exerted broad spectrum antiviral activity against the four DENV serotypes, laboratory-adapted viruses and low passage clinical isolates, evaluated in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in primary MDDC. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • With an estimated 390 million infections per year, the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) cause the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • however, its low efficacy among dengue-naive individuals and increased risk of causing severe dengue in children highlight the need for a better understanding of the role of human antibodies in immunity against DENV. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We investigated the binding of 22 human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the DENV envelope protein on particles with different maturation states. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Together, these findings suggest that mature particles may be the optimal form of presentation of the envelope protein to induce more potent neutralizing antibodies against DENV. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne virus, is responsible for millions of cases of infections worldwide. (rcsb.org)
  • Some arboviruses, like dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV), have become fully adapted to urban cycles and no longer require NHPs, forest mosquitoes and a sylvatic cycle for their maintenance [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Control BHK cells (uninfected) and Virus (DENV 1,2) infection BHK cells were fixed in 4% PFA, permeabilized with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100. (leadgenebio.com)
  • Cells were stained with mouse anti-DENV M monoclonal antibody (1:400) followed by secondary antibodies (goat anti-Mouse IgG-iFluor 488, 1:400, green) and cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (Blue). (leadgenebio.com)
  • Titration curve of anti-DENV M antibody in ELISA. (leadgenebio.com)
  • Virus infection C636 cell lysates were stained with mouse anti-DENV M monoclonal antibody at 1:1000 dilution. (leadgenebio.com)
  • Dengue is caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • DENV is an single stranded RNA positive-strand virus of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • DENV causes a wide range of diseases in humans, from a self limited Dengue Fever (DF) to a life-threatening syndrome called Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) . (denguevirusnet.com)
  • DENV is a 50-nm virus enveloped with a lipid membrane (see figure 1). (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. (frontiersin.org)
  • Module A contained serum samples spiked with cultured dengue virus (DENV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) for the detection of nucleic acid and DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen. (who.int)
  • Module B contained human serum samples for the detection of anti-DENV antibodies. (who.int)
  • Global dengue incidence has increased in autochthonous outbreak in over 70 years 4,5 and DENV- recent decades, though the actual numbers of serotype 3 was found to be circulating in the Pacific after dengue cases are masked by underreporting. (who.int)
  • External quality assessment of dengue and chikungunya diagnostics, 2015 co-circulation with DENV. (who.int)
  • Importantly, we found that purified anti-EDIII antibodies did not cross-react with closely related dengue virus (DENV) and therefore did not enhance DENV infection. (tghn.org)
  • An antibody-based test would be complicated because antibodies produced by the infection can cross-react with those of the dengue (DENV), yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. (healingpoint.in)
  • In another recent study in the same journal, researchers again used primate models to suggest that preexisting antibodies against DENV could worsen the severity of congenital Zika. (healingpoint.in)
  • Zika virus and DENV infections are interesting in their own right. (healingpoint.in)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The WHO estimates that 50-100 million cases of dengue infection occur annually, with approximately 500,000 of those cases resulting in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), with an estimated 22,000 deaths per year, mostly in children. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Secondary infection by a different dengue virus serotype has been confirmed as an important risk factor for the development of DHF. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration are consistent findings in dengue infection. (medscape.com)
  • There is no specific pharmacologic treatment for dengue infection. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with suspected dengue infection who are maintaining adequate hydration orally and have no warning signs/symptoms may be treated on an outpatient basis with appropriate anticipatory guidance and outpatient follow-up within 24 hours for reassessment. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2019 for prevention of dengue disease caused by dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 in individuals aged 9-16 years with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection who live in endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • The activation of autophagy and ER stress during infection enhances virus reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In December 2015, FFPE tissues samples from two newborns (born at 36 and 38 weeks gestation) with microcephaly who died within 20 hours of birth and two miscarriages (fetal losses at 11 and 13 weeks) were submitted to CDC, from the state of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil, for histopathologic evaluation and laboratory testing for suspected Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • All four mothers had clinical signs of Zika virus infection, including fever and rash, during the first trimester of pregnancy, but did not have clinical signs of active infection at the time of delivery or miscarriage. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific specimens from all four cases were positive by RT-PCR, and sequence analysis provided further evidence of Zika virus infection, revealing highest identities with Zika virus strains isolated from Brazil during 2015. (cdc.gov)
  • Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The morbidity related to dengue infection supports the need for an early, quick and effective diagnostic test. (fiocruz.br)
  • The rapid spread of Zika virus through the Americas, together with the association of infection with microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome, have propelled this previously ignored virus into the limelight. (virology.ws)
  • The envelope (E) glycoprotein, embedded in the membrane, allows attachment of the virus particle to the host cell receptor to initiate infection. (virology.ws)
  • As for other flaviviruses, antibodies against the E glycoprotein are likely important for protection against infection. (virology.ws)
  • Two conditions associated with Zika virus infection have made the outbreak potentially more serious. (virology.ws)
  • Congenital microcephaly has been associated with Zika virus infection in Brazil. (virology.ws)
  • Whether or not Zika virus infection is responsible for this birth defect is not known. (virology.ws)
  • Current epidemiological data are insufficient to prove a link of microcephaly with Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
  • Needed are studies in which pregnant women are monitored to see if Zika virus infection leads to microcephaly. (virology.ws)
  • Given the serious nature of Guillain-Barre and microcephaly, it is prudent for pregnant women to either avoid travel to areas that are endemic for Zika virus infection, or to take measures to reduce exposure to mosquitoes. (virology.ws)
  • There are currently no antiviral drugs or vaccines that can be used to treat or prevent infection with Zika virus. (virology.ws)
  • Mosquito control is the only option for restricting Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
  • However, in a secondary infection with another serotype, the preexisting antibodies may cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection of macrophage cells, leading to the development of the more severe form of disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. (rcsb.org)
  • Many medically important and emergent arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) originated in non-human primates (NHPs), which typically show no clinical signs of infection but become viraemic and help maintain the virus in nature [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By avoiding the production of antibodies, something vaccines ordinarily induce, the immunization sidesteps the problem of antibody-dependent enhancement, which can amplify infection by a similar virus and is known to occur with dengue and Zika. (the-scientist.com)
  • A ntibodies created during a viral infection or in response to a vaccine help to prevent reinfection with that specific virus but can, in some cases, worsen infections by similar ones. (the-scientist.com)
  • This two-pronged response works well for dealing with all manner of viral invaders, but it seems that while the antibodies created during the first infection are a perfect fit for the original virus, the less-specific interaction with a subsequent, related invader actually helps that virus enter cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • Indeed, a past infection with Zika increases the severity of a subsequent infection with dengue, and even vaccines against certain dengue serotypes-there are four in all-can worsen infections with others. (the-scientist.com)
  • The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is not definitely elucidated as the initial interaction between virus and host cell receptors required for JEV infection is not clearly defined yet. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first step of virus infection requires the interaction between virus attachment proteins (VAPs) and cellular receptors, which is known to contribute to host range, tissue tropism and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a mouse model, this prevented the virus from fusing to its target cell, thus it prevents infection. (ndtv.com)
  • Infectious Diseases Rising Due to Global Warming )The antibody has a second major function - it blocks the binding of the other class of antibodies that otherwise would enhance infection. (ndtv.com)
  • Dengue infection can lead to life-threatening hemorrhagic disease. (besthealthtale.com)
  • If that happens, dengue and Zika can use these antibodies to infect immune system cells and make the infection more severe - this is called antibody dependent enhancement. (besthealthtale.com)
  • This inherent problem is why Dengvaxia - the only licensed vaccine for dengue - is now only recommended for use in people with partial immunity to dengue obtained from a previous dengue infection because the vaccine appears to increase the risk of severe disease when used in people who have never been exposed to the virus, and the vaccine provides partial protection between the different dengue serotypes. (besthealthtale.com)
  • Dengue virus infection has emerged as marker in clinical practice ( 11 ). (who.int)
  • The nonstructural protein 5 protein-based assay can reliably discriminate between WNV and dengue or St. Louis encephalitis virus, as well as between natural WNV infection and flavivirus vaccination. (utmb.edu)
  • Although vaccines have been developed against dengue, the first of these (DengvaxiaÒ) is recommended only for people who have previously been infected with dengue, or in highly endemic territories where prior infection may be assumed. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Recently it was also demonstrated (Katzelnick et al PMID 32855339) that Zika infection (like dengue infection) can prime for severe dengue and, so far, the priming effect of prior Zika vaccination on the risks of dengue vaccination (helpful or otherwise) is not known. (prfire.co.uk)
  • The new tests allow the detection of legacy concentrations of antibodies indicative of prior infection, which are a lot lower. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Because of the clinical course, on day plus 1, physicians suspected a possible dengue virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • A serum sample test showed a weak positive result for dengue virus by using IgM and IgG antibody tests, and a strong positive result for dengue virus nonstructural protein-1, or NS1, antigen, demonstrating acute dengue virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a serious public health concern due to its ability to induce neurological defects and its potential for rapid transmission at a global scale. (tghn.org)
  • The diagnosis of a Zika virus infection is mostly through genetic testing. (healingpoint.in)
  • The small heads of children born to infected mothers has been one of the more alarming complications of a Zika virus infection. (healingpoint.in)
  • Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • For prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, this study also informs on which types of antibodies should be used at different stages of an infection, i.e., those that bind to monomeric E proteins on the bumpy surface or across multiple E proteins on the smooth surfaced virus. (a-star.edu.sg)
  • Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne infection that is caused by the YF virus and is endemic to Africa and South America. (medscape.com)
  • In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
  • In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)
  • Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
  • The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • YF is a mosquito-borne infection that is caused by the YF virus. (medscape.com)
  • Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either the vaccine or saline placebo and monitored for symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue (VCD) starting at day 0. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine was approximately 76% effective in preventing symptomatic VCD disease among patients aged 9-16 years who were seropositive for dengue at baseline. (medscape.com)
  • Recombinant domains of the E protein are used as well-defined antigens in the serological detection of antibodies directed against dengue virus and as immunogens in vaccine candidates. (wikipedia.org)
  • We do have a safe and effective vaccine against another flavivirus, yellow fever virus. (virology.ws)
  • Substituting the gene encoding the yellow fever E glycoprotein with that from Zika virus might be a good approach to quickly making a Zika vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • In order to prevent ADE when creating a vaccine, it's crucial for scientists to have a detailed understanding of how antibodies stick to a specific virus. (news-medical.net)
  • There is a concern that antibodies generated in response to a Zika virus vaccine could trigger ADE if someone were to be later infected with dengue or other flaviviruses. (news-medical.net)
  • The weak cross-reactivity of these antibodies doesn't seem to defend against those flaviviruses, but also doesn't induce ADE,' Esswein said, suggesting envelope domain III may be useful to make a vaccine that is safe. (news-medical.net)
  • Their insights into the antibodies involved in this immune response will help inform vaccine design strategy. (news-medical.net)
  • While other vaccines are also being produced, including one made from DNA and another from an inactivated form of the virus, these carry serious side effects and can even risk infecting recipients with a live version of the disease if the vaccine production protocol is not strictly adhered to. (naturalnews.com)
  • When you make the full native envelope protein as the basis for a vaccine, it will induce antibodies against DI, DII and the DIII domains of the protein. (naturalnews.com)
  • We did a test to make sure that the vaccine produces a potent protective immune response, but also, that it does not produce antibodies that may be cross reactive for dengue, West Nile, yellow fever or others. (naturalnews.com)
  • Whether or not this vaccine is, indeed, "safer" than those being designed by other research teams in the race to get a vaccine approved, the fact remains that it does still carry risks, and one has to wonder what the point is of being vaccinated against an essentially harmless virus in the first place. (naturalnews.com)
  • Thus, a safe vaccine should stimulate protection against all dengue serotypes simultaneously. (rcsb.org)
  • TDV, tetravalent dengue vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • The antibodies induced by one protein variant were shown to be qualitatively similar to responses induced by other vaccine platforms. (nature.com)
  • Anti-merozoite vaccine studies have long relied on the standardized in vitro assay of growth inhibition activity (GIA) 12 , whereby purified IgG antibodies are tested against parasites cultured in human red blood cells (RBC) in the absence of other cell types. (nature.com)
  • T cells are also important in mediating protective immunity," says immunologist Sujan Shresta of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology who works on Zika and dengue vaccination strategies and has developed her own T cell-boosting vaccine but was not involved in the new study. (the-scientist.com)
  • Her progress together with yesterday's report "really challenges the dogma," that antibodies are the most important component of a vaccine response, she says, "and now I think the field really has to take note and look into incorporating these new findings in developing next-generation dengue and Zika vaccines. (the-scientist.com)
  • To address this concern, our approach was to develop a vaccine that does not induce antibodies but induces only [cytotoxic T cells] that can kill virus-infected cells," explains study author Liang Qiao of Loyola University Chicago in an email to The Scientist . (the-scientist.com)
  • The team achieved this by creating a DNA-based vaccine that encodes the nonstructural Zika protein NS3, which is known to elicit a strong T cell response in humans and is unlikely to induce antibodies, certainly not ones that could be exploited in future infections. (the-scientist.com)
  • The team showed that its DNA vaccine was transcribed, translated, and degraded quickly inside cells, that it did not induce detectable anti-NS3 or anti-Zika antibodies in mice, and that it did not enable ADE of cells in culture. (the-scientist.com)
  • If we could develop strong antibodies against this E protein, then that would be the crux of a formidable vaccine - based on the important fact that the 180 E proteins come in pairs. (besthealthtale.com)
  • Previous studies in Aravinda de Silva's lab have shown that humans create strong antibodies to the E protein on the virus surface, suggesting that a soluble version of the E protein (called sRecE) could make a good vaccine. (besthealthtale.com)
  • After decades of intense research, dengue and Zika virus vaccine development has had limited success. (besthealthtale.com)
  • For these reasons, vaccine development has been ramped up to protect against both dengue and Zika. (besthealthtale.com)
  • Vaccine development is challenging because there are four different serotypes or "flavors" of dengue, and a vaccine needs to provide equal protection against each of them. (besthealthtale.com)
  • Also, a vaccine has to be created such that it doesn't promote the immune system to make antibodies that recognize but can't neutralize the virus. (besthealthtale.com)
  • This is because the vaccine can prime for severe dengue in dengue-naïve subjects, which is highly undesirable. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Virus-like particles (VLPs) enable the construction of promising platforms in the field of vaccine development. (nature.com)
  • In general, immunobiologists have developed an integrated method for vaccine development based on analyzing protein sequences and structures of target viruses [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dengue has been called the most important mosquito-transmitted viral disease in terms of morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue (DEN) is a neglected tropical viral disease. (lww.com)
  • His work in Capsid covers topics such as Antibody which are related to areas like Viral protein. (research.com)
  • There are two arms to the adaptive immune response to a virus: B cells, which recognize the virus outside cells and produce antibodies to bind and neutralize it, and T cells, which detect infected cells via the presentation of viral antigens on the cells' surfaces and promptly kill those cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • The B cells, for example, tend to spot structural proteins on the surface of the virus, while the T cells home in on nonstructural viral components produced within infected cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • There are 180 identical copies of the envelope (E) protein attached to the surface of the viral membrane by a short transmembrane segment. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The researchers previously generated human antibodies in the lab against a complex antigenic portion of the viral envelope. (ndtv.com)
  • It is a potential target for the development of dengue vaccines and therapeutics," the researchers said.The four "serotypes" of dengue are distinguished by different antigens or proteins on the viral envelope that elicit immune responses. (ndtv.com)
  • A major route toward creating effective vaccines against dengue virus and Zika involves the E protein that covers the surface of each viral particle. (besthealthtale.com)
  • The surface of dengue and Zika viral particles are structurally similar. (besthealthtale.com)
  • ABSTRACT Dengue is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases. (who.int)
  • Dengue virus is transmitted to was approved by the Ethics Committee borne viral diseases worldwide ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a type of viral encephalitis caused by a virus that is spread by ticks. (vedicpaths.com)
  • Over one hundred vaccines using varied approaches including protein subunit, viral vector, RNA, DNA, inactivated virus, attenuated virus, and virus like particles (VLPs) platforms are in clinical trials. (nature.com)
  • These protein subunits can assemble into virus particles without viral RNA genome in mammalian cells to study virus-cell entry 2 and to develop vaccines 3 . (nature.com)
  • VLPs are highly immunogenic and can induce elevated titers of neutralizing antibodies, even without adjuvants, thanks to the maintenance of the native conformation of viral proteins presenting repetitive epitopes to the host immune system cells. (nature.com)
  • In contrast to most bacteria, fungi, or parasites, viruses are completely dependent on the host cell for their replication, hijacking the cell's biochemical machinery through the actions of viral genome-encoded factors. (genetex.com)
  • Attachment of a virus to a specific receptor on a host cell leads to internalization and frequently the initiation of a new round of viral replication. (genetex.com)
  • Included in this viral pathogen list are the influenza viruses, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis viruses (e.g. (genetex.com)
  • This said, a study published recently in Science Translational Medicine , and conducted with primates, suggested that the foetal Zika virus infections were associated with heavy viral loads during pregnancy, and the viral load strongly influenced foetal growth. (healingpoint.in)
  • Viral attachment to unidentified cellular receptors is mediated by the E (envelope) glycoprotein. (medscape.com)
  • In an immune response, viral neutralizing antibodies are present by the end of the first week, and the virus is rapidly cleared. (medscape.com)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mature flavivirus particle comprises a nucleocapsid core surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing the membrane (M) (derived from the precursor prM) and envelope (E) proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Also, observed variations in amino acid residues involved in interactions between envelope and membrane proteins on the virus surface correlate with their ability to undergo structural changes at higher temperatures. (rcsb.org)
  • That's because "[o]nly antibodies directed at the structural proteins and specifically Envelope protein can cause ADE," explains immunologist Ashley St. John in an email. (the-scientist.com)
  • The major difference for humans lies in subtle differences in the surface proteins of the different dengue subtypes. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The structural proteins are the capsid (C) protein, the envelope (E) glycoprotein and the membrane (M) protein, itself derived by furine-mediated cleavage from a prM precursor. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The subsequently formed immature virions are assembled by budding of newly formed nucleocapsids into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby acquiring a lipid bilayer envelope with the structural proteins prM and E. The virions mature during transport through the acidic trans-Golgi network, where the prM proteins stabilize the E proteins to prevent conformational changes. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The team was able to identify a human monoclonal antibody against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) that "locked" across an array of envelope proteins. (ndtv.com)
  • A soluble version of the E protein, called sRecE, can form the same homodimer structure observed by E proteins on the surface of the virus. (besthealthtale.com)
  • We set out to develop novel antibody diagnostic tests for prior dengue and Zika based on our proprietary glycan-cloaked envelope proteins from dengue and Zika, which deliver improved specificity by concealing the highly cross-reactive fusion loop. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Here we applied this concept in a localised way to the fusion loop of the envelope proteins, 'borrowing a leaf' from HIV, one might say by planting the fusion loop with glycans. (prfire.co.uk)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four essential structural proteins: the spike (S) glycoprotein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as multiple accessory and non-structural proteins 1 . (nature.com)
  • Virus particles consist of a dense core made up of the core/capsid protein encapsulating the RNA genome surrounded by a membrane envelope embedded with envelope and matrix proteins which play a major role for WNV entry into target cells. (lifchem.com)
  • The genome is also peculiar: it encodes for a large polyprotein, which is further cleaved into capsid, membrane precursor (prM), envelope, and seven non-structural proteins. (healingpoint.in)
  • Earlier, based on studies with mice , researchers had suggested that a mutation in one of the precursor membrane proteins, called prM, of the Zika virus was associated with microcephaly. (healingpoint.in)
  • This is especially important for flaviviruses, because antibodies that protect against one flavivirus may also stick to, but not protect against other flavivirus, increasing the risk of ADE. (news-medical.net)
  • To find antibodies that recognize flaviviruses, they used a piece of the outside of the virus, called the envelope domain III protein. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers studied how those antibodies changed over time as they mature and become better able to stick to the Zika virus, and also how the antibodies cross-react with other flaviviruses, including the four types of dengue viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • All flaviviruses have the envelope protein on the outside part of the virus. (naturalnews.com)
  • This phenomenon, called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), is particularly problematic for the related flaviviruses Zika and dengue. (the-scientist.com)
  • Consideration of the genetic identity of both the Dengue and Zika flaviviruses as well as the cross-reactivity of relevant T cells along with the actions of CD4+ cytotoxic cells in these infections are also presented. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a small proportion of cases, the virus causes increased vascular permeability that leads to a bleeding diathesis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). (medscape.com)
  • A New Antibody to Fight Flu Pandemics and Pneumonia )Sequential infections increase the risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, characterised by fever, vomiting, internal bleeding and potentially fatal circulatory collapse. (ndtv.com)
  • Dengue virus, an arthropod-borne RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, has 4 serotypes that cause dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses are closely related to TBEV and Far-eastern TBE, and include Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus in Siberia, Kassandra Forest disease virus in India and its close relative, Alkhurma virus in Saudi Arabia. (vedicpaths.com)
  • Dengue fever is a benign, acute febrile syndrome occurring in tropical regions. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue fever is not contagious through person-to-person contact. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, some mAbs cross-reacted with yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). (fiocruz.br)
  • Every year about 500,000 DEN patients require hospitalization for dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)[ 2 ]. (lww.com)
  • Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in a sentinel monkey that was being used to monitor for the presence of yellow fever virus in the Zika Forest of Uganda. (virology.ws)
  • Zika virus is a member of the flavivirus family, which also includes yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. (virology.ws)
  • Zika virus is a kind of flavivirus, and other flavivirus family members include dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever virus. (news-medical.net)
  • Dr. Ralph Baric (above) and his team showed how antibodies from Dengue fever survivors can be used to fight Zika. (unc.edu)
  • The Baric team conducted research that showed how antibodies from patients who survived Dengue fever can be used to fight the Zika virus now. (unc.edu)
  • Zika is a flavivirus, similar to viruses that cause Dengue fever, West Nile fever and yellow fever, all of which have been studied extensively by the Baric lab and its collaborators. (unc.edu)
  • For dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses, sylvatic (forest) transmission cycles also exist in some regions and involve non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we review the investigation methods and available data on sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates and dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses in Africa, dengue viruses in Asia and yellow fever virus in the Americas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This genus includes also the West Nile virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • 50-100 million cases of dengue fever brate hosts of dengue virus in nature cessed by multiplex polymerase chain and 500 000 of dengue haemorrhagic are humans and several species of Asian reaction (PCR) in which the presence fever (DHF) reported annually ( 4 ). (who.int)
  • Dengue is responsible for fever and haemorrhagic disease. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Excivion's granted patents in Europe and the USA (Granted European Patent No. EP3458471B1, Granted US Patent No. 11,028,133 B2) provide composition of matter coverage for glycan-cloaked flavivirus antigens covering all positions in the fusion loop which is 100% conserved across all major human flavivirus pathogens (Zika, dengue 1-4, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus). (prfire.co.uk)
  • Description: WNV Core Antibody: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Dengue virus. (lifchem.com)
  • Is the Subject Area "Dengue fever" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • The A aegypti mosquito is a known transmitter of both dengue fever and yellow fever. (medscape.com)
  • mAb, monoclonal antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for Zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Current estimates indicate that as many as 390 million infections occur each year, and many dengue infections are increasingly understood to be asymptomatic or subclinical. (wikipedia.org)
  • This kit is able to detect all four dengue virus serotypes and could diagnose both primary and secondary infections. (icgeb.org)
  • Though the numbers of Zika virus infections have dropped, which scientists speculate may be due to herd immunity in some areas, there is still potential for future outbreaks. (news-medical.net)
  • Previous studies have shown the envelope domain III is an important target of protective antibodies that fight flavivirus infections. (news-medical.net)
  • In people who have contracted Dengue virus, antibodies generated by the body in response to serial infections may be protective or, under some circumstances, actually may promote more severe disease symptoms. (unc.edu)
  • An estimated 105 million dengue infections occur each year, resulting in 500,000 hospitalisations and 44,000 deaths. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Previously, lateral flow antibody tests had been designed to diagnose ongoing dengue and Zika infections, at which time antibody levels are high. (prfire.co.uk)
  • current estimates indicate 390 million dengue virus infections and 96 million clinically apparent cases in 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite revised clinical classifications of dengue infections by the World Health Organization, the wide spectrum of the manifestations of dengue illness continues to pose challenges in diagnosis and patient management for clinicians. (frontiersin.org)
  • An important difference to note, however, was that the Zika epidemic diffused in a shorter time span compared to the persisting feature of Dengue infections, which is endemic in many Asian countries. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review discusses similarities between Dengue and Zika infections, comparing their disease transmissions and vectors involved, and both the innate and adaptive immune responses in these infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Zika-microcephaly hypothesis also suffered when researchers recorded microcephaly in Thailand following infections of the Asian lineage of the Zika virus that lacked the mutation. (healingpoint.in)
  • In a beautiful demonstration of the interplay between organisms with significant public health consequences, researchers in Tsinghua University, suggested in a recent study in Cell that infections of two viruses in primates encourage specific microbes to grow on the skin by suppressing an antimicrobial peptide, RELMα, on the skin. (healingpoint.in)
  • [ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)
  • Synthesis and secretion of recombinant tick-borne encephalitis virus protein E in soluble and particulate form. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Below is a select list of articles that illustrate the benefits of our recombinant antibody technology for various research applications. (absoluteantibody.com)
  • The below research uses antibodies engineered into unusual formats, including (top to bottom) human IgE, goat IgG and recombinant Fab2 fragment. (absoluteantibody.com)
  • Pierre Boulanger spends much of his time researching Molecular biology, Recombinant DNA, Virus, Virology and Capsid. (research.com)
  • His work deals with themes such as Biopanning, In vitro, Gene expression, Recombinant virus and Receptor, which intersect with Molecular biology. (research.com)
  • His research in the fields of Recombinant virus overlaps with other disciplines such as Sf9. (research.com)
  • The recently developed immunoassays that use purified recombinant envelope and nonstructural protein 5 of WNV as antigens are also reviewed. (utmb.edu)
  • Immunization with recombinant EDIII protein effectively induced antigen-specific binding antibodies and cellular immune responses. (tghn.org)
  • Description: WNV Envelope protein [His], recombinant protein from E. coli. (lifchem.com)
  • 35,000) living in dengue-endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we report transmission of dengue virus to a peripheral blood stem cell recipient by a donor who had recently traveled to an area to which the virus is endemic. (cdc.gov)
  • We recommend testing of recent travelers returning from areas to which dengue virus is endemic before allowing such donations. (cdc.gov)
  • We determined the frequency of different serotypes of dengue virus to highlight its hyperendemicity in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. (who.int)
  • The global spread of dengue virus, however, has followed its emergence from sylvatic cycles and the primary lifecycle now exclusively involves transmission between humans and Aedes mosquitoes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is related to dengue virus and transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, with humans acting as the principal amplifying host during outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Serological studies done in the 1950s showed that humans carried antibodies against Zika virus, and the virus was isolated from humans in Nigeria in 1968. (virology.ws)
  • Zika virus is transmitted among humans by mosquito bites. (virology.ws)
  • Protective porcine influenza virus-specific monoclonal antibodies recognize similar haemagglutinin epitopes as humans. (absoluteantibody.com)
  • Viruses of the flavivirus family, such as Zika and dengue, both transmitted to humans via the bites of infected mosquitoes, are particularly adept at this antibody exploitation. (the-scientist.com)
  • The family Flaviviridae includes several tick-borne viruses affecting humans. (vedicpaths.com)
  • There are more than 200 virus species that can infect humans, not including many others that affect humanity by targeting plants and animals used by people. (genetex.com)
  • In humans, YF virus is transmitted to the mosquito from an ill human only during the initial 3-4 days of illness. (medscape.com)
  • Based on our "know-how", a 3-in-1 dengue test (Dengue Day 1) has been developed by an Indian company for simultaneous point-of-care detection of Dengue NS1 Antigen & differential detection of IgM & IgG antibodies in Human Serum/ Plasma. (icgeb.org)
  • Chimeric antibodies consist of an antibody's original antigen-binding variable domain with the constant domain from a different species. (absoluteantibody.com)
  • Progress in this arena, however, is being made with a new generation of merozoite antigen targets identified in recent years that exhibit relatively low levels of polymorphism and against which functional neutralizing antibodies can be raised by vaccination. (nature.com)
  • They froze samples at very low temperatures so they could visualise antibody-antigen binding almost down to the atomic level. (ndtv.com)
  • July 23, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703887) which demonstrates the unique performance advantages and versatility of its novel antigen and device design innovations embodied in the form of lateral flow antibody tests for dengue and Zika. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Non-infected (-) and infected (+) BHK-21 whole cell extracts (5 μg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Dengue virus Envelope protein antibody (GTX127277) diluted at 1:25000. (genetex.com)
  • Structure of a flavivirus envelope glycoprotein in its low-pH-induced membrane fusion conformation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • His Intracellular study deals with Cell intersecting with Membrane glycoproteins, Receptor, Chinese hamster ovary cell, Virus maturation and Cleavage. (research.com)
  • The Membrane protein is the second smallest protein of dengue virus. (leadgenebio.com)
  • The E glycoprotein is responsible for virion attachment to receptor and fusion of the virus envelope with the target cell membrane and bears the virus neutralization epitopes. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Several hydrophobic amino acids at the tip of this spike insert into the lysozomal membrane and cause the virus membrane to fuse with lysozome. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Replication of all positive-stranded RNA viruses occurs in close association with virus-induced intracellular membrane structures. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • This capsid is, for some viruses, enclosed within a lipid envelope usually derived from the host cell membrane. (genetex.com)
  • The virus structure contains three domains, including an outer proteinaceous capsid, an intermediate lipid membrane, and a central core. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 1 ] The lipid envelope is covered with dense projections that consist of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins. (medscape.com)
  • The envelope consists of a lipid bilayer containing an envelope glycoprotein and a matrix protein. (medscape.com)
  • Attempts to provide detailed summaries of the life cycle of dengue at the cellular level are published in review articles from different research groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • The life cycle of dengue involves endocytosis via a cell surface receptor (see video 1 and figure 3). (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Some viruses possess an outer envelope, and the outer capsid is composed of major capsid protein (MCP), which appears to be highly conserved among the family and possesses surface binding sites interacting with the surfaces of host's cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. (mdpi.com)
  • The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002-2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999-2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (mdpi.com)
  • They found that the Zika antibodies also tightly stick to and defend against dengue type 1, and weakly stick to West Nile and dengue types 2 and 4. (news-medical.net)
  • They also determined structures showing how two antibodies recognize Zika and West Nile envelope domain III. (news-medical.net)
  • The epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV) in the USA in 2002 represents the largest outbreak of meningoencephalitis in the Western Hemisphere ever reported. (utmb.edu)
  • Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • FFPE tissues were tested by Zika virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the nonstructural protein 5 and envelope genes using general methods for RT-PCR ( 4 ), and by immunohistochemistry using a mouse polyclonal anti-Zika virus antibody, using methods previously described ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To prevent such outbreaks, scientists want to understand how the immune system recognizes the Zika virus, in hopes of developing vaccines against it. (news-medical.net)
  • Together, the team's experiments show how the body mounts 'a potent immune response to Zika virus,' says Esswein. (news-medical.net)
  • The domain III has a unique stretch of DNA for the Zika virus, and we exploited this to generate a robust and protective immune response that is unique for Zika. (naturalnews.com)
  • The concept borrows from the immune stealth aspect of HIV's 'spike' protein gp120, where its abundant glycans form a molecular capsule that thwarts antibody recognition. (prfire.co.uk)
  • This ability to transform into different virus surface structures helps the virus to escape from the immune system of the human host. (medicalresearch.com)
  • Blood-stage vaccines seek to induce antibodies against the merozoite form of the parasite that invades erythrocytes 2 , and could complement pre-erythrocytic immunity afforded by RTS,S/AS01, protect against disease severity and/or reduce transmission by accelerating the control and clearance of blood-stage parasitemia. (nature.com)
  • At this time cell lines were not available for studying viruses, so serum from the febrile monkey was inoculated intracerebrally into mice. (virology.ws)
  • The result can lead to the first effective therapies and vaccines against dengue, a complex of four distinct but related mosquito-borne viruses that infect about 390 million people a year globally. (ndtv.com)
  • The virus is associated with severe neurological birth defects and fetal loss in pregnant women and the onset of Guillain-Barre syndrome in some adults. (unc.edu)
  • There is no specific treatment for severe dengue, only supportive care such as IV fluids or blood transfusion. (prfire.co.uk)
  • d WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus Reference and Research (Dengue/Severe Dengue), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (who.int)
  • Called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), this happens when the antibodies stick to the outside of the virus without blocking its ability to infect cells, which can inadvertently help the virus infect more cells by allowing it to enter cells that the antibodies stick to. (news-medical.net)
  • Pierre Boulanger combines subjects such as Budding, Cleavage, Gene, Genetic enhancement and Antibody with his study of Virology. (research.com)
  • This fenomenon is called Antibody-Dependent Enhancement . (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Other researchers have discovered that many of the most potent neutralizing antibodies isolated from human patients bind to epitopes that are present on the E protein homodimer on the surface of the virus, while the weakly neutralizing antibodies that promote disease enhancement bind to a site on the E protein monomer - a single copy of the E protein, known as the fusion loop. (besthealthtale.com)
  • There is currently no specific treatment for dengue, and vector control and vaccination are the only effective methods to prevent future outbreaks. (who.int)
  • In Gabon where outbreaks of both viruses have occurred, there is no vector control program targeting these arboviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Zika virus moved outside of Africa and Asia in 2007 and 2013 with outbreaks in Yap Island and French Polynesia, respectively. (virology.ws)
  • Zika virus has been known since 1947 but was rarely studied, as human disease cases and outbreaks were rare. (unc.edu)
  • Clinical symptoms activity with multiple and large outbreaks occurring resemble dengue, and while chikungunya is a generally yearly. (who.int)
  • In the Western Pacific Region in 2014 alone, milder disease, debilitating sequelae such as persistent there were outbreaks involving 1513 dengue cases arthralgia have been reported in 36-64% of cases. (who.int)
  • The Zika virus and genomic studies of it have opened fascinating windows into our knowledge of the infectious disease and its relevance in the context of emerging outbreaks. (healingpoint.in)
  • The tools, techniques, and modalities we've developed to track the evolution, genetic epidemiology, and molecular underpinnings of transmission and pathogenesis could be extended to Zika virus outbreaks as well. (healingpoint.in)
  • The recent resurgence of measles outbreaks in several countries which had previously eliminated the virus makes our study additionally relevant. (medicalresearch.com)
  • This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Qualification of a surface plasmon resonance assay to determine binding of IgG-type antibodies to complement component C1q. (absoluteantibody.com)
  • The susceptibility to JEV of 3A10-3F cells was significantly weakened compared with parental BHK-21 cells, verified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, virus plague formation assay, and flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, we were disappointed with the sensitivity of existing test architectures and, felt compelled to invent a more sensitive test architecture befitting the sensitivity needs of detection of historic dengue. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Meridian offers a range of antigens and antibodies suitable for the development of sensitive and specific immunoassays that detect tropical and vector-borne diseases. (meridianlifescience.com)
  • Here, a serotype is a group of viruses classified together based on their antigens on the surface of the virus. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The envelope protein domain III (EDIII) of ZIKV was produced as a secretory protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris. (tghn.org)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Expression of cloned envelope protein genes from the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammalian cells and random mutagenesis by PCR. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • None of the mAbs recognized the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). (fiocruz.br)
  • A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. (curehunter.com)
  • TBE is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae , and was initially isolated in 1937. (vedicpaths.com)
  • Three virus sub-types are described: European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far eastern Tick-borne encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus, REVERSE). (vedicpaths.com)
  • Dengue virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus and consists of four distinct serotypes (DENV1 to 4). (leadgenebio.com)
  • YF virus, an arbovirus, is the type species for the family Flaviviridae and is a single, positive-stranded, enveloped RNA virus. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue virus consists of four different serotypes (DENV1-4) and within each serotypes, there are multiple strains. (medicalresearch.com)
  • This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. (mdpi.com)
  • These four subtypes are different strains of dengue virus that have 60-80% homology between each other. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Previous studies showed most strains of laboratory adapted DENV2 particles changed from smooth to "bumpy" surfaced morphology when the temperature is switched from 29°C at 37°C. Here we identified five envelope (E) protein residues different between two alternative passage history DENV2 NGC strains exhibiting smooth or bumpy surface morphologies. (a-star.edu.sg)
  • In the past years, TBE virus has been detected for the first time in countries such as the Netherlands (2016) and UK (2019). (vedicpaths.com)
  • 2019) Molecular basis of dengue virus serotype 2 morphological switch from 29˚C to 37˚C. PLoS Pathog 15(9): e1007996. (a-star.edu.sg)
  • The structural domain III of their envelope protein (DIII) elicits strongly neutralizing serotype-specific antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, a surge in the number of children born with microcephaly was noted in regions of Brazil with a high prevalence of suspected Zika virus disease cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Until a few hundred years ago, dengue virus was transmitted in sylvatic cycles in Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia between mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and nonhuman primates, with rare emergences into human populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This observation supports the supposition that YF virus originated in West Africa. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Currently, Zika virus is known to be widely distributed outside of Africa. (medscape.com)
  • The formation of intracellular prM/E heterodimers occurs rapidly after translation and is believed to be important for the assembly and secretion of immature virus particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Before dengue virus particles release, host protease furin cleaves prM into M. This amphipathic helical portion acts as an important component of the mature virion, interacting with envelope protein to promote invasion, packing mature, and release. (leadgenebio.com)
  • These are compelling reasons for the development of improved point-of-care antibody tests (as advocated by WHO) that may inform vaccination practice with dengue (and Zika) vaccines. (prfire.co.uk)
  • Analysis following immunization of rabbits identified quantitative and qualitative differences in terms of the functional IgG antibody response against the P. falciparum parasite. (nature.com)
  • The virus has a genome of about 11000 bases that encodes a single large polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into several structural and non-structural mature peptides. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The Zika virus has an RNA genome, and thus a very high potential to accumulate mutations. (healingpoint.in)
  • Members of the family Iridoviridae are large icosahedral viruses that contain a single molecule of double-stranded DNA with genome sizes ranging from 104 to 220 Kbp [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The dengue virus and its equally infamous cousin, the Zika virus, together infect up to around 400 million people every year. (healingpoint.in)
  • The virus can then infect a feeding mosquito during the initial 3-4 days of the illness. (medscape.com)
  • Most individuals infected with Zika virus experience mild or no symptoms. (virology.ws)
  • Those who have been prior exposed to DI and DII of other members of the Zika virus family may be prone to developing very bad symptoms, or in some cases, fatalities for dengue. (naturalnews.com)
  • Most people, who are infected with the TBE virus, show no symptoms at all. (vedicpaths.com)
  • The virus comprises lipopolysaccharide envelope and single stranded positive sense RNA. (lww.com)