Dendritic spine plasticity dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Medical search. Frequent questions

Here, we employed serial section electron microscopy to show that enzymatic attenuation of ECM with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) triggers the appearance of new glutamatergic synapses onto thin dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Thus, ECM attenuation enables the appearance of new synapses in the hippocampus, which is compensated for by a reduction in the excitability of postsynaptic neurons, thereby preventing network overexcitation at the expense of synaptic plasticity. (biorxiv.org)
Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and in some plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
These results indicated that Cdk5/p35 in excitatory neurons is important for the hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associative memory retention. (biomedcentral.com)
CreER-p35cKO mice show reduced dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons and impaired LTD induction in the hippocampus with impairment in spatial learning and memory and reduced anxiety-like behavior [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since these mice had p35 deletion in all cells, it was impossible to separate and analyze its functions in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we created mice in which the p35 gene was deleted in hippocampal excitatory neurons (CaMKII-Cre p35cKO) or GABAergic inhibitory neurons (Dlx-Cre p35cKO). (biomedcentral.com)
Using behavioral and electrophysiological analyses, we investigate whether the p35/Cdk5 activity is involved in associative memory learning in excitatory or inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
Both BDNF and TrkB are present in presynaptic axon terminals and postsynaptic dendritic compartments of neurons, and they are capable of bidirectional release and activity [for review, see Tyler et al. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
The adult hippocampus continuously generates new cohorts of immature neurons with increased excitability and plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
Our findings reveal a novel type of activity-dependent plasticity acting on the timing of neuronal maturation and functional integration of newly generated neurons along the longitudinal axis of the adult hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
Confocal microscopy revealed that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons express βAR248. (frontiersin.org)
Branco T, Clark BA, Häusser M (2010) Dendritic discrimination of temporal input sequences in cortical neurons. (yale.edu)
Golding NL, Spruston N (1998) Dendritic sodium spikes are variable triggers of axonal action potentials in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Gordon U, Polsky A, Schiller J (2006) Plasticity compartments in basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Losonczy A, Makara JK, Magee JC (2008) Compartmentalized dendritic plasticity and input feature storage in neurons. (yale.edu)
Major G, Polsky A, Denk W, Schiller J, Tank DW (2008) Spatiotemporally graded NMDA spike/plateau potentials in basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Matsuzaki M, Ellis-Davies GC, Nemoto T, Miyashita Y, Iino M, Kasai H (2001) Dendritic spine geometry is critical for AMPA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
We found that the phosphorylation of isoform-specific sites in eEF1A2-an essential translation elongation factor in neurons-is a key modulator of structural plasticity in dendritic spines. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Conversely, far from the soma the targets were mostly other excitatory neurons, about half of these being other HVC (RA) cells. (elifesciences.org)
Donor embryonic cells have a greater potential for axonal outgrowth and regeneration than mature host neurons (Chen et al. (org.es)
By enhancing synaptic transmission , LTP improves the ability of two neurons, one presynaptic and the other postsynaptic, to communicate with one another across a synapse. (wikidoc.org)
The development of optical methods for manipulating neurons has revolutionized the investigation of causal relationships between neural activity and function, with the potential to add to the understanding of mechanisms and the treatment of neurological disorders. (eneuro.org)
We introduce a novel approach to study neurons as sophisticated I/O information processing units by utilizing recent advances in the field of machine learning. (biorxiv.org)
As a result of local nonlinear dendritic processing, a train of output spikes are generated in the neuron axon, carrying information that is communicated, via synapses, to thousands of other (postsynaptic) neurons. (biorxiv.org)
The spines receive glutamatergic synapses from the axons (Schafer collaterals) pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. (modeldb.science)
1998). Dendritic hyperpolarization-activated currents modify the integrative properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
Role of an A-type K+ conductance in the back-propagation of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)

The appearance of new synapses increased the ratio of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) to presynaptic fiber volley (PrV), suggesting that these new synapses are formed on existing axonal fibers. (biorxiv.org)
However, both the mean miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitude and AMPA/NMDA ratio were decreased, suggesting that ECM attenuation increased the proportion of 'unpotentiated' synapses. (biorxiv.org)
Dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells carrying homozygous mutation of L100P exhibit decreased synaptic excitation and intact synaptic inhibition, meanwhile Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses of L100P mice display impaired synaptic plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
Most excitatory synapses we examined onto granule cells activated both NMDARs and AMPA receptors, whereas a subpopulation appeared to be NMDAR silent. (jneurosci.org)
A , Schematic diagram of excitatory synapses onto granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
When in dendrites and spines, βAR 248 was frequently concentrated along plasma membranes and at post-synaptic densities of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses. (frontiersin.org)
signalling at excitatory forebrain synapses Glutamatergic synapses are situated on dendritic propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit levels (NR1, NR2A, spines containing postsynaptic densities (PSDs), which NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2) were analysed in the forebrain by allow glutamate receptors to anchor through interactions both western blot of homogenates and immunohistochemis- with scaffolding proteins. (health-articles.net)
TSP binds to α2δ‐1 to drive the formation of excitatory synapses during development, suggesting that overactivation of this pathway may lead to exuberant excitatory synaptogenesis and network hyperexcitability seen in DCMs. (eneuro.org)
Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
However, the climbing fibre input continuously exerts an activity-dependent repression on parallel fibre synapses, thus confining them to the distal Purkinje cell dendritic domain. (123dok.org)
A number of different kinds of interneurons make inhibitory GABAergic synapses at different levels in the dendritic trees. (modeldb.science)
2001). Total number and distribution of inhibitory and excitatory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. (modeldb.science)

Debanne D, Gähwiler BH, Thompson SM (1998) Long-term synaptic plasticity between pairs of individual CA3 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slice cultures. (yale.edu)
In particular, we demonstrate the release of a synthetic receptor-specific agonist that exerts physiological effects on long-term synaptic plasticity. (eneuro.org)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are considered as the most important forms of synaptic plasticity involved in learning and memory. (gu.se)

Yet in the most well understood form of LTP, enhanced communication is predominantly carried out by improving the postsynaptic cell's sensitivity to signals received from the presynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)

Although the dendritic arborization of granule cells is relatively small (50-200 μm) ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), a single granule cell may receive synaptic inputs from mitral cells several millimeters away ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), providing a theoretical basis for massive synaptic divergence. (jneurosci.org)

This enhancement of LTP was abolished by a blockade of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which is involved in the maturation of dendritic spines. (biorxiv.org)
The timing of Met expression is linked to axon terminal outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the developing rodent and primate forebrain, and both in vitro and in vivo studies implicate this RTK in dendritic branching, spine maturation, and excitatory connectivity in the neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)

Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
In animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Sodium-based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond, but calcium-based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer. (wikipedia.org)
These up-and-down cycles are known as action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Action potentials are driven by channel proteins whose configuration switches between closed and open states as a function of the voltage difference between the interior and exterior of the cell. (wikipedia.org)

Potential for tissue repair in multiple sclerosis Jack Antel Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurologic Institute, McGill University Demyelination with inflammation is the hallmark of acute lesions underlying relapses in MS. Clinical recovery reflects resolution of inflammation, axonal re-organization, and remyelination. (docksci.com)

While examining BDNF and neuronal plasticity in vivo, Lapchak et al. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Intracerebral grafting presently remains an experimental model used to address fundamental questions concerning brain development, neuronal plasticity, regeneration and formation of topographic connections. (org.es)

Our findings suggest that the existence of abnormal synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal network may disrupt declarative information processing and contribute to recognition deficits in DISC1 L100P mutant mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Injury to the brain areas concerned with vision can cause a variety of disorders ranging from visual field defects to much more complex deficits like visual agnosia. (org.es)

By electron microscopy, βAR 248 was present in neuronal cell bodies, dendritic shafts and spines, and some axon terminals and astrocytes. (frontiersin.org)

Recent studies in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex show that Eph receptors and ephrins are important in the regulation of synaptic morphology and plasticity. (123dok.org)

Expression of a nonphosphorylatable eEF1A2 mutant stimulated mRNA translation but reduced actin dynamics and spine density. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
spine density and of large, mushroom-type spines. (health-articles.net)
the parallel fibres contact the distal dendritic domain, where synapse and spine density is high. (123dok.org)
When electrical activity is blocked in vivo by tetrodotoxin leading to a high spine density in Purkinje cell proximal dendrites, stimulation of Eph receptor activation recapitulates the spine repressive effects of climbing fibres. (123dok.org)
For example, in EphB1/ EphB2/EphB3-deficient mice dendritic spines (the small protru-sions bearing postsynaptic structures) have reduced density and size [3,7,8] while activation of EphB receptors by ephrins induces rapid dendritic spine formation [7,9]. (123dok.org)

In the retina, RGCs synapse with bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs respectively. (org.es)

Synaptic plasticity involves structural modifications in dendritic spines that are modulated by local protein synthesis and actin remodeling. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Furthermore, they maintain a remarkable presence in the adult brain, especially in regions characterized by a high degree of structural plasticity in adulthood, such as the hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebellum [2,4-6]. (123dok.org)

L100P mutant slices exhibit decreased excitatory synaptic transmission (sEPSCs and mEPSCs) in dentate gyrus (DG) and impaired long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
In the hippocampus, the involvement of BDNF in neural plasticity and neurogenesis is important to learning and memory, but less is known about how BDNF participates in energy homeostasis. (hyperthermicwellness.com)

Golding NL, Staff NP, Spruston N (2002) Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation. (yale.edu)

The traditional way to induce LTP and LTD is by electric stimulation leading to activation of NMDA-R. Later research also revealed a form of NMDA-dependent plasticity induced by direct application of NMDA. (gu.se)
and tried to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying NMDA-induced plasticity. (gu.se)
Our results demonstrate that NMDA applied on brain tissue induces multiple synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
3. Li R, Abbas A-K, Huang F-S and Wigström H, Possible involved mechanisms of NMDA-induced synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
4. Li R, Huang F-S, Abbas A-K and Wigström H, Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in different forms of NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that mismatch negativity (MMN)-a preattentive auditory event-related potential (ERP)-depends on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) functioning. (neurotransmitter.net)
Previously the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine was shown to disrupt generation of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) mismatch negativity (MMN) and the performance of an 'AX'-type continuous performance test (AX-CPT)--measures of auditory and visual context-dependent information processing--in a similar manner as observed in schizophrenia. (neurotransmitter.net)
termines spine structure, and NMDA-Rs, especially those E-mail address: (U. Wyneken). (health-articles.net)
This complexity primarily arises from local NMDA-based nonlinear dendritic conductances. (biorxiv.org)

His primary areas of investigation include Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Postsynaptic potential, Neuroplasticity and Cerebral cortex. (research.com)
His research in Dendritic spine intersects with topics in Cortex and Anatomy. (research.com)
His Cerebral cortex research includes themes of Dendritic filopodia, Physiology and Barrel cortex. (research.com)
His Dendritic spine research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Neuroplasticity, Motor learning, Cortex and Barrel cortex. (research.com)
Dendritic spine, Neuroscience, Microglia, Primary motor cortex and Cell biology are his primary areas of study. (research.com)
His Dendritic spine research incorporates themes from Synaptic plasticity, Postsynaptic potential, Motor learning, Motor cortex and Alzheimer's disease. (research.com)
His study looks at the relationship between Primary motor cortex and fields such as Calcium, as well as how they intersect with chemical problems. (research.com)
Wen-Biao Gan combines subjects such as Barrel cortex, Motor cortex, Primary motor cortex, Cortex and Dendritic filopodia with his study of Motor learning. (research.com)
The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
Injury to the occipital striate cortex results in corresponding homonymous visual field defects where typically all visual capacities are lost in the fields. (org.es)

Taken together, these findings revealed the E/I synaptic abnormalities in the amygdala from two generations of the VPA-induced offspring with GABAergic deteriorations in the F2 generation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of the GABAergic system to generational pathophysiology of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)

In the adult vertebrate brain, enzymatic removal of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized to promote learning, memory recall, and restorative plasticity. (nature.com)
During learning processes in the developing and adult brain, variability of ECM densities and dynamic remodeling has been shown to support learning-dependent plasticity 14 , 15 . (nature.com)
The adult cricket auditory system is capable of compensating for the unilateral loss of an ear with robust dendritic sprouting of deafferented dendrites followed by de novo synapse formation with the contralateral afferents [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these RGCs have specific dendritic distribution in the IPL in adult retina as exemplified by the schematic (Figure 4) showing the branching patterns of mouse RGCs. (org.es)
In the developing brain, they act as migratory and cell adhesive cues while in the adult brain they regulate dendritic spine plasticity. (123dok.org)

After eye opening, a surge of glutamate receptor-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and GABA/glycine receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents emerges around P25 (Fig. 5B). (org.es)

These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
Cerebellar Purkinje cells are innervated by two different excitatory inputs. (123dok.org)

Insets show magnified views of granule cell dendrites with spines located on both distal bifurcated dendrites in the EPL (top) and the proximal primary dendrite (bottom). (jneurosci.org)
This developmental remodeling of RGC dendrites is thought to play an important role in synaptogenesis and the formation of lamina-restricted dendritic distributions of RGCs. (org.es)
These results suggest that Eph receptor signalling mediates the repression of spine proliferation induced by climbing fibre activity in Purkinje cell proximal dendrites. (123dok.org)
It gives rise to an apical dendrite and several basal dendrites, which are covered with spines. (modeldb.science)

The latter represent were co-immunoprecipitated from postsynaptic densities the most mature and stable spines. (health-articles.net)

We review current research about BDNF in specific brain locations related to energy balance, environmental, and behavioral influences on BDNF expression and the possibility that BDNF may influence energy homeostasis via its role in neurogenesis and neural plasticity. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
We performed differential expression analysis using EdgeR and DESeq2 and examined Gene Ontologies to identify candidates potentially involved in this plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
Elevated intracellular Ca 2+ can activate the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), thereby potentially initiating the expression of genes that are important for synaptic plasticity, neurite growth and dendritic spine development [ 20 - 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Several reports have shown modulation of Cys-loop receptors by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids independent of cannabinoid receptors with potential physiological or therapeutic consequences. (researchgate.net)
[3] These signals, in the form of neurotransmitter molecules, are received by neurotransmitter receptors present on the surface of the postsynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)
LTP improves the postsynaptic cell's sensitivity to neurotransmitter in large part by increasing the activity of existing receptors and by increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell surface. (wikidoc.org)

We therefore believe that the final magnitude and temporal pattern of Ca2+ influx in the spine is a key factor determining the induced synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
Dendritic Discrimination of Temporal Input Sequences (Branco et al. (yale.edu)

While this compensatory plasticity in the auditory system relies on robust dendritic sprouting and novel synapse formation, the compensatory plasticity in the cercal escape circuitry shows little obvious dendritic sprouting and instead may rely on shifts in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. (biomedcentral.com)
The molecular mechanisms that underpin synapse formation and plasticity. (edu.au)

Mel BW (1993) Synaptic integration in an excitable dendritic tree. (yale.edu)

α2δ-1 signaling drives apoptotic cell death, anatomic reorganization, excitatory synaptogenesis, astrocytosis, and network hyperexcitability in a model of insult-induced cortical malformation known as freeze lesion (FL). (eneuro.org)

He interconnects Extinction, Sensory system, Excitatory postsynaptic potential and Motor learning in the investigation of issues within Postsynaptic potential. (research.com)
Wen-Biao Gan has researched Dendritic spine in several fields, including Sensory deprivation, Sensory system, Atrophy, Pathology and Alzheimer's disease. (research.com)

These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the (negative) resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold voltage, depolarising the transmembrane potential. (wikipedia.org)
opment of dendritic spines begins with the formation of branes, we found increases of NR2A and GluR2 but not filopodia. (health-articles.net)
We also find that GBP can reduce FL-induced increases in excitatory synapse number in α2δ-1 knock-out (KO) mice, indicating GBP has α2δ-1-independent anti-synaptogenic effects. (eneuro.org)

More than 30% of dendritic filapodial branches in the mouse are replaced every hour by continuous dendritic growth and elimination (pruning) between P10-13 (see Fig 6 and movie 1). (org.es)

Nearly all cell membranes in animals, plants and fungi maintain a voltage difference between the exterior and interior of the cell, called the membrane potential. (wikipedia.org)
In each of these mice we have inactivated the genes that encode for synaptic signalling molecules, such as agrin and laminins, or molecules that are needed to cluster ion channels in the postsynaptic membranes of muscles and/or neurones, such as rapsyn and gephyrin. (edu.au)

The central nervous system of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus , shows an unusual capacity for compensatory plasticity, most obviously in the auditory system and the cercal escape system. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the potential mechanisms underlying the relationships among depression, APOE genotype, and mild cognitive impairment remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
This presents a starting point for studies into the underlying mechanisms of AD including interactions with other AD-associated genes, like Rho1, Ankyrin, Tau and APP with the potential to identify new targets for treatment. (sdbonline.org)

Notably, NR2A subunits play an essential role in all types of synaptic plasticity examined in this study whereas NR2B also contribute under certain circumstances. (gu.se)

His main research concerns Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Motor learning, Microglia and Biological neural network. (research.com)
His studies in Biological neural network integrate themes in fields like Memory consolidation, Long-term memory, Sleep in non-human animals, Chronic pain and Eye movement. (research.com)
The recent observation of neural power-law scaling relations has made a significant impact in the field of deep learning. (uni-frankfurt.de)

The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a proteoglycan complex that occupies the extracellular space between brain cells and regulates brain development, brain wiring, and synaptic plasticity. (biorxiv.org)
Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance within the brain is one of the pathophysiological theories of ASD [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a commercial two-photon microscope, we released inhibitory or excitatory neurochemicals to evoke subthreshold and suprathreshold changes in membrane potential in a live mouse brain slice. (eneuro.org)

His scientific interests lie mostly in Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Postsynaptic potential, Anatomy and Microglia. (research.com)
His research investigates the connection with Neuroscience and areas like Synaptic plasticity which intersect with concerns in Long-term potentiation. (research.com)

Debanne D, Gähwiler BH, Thompson SM (1999) Heterogeneity of synaptic plasticity at unitary CA3-CA1 and CA3-CA3 connections in rat hippocampal slice cultures. (yale.edu)

In most mammals, RGCs can be divided into about 20 morphological subtypes based on their distinctive dendritic structure and synaptic connections (Kolb et al. (org.es)

When the channels open, they allow an inward flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential towards zero. (wikipedia.org)

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggered transient dissociation of eEF1A2 from its regulatory guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein in dendritic spines in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL (2007) Nonlinear regulation of unitary synaptic signals by CaV(2.3) voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines. (yale.edu)

This evidence comes from laboratory models of AD, as well as living patients, showcasing the potential of neuronal excitability changes as a biomarker for early detection of AD. (nature.com)

In light of recent research indicating hyperexcitability could be a predictive marker of cognitive dysfunction, we further argue that the hyperexcitability phenotype could be leveraged to improve the diagnosis and treatment of AD, and present potential targets for future AD treatment development. (nature.com)
6.4 Development of retinal ganglion cell dendritic structure and synaptic connections. (org.es)

Here, we used mice with a genetic deletion of α2δ‐1 to determine how α2δ‐1 contributes to cell death, elevated excitatory synapse number, and in vitro network function after FL and to examine the molecular specificity of GBP's effects. (eneuro.org)

Anatomy49

Organisms13

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care1

Neurons28

Synapses13

Long-term synaptic plasticity2

Forms of synaptic plasticity1

Presynaptic1

19981

Maturation2

Action potentials5

Axonal1

Neuronal plasticity2

Deficits2

Axon1

Morphology1

Density5

Synaptic inputs1

Structural2

Hippocampus2

Spikes1

NMDA9

Cortex10

GABAergic1

Adult5

SEPSCs1

Inputs2

Dendrites4

Densities1

Expression3

Receptors4

Temporal2

Synapse formation2

Excitable1

Synaptogenesis1

Sensory2

Increases3

Branches1

Membranes2

Auditory1

Mechanisms2

NR2B1

Neural3

Brain3

Neuroscience2

19991

Subtypes1

Sodium1

Protein1

Signals1

Excitability1

Development2

Vitro1