• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were determined as the cellular effectors of GVHD, and the key role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T-lymphocyte activation was established during the following years [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
  • Ligation of MHC-I/peptide complexes presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), triggers the recruitment of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), which leads to lymphokine production, motility and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. (peprotech.com)
  • Whereas B cells recognize native, unprocessed antigens IRAK inhibitor 3 using their B-cell receptor (BCR), T cells recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (findadig.com)
  • This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After antigen-specific expansion, the CD25 + CD4 + T cells retain their known surface features and actively suppress CD25 - CD4 + T cell proliferation to splenic APCs. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Constitutive expression of MHCclass II molecules is confined to professional antigen-presenting cells(APC) of the immune system, and in nonprofessional APCs MHC class IImolecules can be induced by a variety of immune regulators. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Herein we used a single bicistronic lentiviral vector to develop a new combination immunotherapy that consists of human anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to secrete human anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies at the tumor site. (oncotarget.com)
  • These armed second-generation CAR T cells empowered to secrete human anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the ccRCC milieu to combat T cell exhaustion is an innovation in this field that should provide renewed potential for CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors where limited efficacy is currently seen. (oncotarget.com)
  • A phase II study of adoptive immunotherapy using dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HCC is an attractive target for immunotherapy as evidenced by an active recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that are capable of lysing autologous tumor cells in ex vivo studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • BACKGROUND AIMS: Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor cell hybrids have been used clinically in cancer immunotherapy, but their advantage over the simple mixture of tumor cells and DCs is still a matter of controversy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cancer immunotherapy with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells. (nova.edu)
  • Here, the utility of OX40, a costimulatory molecule mainly expressed on activated effector T cells known to play an important role in eliminating cancer cells, was evaluated as a PET imaging biomarker to quantify and track response to immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This work represents a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy by integrating nanotechnology and platinum-based therapeutics which not only efficiently exerts the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic effect on tumor cell but also restores immune response of immunological cells within the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
  • To explore the chance of using myeloma cells as the foundation of tumor antigens for immunotherapy myeloma cell lysate-specific CTLs had been generated from sufferers by culturing T cells with autologous DCs pulsed with freeze-thaw lysate from myeloma cells 43. (tech-strategy.org)
  • 2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) 3 display both class I and class II MHC molecules and are directly recognized by CD8 + and CD4 + alloreactive T cells, respectively ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). (aai.org)
  • As a first-in-class antigen presenting cell (APC) activator, efti binds to MHC (major histocompatibility complex) Class II molecules on APC leading to activation and proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes. (kdvr.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • As an evasion mechanism, many tumors are able to stimulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, resulting in an exhausted phenotype of T cells that cannot restrain tumor progression [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) that phagocytize these DAMPs activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ) pathway, which then promotes the expression of co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells that present antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and show co-stimulators stimulate T-cells and promote a systemic immune response [ 2 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESULTS: Less than half the cells in the mixture expressed DC co-stimulatory molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using tumor cells constitutively expressing a cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen, we show that expansion of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) restricted by DCs' MHC class I molecules was higher when DC-tumor hybrids were the stimulators. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hybrids expressed more co-stimulatory and MHC molecules, induced higher antigen-specific T-cell expansion and were the only cells able to induce IFN-γ-producing antigen-specific T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Efti binds to and activates antigen-presenting cells via MHC II molecules leading to expansion and proliferation of CD8 + (cytotoxic) T cells, CD4 + (helper) T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • Upon antigen recognition, the B cell internalizes the antigen, processes IRAK inhibitor 3 it into protein fragments, and presents these peptides bound to MHC class II molecules on its own surface. (findadig.com)
  • Upon the stage of tumorigenesis, down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules and also the overexpression of the stress-induced ligands on the surface of malignant cells to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), make them more sensitive to NK cell-mediated death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this manner, the reduced detection of self MHC-I molecules by NK cell-inhibitory receptors coupled with an increase in activating signals by recognition of stress-induced surface ligands promote the cytolytic activity of NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cytotoxicity was MHC course I- also to a lesser level class II-restricted recommending that myeloma cells could procedure idiotype proteins and present idiotype peptides in the framework of their surface area MHC molecules. (tech-strategy.org)
  • class II molecules present exogenously derived antigenic peptides (~15 amino acids) to helper T cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Function and regulation of MHC class II molecules in T-lymphocytes: ofmice and men. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Besides antigen presentation, growing evidence is showing thatligation of MHC class II molecules also activates intracellular signalingpathways, frequently leading to apoptosis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Interestingly,activated T cells from many species, with the exception of mice,synthesize and express MHC class II molecules at their cell surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • It is therefore suggested that anti-CD70 antibodies might be a possible treatment for CD70 positive lymphomas as normal lymphocytes have low CD70 expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell kill indicates that the recipient has antibodies against the donor cells. (medscape.com)
  • To be effective, a vaccine should trigger efficient activation of antigen-presenting cells to initiate antigen processing and presentation to T-cells, as well as activation of T and B-cells (production of antibodies, generation of memory B-cells, memory CTL and memory CD4+ T-cells). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several immune parameters can be measured to monitor the immune response, including antigen-specific and neutralizing antibodies, antigen-specific T-cell expansion, CTL activity and cytokine production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PRR on myeloid cells can be triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also indirectly by secondary mechanisms such as complement activation and circulating antibodies (Abs), resulting in cytolytic and phagocytic effector mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • This peptide-MHC complex IRAK inhibitor 3 is then recognized by CD4+ helper T cells, which stimulate the B cell to secrete antibodies (Abs). (findadig.com)
  • CD25 + CD4 + T cells are classically anergic, unable to proliferate in response to mitogenic antibodies to the T cell receptor complex. (rockefeller.edu)
  • For example, antibodies specific to tumor antigens, adoptively transferred immune cells, therapeutic vaccines, and recombinant cytokines effectively boost the host immune system to recognize tumor cells as pathogens and eliminate them [ 1 - 3 ]. (thno.org)
  • Predicated on the specificity from the immune system effector substances and cells immunotherapies with particular T cells or healing antibodies may represent book strategies for the treating multiple myeloma soon. (tech-strategy.org)
  • They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to its role in T-cell activation and proliferation, CD70 also plays a role in the regulation of B-cell activation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lineage of dendritic cells is not fully characterized, although prior studies have shown that growth and differentiation are controlled by cytokines, particularly granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). (silverchair.com)
  • These results provide new evidence that dendritic cells represent a differentiation pathway distinct from lymphocytes and monocytes. (silverchair.com)
  • Activated effector and memory CD4+ T-cells provide help to B-cells to mount antibody responses, and help naive CD8+ T-cells to enhance their clonal expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, patients with reactive T cells exhibited poor T-cell differentiation and activity. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family of receptors, plays an integral role in signal transduction, and T cell differentiation and activation. (peprotech.com)
  • Differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells into CTLs is strongly enhanced by IL-2, IL-12 and TGF-β1. (peprotech.com)
  • This technique maintains mobile metabolic equilibrium and promotes cell success during physiological (ageing, differentiation) and pathological (contamination, degeneration, malignancy) stress circumstances (13). (woofahs.com)
  • Furthermore, SIRT1 influences immune system function in varied methods by regulating procedures such as for example lymphocyte activation, T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and macrophage secretion (21). (woofahs.com)
  • Transcriptome analysis revealed that Th1/Th2 differentiation, NK cells, Th17 cell, complement system and calcium signaling pathways were down-regulated post-treatment of Pam3CSK4. (bvsalud.org)
  • CD70 acts as a costimulatory molecule and plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system activation, specifically by improving T-cell and B-cell activation, proliferation and survival, leading to a more efficient immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • This overexpression of CD70 in cancer cells has been shown to promote cell proliferation and survival, and to inhibit apoptosis, leading to the development and progression of the cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Workflows have been developed for the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells expressing CD137, which can then be used in screens against pathogen protein libraries to identify those that specifically activate T cells (e.g. proliferation or cytokine secretion). (antigendiscovery.com)
  • On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vivo, both steady state and mature antigen-processing DCs induce proliferation of adoptively transferred CD25 + CD4 + T cells. (rockefeller.edu)
  • B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
  • Fusions with older in comparison with immature DCs induced higher degrees of T-cell proliferation and activation as evaluated by intracellular IFN-γ appearance and more powerful cytotoxic T-cell activity against the tumor cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • CD70 expression on T and B cells is stimulated through triggering of T and B cell receptors and can be upregulated by cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF and TNF-α, while IL-4 and IL-10 can decrease CD70 expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the dendritic cell lineage through a study of cytokine receptors. (silverchair.com)
  • To further elucidate the nature and control of the dendritic cell lineage, we have studied the expression of specific cytokine receptors. (silverchair.com)
  • Anti-type 1 IL-1 receptor (R) mAbs also visualized these receptors by flow cytometry on freshly isolated epidermal dendritic cells. (silverchair.com)
  • Together with recent findings on the effects of IL-1 and GM-CSF on epidermal dendritic cells in situ (see Results and Discussion), the data lead to a proposal whereby IL-1 signals IL-1R to upregulate GM-CSF receptors and thereby, the observed responsiveness of dendritic cells to GM-CSF for growth, viability, and function. (silverchair.com)
  • Like many receptors on the cell surface, the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes are taken up into the cell by endocytosis together with the antigens they bind.1,2 This is surprising because the antigens recognized by the TCR, the peptide-MHC complexes, are integral membrane proteins, which do not Rabbit Polyclonal to HDAC7A normally pass from one cell membrane to another. (findadig.com)
  • DCs detect viral antigens via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including RIG-I, MyD88-reliant, and TRIF-dependent toll-like receptors (TLRs), Etoposide that leads to the creation of type I IFN and effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) function (6C8). (woofahs.com)
  • Bacteria can release endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other pathogenicity factors such as lipopoteins/peptides (LP) from their cell envelope, even due to treatment with conventional antibiotics, being able to activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and induce a strong inflammatory response. (nature.com)
  • The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
  • MHC class II receptors display antigens for recognition by helper T cells (stimulate development of B cell clones) and inflammatory T cells (cause the release of lymphokines that attract other cells to site of infection) ( PUBMED:15120183 ). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) glycoproteins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors that function to present antigen peptide fragments to T cells responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • This interaction is crucial to determine the isotype of Abs produced by B cells and the pattern of cytokines secreted by predominantly the T helper (Th) 2 cells such as Interleukin (IL)-4 [1]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro data have demonstrated that hormones could stimulate the individual cytokines level and the antibody production [11-14]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The innate immune response by myeloid cells occurs as a succession of events starting at signaling through cytosolic or surface PRRs, followed by effector responses including the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antibacterial peptides and degranulation ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Pathogen clearance is mediated by mechanisms such as phagocytosis, respiratory burst with the production of ROS and RNS and release of bacteriostatic peptides, but also through the cell-extrinsic initiation of inflammation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Cytokines are somewhat like hormones, in that they can be generated at one site and travel through the bloodstream to stimulate an action at a distant site. (oncolink.org)
  • These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
  • We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • We now find that CD25 + CD4 + T cells can proliferate in the absence of added cytokines in culture and in vivo when stimulated by antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs), especially mature DCs. (rockefeller.edu)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • M1, "classically activated," pro-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
  • M2 "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated predominantly by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In LPS-stimulated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and Langerhans-like cells, the peptides blocked IL-6 secretion, downregulated expression of maturation markers and inhibited dendritic cell migration. (nature.com)
  • Used together these results provide direct proof that myeloma plasma cells exhibit idiotype peptides-MHC substances on their surface area and are vunerable to idiotype-specific T-cell-mediated lysis. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. (frontiersin.org)
  • The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Once activated, CTLs play a crucial role in the clearance of pathogens and tumor cells. (peprotech.com)
  • It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy takes on critical functions in innate immunity, like the clearance of cytoplasmic pathogens (14), delivery of viral antigen to endosomal TLRs (14), as well as the launching of antigen onto MHC substances for T cell demonstration (15, 16). (woofahs.com)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Hence, myeloid cells play a dual role in cancer as they can initiate antitumor responses and communicate with cells of the adaptive immune system, but also promote local inflammation leading to chronic cancer-associated inflammation ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In otherwise healthy CMV-infected individuals, CMV persists in a state of clinical latency, its replication and pathogenesis kept in check by the host adaptive immune response involving both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells ( 2 , 3 ). (aai.org)
  • Efti is Immutep's proprietary soluble LAG-3 protein and MHC Class II agonist that stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity for the treatment of cancer. (kdvr.com)
  • Efti is Immutep's proprietary soluble LAG-3 clinical stage candidate that is a first-in-class antigen presenting cell (APC) activator that stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity for the treatment of cancer. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • Introduction T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are the 2 main cell types responsible for the adaptive immune response in vertebrates. (findadig.com)
  • Antigen recognition results in activation of the lymphocytes, the acquisition of their effector functions, and their cooperation with other cell types in the course of the adaptive immune response. (findadig.com)
  • The acquisition of antigen by B cells is a central process of adaptive immunity that has been known for decades. (findadig.com)
  • During RSV contamination, pulmonary dendritic cells (DC) travel innate immune system responses that immediate the resultant adaptive immune system response. (woofahs.com)
  • It is also involved in MHC I-restricted antigens catalyzing disulfide bond reduction in fishes' adaptive immunity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, the innate immunity or adaptive immunity is stimulated leading to regulation and inhibition of tumor growth. (thno.org)
  • Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
  • We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • The cells that die via necrosis release preserved intracellular organelles, antigens, and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as DNA and heat shock proteins (HSPs) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human CMV infection is controlled by T cell-mediated immunity and in immunosuppressed transplant patients it is associated with acute allograft rejection as well as chronic allograft vasculopathy. (aai.org)
  • One of the IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous programs is associated with IFN-inducible GTPases, such as p47 immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) ( Kim et al, 2012 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Loading DCs ex vivo with tumor antigens can stimulate potent antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. (nova.edu)
  • Immunization with mRNA-transfected DCs is a promising strategy to stimulate potent antitumor immunity and could serve as a foundation for developing effective treatments for cancer. (nova.edu)
  • a Mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses (OVs) stimulate antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B lymphocytes, named after their site of origin in the bursa of Fabricius in birds or in the bone marrow in humans, form the basis for humoral immunity by their production of immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)
  • Cryoablation utilizes expanding argon gas to induce a freeze-thaw cycle in targeted lesions that results in necrotic cell death in a small radius around the probe. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic-tumor cell hybrids induce tumor-specific immune responses more effectively than the simple mixture of dendritic and tumor cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we compared DC-tumor cell hybrids with the non-fused mixture of DC and tumor cells directly in their ability to induce a specific immune response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Determined by its ability to induce plate adhesion of PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells. (peprotech.com)
  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, the processed bovine, porcine and equine samples did not induce significant activation of cells of the innate immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, only hybrids stimulated CTLs to produce IFN-γ in response to CMV-positive target cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • With a regular 51chromium-release assay our outcomes demonstrated that idiotype-specific CTLs not merely known and lysed autologous idiotype-pulsed DCs but also considerably killed autologous major myeloma cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • The CTLs got solid cytotoxic activity against autologous tumor lysate-pulsed DCs and major myeloma cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Myeloma-specific CTLs may also be propagated and induced through the use of myeloma-DC fusion cells as antigen-presenting cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Myeloma-specific CTLs could possibly be generated by rousing T cells with alternatively. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
  • METHODS: Hybrids were obtained by electrofusion of tumor cells and monocyte-derived DCs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Blood monocyte-derived DCs (B-DCs), as one group of myeloid DCs, can be generated by incubation of monocytes that are isolated from PBMCs with exogenous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 6-7 days [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD4 + TIL demonstrated an effector T cell response with cytotoxicity toward autologous tumor in a major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent manner. (bmj.com)
  • In this study, we confirm that purified CD4 + T cells from CMV + donors are activated by allogeneic CMV-infected EC, but find that the response is dependent upon copurified APC expressing class II MHC that are autologous to the T cells. (aai.org)
  • UNLABELLED: This is a phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccination with mature autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed ex vivo with a liver tumor cell line lysate (HepG2) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: Autologous DC vaccination in patients with HCC is safe and well tolerated with evidence of antitumor efficacy assessed radiologically and serologically, with generation of antigen-specific immune responses in some cases. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Residual autologous T cells are usually emerging from partial thymic maturation impairment such as in the case of Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) deficiency. (hindawi.com)
  • The striking observation from two phase I clinical trials, in patients with prostate cancer immunized with prostate-specific antigen mRNA-transfected DCs and patients with renal cancer immunized with autologous tumor RNA-transfected DCs, was that the majority of patients exhibited a vaccine-induced T-cell response. (nova.edu)
  • Expanded T cells are screened in stimulations with pathogen proteins in the presence of autologous PBMC as antigen-presenting cells (APC). (antigendiscovery.com)
  • After repeated rounds of T-cell excitement with idiotype-pulsed autologous DCs idiotype-specific T-cell lines which contains both Compact disc4+ and Compact disc8+ T cells had been produced and propagated through the peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of myeloma sufferers. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Idiotype-specific proliferative replies were noticed when these T cells had been rechallenged using the autologous however not allogeneic idiotype-pulsed DCs. (tech-strategy.org)
  • These cell lines proliferated in response to autologous major myeloma cells and DCs pulsed with autologous however not allogeneic tumor lysate and secreted mostly IFN-γ and tumor necrosis aspect (TNF)-α indicating they are YIL 781 type-1 T cells (Th1 and Tc1). (tech-strategy.org)
  • A vaccine typically contains an antigen mixture that stimulates a body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, inducing specific immune responses and memory for long-term protection against the disease-causing microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immune cells abundantly infiltrate tumors, creating a complex environment mediated by repetitive cycles of antitumor responses and immune evasion ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • CMV infects endothelial cells (EC) and it is thought that CMV-specific host immune responses to infected allograft EC contribute to rejection. (aai.org)
  • In several cases there was induction of T cell responses to the vaccine and/or AFP following vaccination. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
  • However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
  • A read-out assay such as 3 H-thymidine incorporation or cytokine secretion is used to identify the targets of antigen-specific responses. (antigendiscovery.com)
  • In this case, the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent immunogenic cell death (ICD) process in OVs-infected cells elicit a range of anti-tumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since RSV enters the sponsor cell cytosol straight through membrane fusion (12), DC activation depends on autophagic equipment to mediate endosomal TLR-dependent cytokine creation and appropriate innate immune system responses. (woofahs.com)
  • The capacity to expand CD25 + CD4 + T cells provides DCs with an additional mechanism to regulate autoimmunity and other immune responses. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The skin comprises various cell types providing the potential to react to bacterial pathogenicity factors and can thus initiate inflammatory responses if exposed to these factors 5 . (nature.com)
  • They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
  • Antigen Discovery Inc. has developed a high-throughput technology to translate any genome to proteins printed as individual spots on a microarray. (antigendiscovery.com)
  • Proteins encoded by the cloned ORF plasmids are expressed using a cell free in vitro transcription/ translation ("IVTT") system. (antigendiscovery.com)
  • To improve the immunogenicity of idiotype proteins we utilized dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen-presenting cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
  • MHC II proteins present peptide antigens that originate extracellularly from foreign bodies such as bacteria. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Proteins from the pathogen are degraded into peptide fragments within the APC, which sequesters these fragments into the endosome so they can bind to MHC class II proteins, before being transported to the cell surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • However, both present peptide fragments rather than entire proteins to T cells, and are required to mount an immune response. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
  • Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To examine whether idiotype-specific T cells can understand and eliminate myeloma cells we produced idiotype-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines from myeloma sufferers 42. (tech-strategy.org)
  • To verify the nonlymphoid nature of dendritic cells, we made an initial search for rearrangements in T cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes and none were found. (silverchair.com)
  • In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
  • Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • The production of these auto-Abs requires a preceding interaction between B and antigen-specific T helper lymphocytes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • As dramatically demonstrated in AIDS patients, without helper T cells we cannot defend ourselves even against many microbes that are normally harmless. (nih.gov)
  • Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
  • To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
  • The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • The anti-PD-L1 IgG1 isotype, which is capable of mediating ADCC, was also able to recruit human NK cells to the tumor site in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Some authors have referred to this ability of cryotherapy to load dendritic cells as producing an "in-vivo dendritic cell vaccine" [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro, CD4 + T cells from CMV-positive donors (but not CMV-negative donors) are readily activated by CMV-infected allogeneic EC, although it is unclear how allogeneic CMV-infected EC activate self-class II MHC-restricted memory CD4 + T cells. (aai.org)
  • A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Naive T-cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, mononuclear cells isolated from lung (L-MCs), which are used as precursors for L-DCs, expressed more antigen-presenting cell-associated markers such as MHC class II and CD172α compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD27 signaling stimulates naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes to differentiate into Th1 cells by activation the transcription factor T-bet. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD70 reverse signaling activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and MAP kinase signaling pathways, leading to the activation of various transcription factors and the expression of genes involved in cell growth and survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphocyte activation / Lymphocyte effector functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic cell state of activation can be assessed by transcriptome analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the new emerging mechanisms associated with the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and other tumors is the immune checkpoint pathway, which consists of cellular interactions that prevent excessive activation of T cells under normal conditions. (oncotarget.com)
  • We are pioneers in the understanding and advancement of therapeutics related to Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3), and our diversified product portfolio harnesses its unique ability to stimulate or suppress the immune response. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
  • Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
  • The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • The ability of OVs to selectively infect tumor cells is mainly associated with the disruption of type-I interferon pathway, which represents the first line of defense against viral infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An important pathway for immune tolerance is provided by thymic-derived CD25 + CD4 + T cells that suppress other CD25 - autoimmune disease-inducing T cells. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The expansion of CD25 + CD4 + T cells stops by day 5, in the absence or presence of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2, whereas CD25 - CD4 + T cells continue to grow. (rockefeller.edu)
  • DCs also can expand CD25 + CD4 + T cells in the absence of specific antigen but in the presence of exogenous IL-2. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IImolecules is to present processed antigens, which are derived primarilyfrom exogenous sources, to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • We characterized the role of IRG protein Irgb6 in the cell-autonomous response against T. gondii , which involves vacuole ubiquitination and breakdown. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • ADI uses the same high-throughput cloning and cell-free in vitro transcription and translation methodology employed in the manufacture of protein microarrays (described here ). (antigendiscovery.com)
  • We also observed that expression of Cp protein in mouse muscle resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Targeting METTL3 by single-guide RNA, nanoparticle small interfering RNA (siRNA), or pharmacological inhibitor (STM2457) in combination with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) synergized to reinvigorate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and mediate tumor regression. (bvsalud.org)
  • After induction with lipopolysaccharide, the expression of tsGILT mRNA was upregulated in spleen and kidney and recombinant tsGILT protein transferred to late endosomes and lysosomes in HeLa cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The process of immune response to bacteria challenge needs GILT to catalyze the reduction of disulfide bond and unfolding native protein antigens, promoting their hydrolysis by proteases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
  • Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • Conclusions Despite methods which often focus on CD8+T cells, our study supports the importance of prospective identification of neoantigen-specific CD4 + T cells within TIL products as they are a potent source of tumor-specific effectors. (bmj.com)
  • DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, with the capacity to take up, process, and present tumor antigens to T cells and stimulate an immune response, thus providing a rational platform for vaccine development. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells capable of activating naïve T cells. (nova.edu)
  • Wpep-DGL/Pt showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 cells tumor-bearing nude mice with a deficient immune system, demonstrating targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and the resultant cytotoxicity. (thno.org)
  • B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
  • The latter includes patients with autoreactive clonal expanded T cell and patients with alloreactive transplacentally maternal T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Background Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach for patients with advanced solid tumors. (bmj.com)
  • In addition to TAMs, solid tumors are also infiltrated by immunosuppressive, immature myeloid progenitor cells, commonly referred to as monocytic or polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M/PMN-MDSC) ( 11 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The expression of PD-L1 and Ki67 in the tumors decreased and an increase in granzyme B levels was found in CAR T cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • By destroying readily accessible tumors, ablative therapies make tumor antigens available as an in-situ cancer vaccine which can lead to the initiation of a systemic antitumor immune response that can affect and potentially eliminate occult, metastatic tumors [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, in immunocompetent mice bearing 4T1 cells tumors, Wpep-DGL/Pt activated immune cells and induced cell death proving their dual function of chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory efficacy. (thno.org)
  • Without limitation, some embodiments comprise methods, systems, and/or compositions relating to microRNAs and/or cell based therapies and the use of the same in the research, diagnosis, or treatment of injury or disease. (justia.com)
  • These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Immune function refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy foreign invading foreign bodies (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and to remove senescent, damaged, dead and mutated cells as a mechanism of resistance to disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The heterokaryons produced by cancer-DC fusion cells combine the equipment needed for immune system stimulation YIL 781 with display of a big repertoire of antigens. (tech-strategy.org)
  • Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • MHC class II moleculesthereby are critical for the initiation of the antigen-specific immuneresponse. (embl-heidelberg.de)