Dendritic cell pathogen and presentation of antigens antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
Constitutive expression of MHCclass II molecules is confined to professional antigen-presenting cells(APC) of the immune system, and in nonprofessional APCs MHC class IImolecules can be induced by a variety of immune regulators. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have multiple subpopulations with different phenotypes and immune functions. (biomedcentral.com)
These professional antigen-presenting cells are able to discriminate unmodified self from non-self thanks to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll like Receptors (TLR) and Scavenger Receptors (SR). SR were originally identified by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins and microorganisms but also particles and TLR agonists. (biomedcentral.com)
DC are professional antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
MHC-II molecules present antigenic peptides internalized by professional antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, or T lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

Antigens are taken up by antigen- presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and processed into peptides which are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to T cells via clonotypic T cell receptors (TCRs). (jontristermd.com)
Cytolytic T cells (Tc, activated by MHC Class I on APC) can directly lyse a target, while T helper cells (Th, activated by MHC class II) release cytokines that can have direct effects or can activate macrophages, monocytes and B cells. (jontristermd.com)
As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
Class II MHC glycoproteins are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC), including macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
The function of LPX is to protect from extracellular ribonucleases, mediate the efficient uptake of RNA and its expression of the encoded antigen (by DC population and macrophages) in various lymphoid compartment. (modernloveok.com)
RNA-LPX causes the release of interferon-a by macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (modernloveok.com)
MHC class II molecules are found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
The innate immune system is the "first line of defense" against pathogens and includes macrophages and dendritic cells that function in part to present antigens to the cells in the adaptive immune system. (mhmedical.com)
In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
DEP exert immunoregulatory functions through their first action on resident cells in the lung including macrophages, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
Whereas alveolar macrophages mainly reside in the alveolar region of the lung, immature myeloid DC (mDC) constitute a dense network in close proximity to airway epithelial cells [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophages and monocytes take a portion of the debris left over from the digestion of a pathogen and provide that as antigens to the adaptive immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
This ability is not only present in macrophages but B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells as well. (microbiologytext.com)
Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells that can engulf and destroy microbes and also secrete cytokines and chemokines to modulate inflammation and immunity. (stemcelldaily.com)
They also secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) that enhance the activity of macrophages and other immune cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Th cells secrete cytokines that regulate the activation and differentiation of other immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, NK cells, and Tc cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
SL is an antigen-dependent process and requires the collaboration of antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), CD4 + T lymphocytes, and different cytokines. (medscape.com)

Surprisingly, efficient CTL-mediated DC killing that completely prevented the accumulation of injected DCs in the lymph nodes did not abolish T cell proliferation, indicating that other antigen presenting cells (APCs) were inducing the residual T cell proliferation when the antigen-bearing DCs were eliminated by CTLs. (wgtn.ac.nz)
The objective of the current study was to use so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) to deliver a live bacterial vaccine to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the purpose of stimulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted CD8 T-cell responses. (bvsalud.org)
Antigens released from damaged tissue are taken up by APCs, and this initiates a self-specific immune response. (jontristermd.com)
These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
A. The linear model describes the activation of naïve T-cells by the presentation of antigen-peptide on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the antigen presenting cells (APCs) during the contraction phase of a T-cell response. (flowmetric.com)
Whereas B cells recognize native, unprocessed antigens IRAK inhibitor 3 using their B-cell receptor (BCR), T cells recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (findadig.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized and efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (mhmedical.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs able to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens. (aai.org)
They are extremely versatile APCs involved in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immunity ( 1 ), but also in the differentiation of regulatory T cells ( 2 ) required for the maintenance of self-tolerance. (aai.org)
Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)

In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
The main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IImolecules is to present processed antigens, which are derived primarilyfrom exogenous sources, to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
DCs are able to activate T lymphocytes (capture, process, present antigen), activate B cells and are associated in the amplification of innate immune response (e.g. activation of natural killer cells). (modernloveok.com)
3Structure of DCs (including antigen presenting to T cells):As shown in figure 1, dendritic cells are often rounded with reinform nuclei and a few or sometimes no dendrites.They can initiate adaptive immune response by presenting Pathogenic antigens to B or T lymphocytes. (modernloveok.com)
Introduction T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are the 2 main cell types responsible for the adaptive immune response in vertebrates. (findadig.com)
Antigen recognition results in activation of the lymphocytes, the acquisition of their effector functions, and their cooperation with other cell types in the course of the adaptive immune response. (findadig.com)
Like many receptors on the cell surface, the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes are taken up into the cell by endocytosis together with the antigens they bind.1,2 This is surprising because the antigens recognized by the TCR, the peptide-MHC complexes, are integral membrane proteins, which do not Rabbit Polyclonal to HDAC7A normally pass from one cell membrane to another. (findadig.com)
The adaptive arm of the immune system is mediated by lymphocytes and responds with higher specificity to pathogens. (mhmedical.com)
Key cells of the adaptive immune system are helper T cells (T H ) that express a marker known as CD4, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that are distinguished by the CD8 marker, and B cells that produce antibodies. (mhmedical.com)
Describe the actions of B lymphocytes when exposed to antigen. (microbiologytext.com)
The epidermis also contains other types of cells that contribute to skin defense, such as melanocytes that produce melanin to protect against ultraviolet radiation, Langerhans cells that act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity, and intraepidermal lymphocytes that are mostly T cells that recognize and eliminate infected or abnormal cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells, which are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells without prior sensitization. (stemcelldaily.com)
B cells and plasma cells, which are antibody-producing lymphocytes that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens or their products and neutralize them or mark them for destruction by other immune mechanisms. (stemcelldaily.com)
CD11c is expressed by dendritic cells, a subset of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and some activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
The goal of vaccination is to induce immunity against pathogens and cancer cells by stimulating antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or B cells. (biomedcentral.com)

That is, despite multiple allelic variations of MHC molecules and multiple peptides presented on antigen presenting cells, the immune response is skewed to only specific combinations of the two. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, can have up to six different types of MHC molecules for antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
According to the current view, damage-associated molecules released by infected or injured cells, or secreted by innate immune cells generate danger signals activating an immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4 + ("helper") cells as well as CD8 + ("cytotoxic") T cells . (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
class II molecules present exogenously derived antigenic peptides (~15 amino acids) to helper T cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Besides antigen presentation, growing evidence is showing thatligation of MHC class II molecules also activates intracellular signalingpathways, frequently leading to apoptosis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Interestingly,activated T cells from many species, with the exception of mice,synthesize and express MHC class II molecules at their cell surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Upon antigen recognition, the B cell internalizes the antigen, processes IRAK inhibitor 3 it into protein fragments, and presents these peptides bound to MHC class II molecules on its own surface. (findadig.com)
This ensures that only properly folded MHC class II molecules are transported to the cell surface. (tutorialspoint.com)
MHC class II molecules are essential for the presentation of exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
These molecules present peptides derived from extracellular proteins to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex through their T cell receptors (TCRs). (tutorialspoint.com)
Different properties such as the efficient Ag processing machinery, the high levels of expression of costimulatory molecules and peptide-MHC complexes, and the production of cytokines contribute in making DCs potent stimulators of naive T cell responses. (aai.org)
Initiation and regulation of immune responses in humans involves recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen variation in pathogens and tumor antigens, and extensive polymorphism of HLA molecules increase the number of targets for screening studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Full overlapping studies of four antigens identified binding affinity of 103 peptides to seven common HLA-DR molecules (DRB1*0101, 0301, 0401, 0701, 1101, 1301, and 1501). (biomedcentral.com)
CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on infected cells or cancer cells and kill them. (biomedcentral.com)
B cells produce antibodies that specifically recognize pathogen- or cancer related molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Both these processes are initiated and regulated by T-helper (Th) cells that recognize antigenic peptides presented by MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
The B-cell receptor is formed from the noncovalent association between surface IgM or IgD and 2 transmembrane proteins, IgA and immunoglobulin B. The presence of CD22 and CD19/CD21 on the cell surface, playing the role of coreceptorlike molecules, is necessary for the activation of the receptor. (medscape.com)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

If an epitope binds very strongly to a B cell BCR, it will then subsequently bind with high affinity to the resultant antibodies produced by that B cell upon activation. (wikipedia.org)
These antibodies then out-compete the BCR for the epitope, and thus that B cell lineage will be unavailable for subsequent stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Conventional vaccines are very efficient in the prevention of bacterial infections caused by extracellular pathogens due to effective stimulation of pathogen-specific antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, considering that intracellular surveillance by antibodies is not possible, they are typically less effective in preventing or treating infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (bvsalud.org)
Upon receiving signals from Th cells, the B cell secretes antibodies specific for the antigens. (jontristermd.com)
The chronic stage of the disease (day 28 onwards) is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration into the myocardium and the production of antibodies to cardiac myosin which, because of the absence of virus, argues for autoim- munity as the pathophysiological mechanism at this stage of disease. (jontristermd.com)
The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
This peptide-MHC complex IRAK inhibitor 3 is then recognized by CD4+ helper T cells, which stimulate the B cell to secrete antibodies (Abs). (findadig.com)
Those cells that can react with the antigen then marshal a bilateral response with one set of cells producing antibodies (humoral immunity) and the other set activating a group of cells to attack the pathogen (cell-mediated immunity). (microbiologytext.com)
Dendritic cells maintain the stimulation of B cells so that they continue to synthesize antibodies. (microbiologytext.com)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
Most patients with primary Sjogren syndrome have two specific antibodies: against Ro (SS-A) and La (SSB) antigens. (medscape.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
It has been proposed that the elimination of antigen-presenting DCs by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) limits the duration of antigen presentation, hence resolving ongoing immune responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
My findings shed light on how CTL-mediated DC killing and inter-DC antigen transfer regulate immune responses and how DC vaccine regimens for immunotherapy can be improved. (wgtn.ac.nz)
By discussing the EMF modulating effects on cell functions, we envisage the use of EMF as a therapeutic agent to regulate immune responses associated with wound healing. (frontiersin.org)
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) glycoproteins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors that function to present antigen peptide fragments to T cells responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
CD8+ T-cell mediated immune responses are important in protection against various pathogens and specific tumor antigens associated with various cancers. (flowmetric.com)
They play a critical role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses by presenting exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are central purveyors of both innate and adaptive immune responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
A failure of DCs to mature, as witnessed during HIV uptake, however, leads to attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses and may significantly contribute to induction of T cell regulatory responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
They are also key players in spread of infection via trans-CD4 T cell infection (or in cis), and stimulation of adaptive immune responses in attempt to eliminate virus. (jscimedcentral.com)
DCs express a wide range of receptors for the recognition of conserved pathogen patterns as well as the induction of subsequent immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
A vaccine must at minimum contain two antigenic epitopes: one to induce specific B-cell or CTL responses and another to induce specific Th cells that regulate (initiate, enhance, or suppress) immune responses [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)

Subunits are a textbook vaccine strategy, in which pathogen-derived antigenic fragments (most commonly proteins) are used to stimulate an immune response. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Indeed, Spike proteins induce the highest neutralising antibody (nAb) titres of any coronavirus antigens [7] , making them prime candidates for vaccine development, as they could preclude SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction entirely to halt COVID-19 in its tracks. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
4Role of RNA-lipoplexes in Cancer Immunotherapy:The systematic delivery of vaccine antigens into dendritic cells is faced with various technical challenges. (modernloveok.com)
As all the polypeptide based antigens can be encoded as RNA, RNA-LPX is an example of a universally applicable vaccine class for DC targeting and synchronized induction of highly potent adaptive plus type-I-IFN-mediated innate immune mechanisms used for cancer immunotherapy. (modernloveok.com)
A goal of any vaccine should include the stimulation of a robust effector T-cell response, which over time is translated into a large population of memory T-cells. (flowmetric.com)
This T-cell memory is the foundation of vaccine efficacy to establish immunological memory, resulting in tangible advances in population health. (flowmetric.com)
However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. (mdpi.com)
The vaccine formulations targeting these antigens have caused a relatively weak immune response. (oncolink.org)
Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)

They are exceptionally efficient at antigen presentation and also adept at generating just the right type of T cells in response to a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
Diversity enables an individual to respond to a broad array of possible pathogens, while at the same time generating exquisite specificity to elements of specific pathogens, ensuring a focused response to a given pathogen while minimizing collateral damage to the host tissues. (mhmedical.com)

Establishing and maintaining tolerance to self-antigens or innocuous foreign antigens is vital for the preservation of organismal health. (bvsalud.org)
If this regulation or self-tolerance breaks down, then this provides a window for the development of allergy, being a "disease following a response by the immune system to an otherwise innocuous antigen" [12], or autoimmunity, where the body's immune system targets self antigens. (thenewstandardgallery.com)

More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most DCs in tissues and blood are present in an immature state, but upon antigen acquisition and activation they mature. (jscimedcentral.com)
Immature DCs possess a wide variety of receptors, such as Fc receptors, lectins, and langerin, which allow them to efficiently bind and internalize antigen. (jscimedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells located in the thymus help to educate immature T cells by exposing them to various antigens (see below). (microbiologytext.com)
To analyze the interactions between M. tuberculosis and immune cells, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived immature DCs were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv wild type strain and flow cytometry was used to analyse cell surface expression markers. (biomedcentral.com)
These data clearly demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induces activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived immature DC as well as induces T cell proliferation in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)
Both continue their development in the bone marrow through an antigen-independent process called primary lymphopoiesis (PL). Recognized stages of PL are pro-B cell, pre-B cell, immature B cell, and mature B cell. (medscape.com)

Transitional dendritic cells are distinct from conventional DC2 precursors and mediate proinflammatory antiviral responses. (stanford.edu)
The aim of my thesis was to examine the impact of CTL-mediated DC killing and inter-DC antigen transfer on the induction and the quality of resulting T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
In conclusion, in the absence of inter-DC antigen transfer, CTLmediated DC killing reduces the size of T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
However, in the presence of inter- DC antigen transfer, the impact of CTL-mediated DC killing is reduced, hence influencing the size and quality of T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
To generate beneficial responses, the immune system should eradicate pathogens while "respecting" the organism and tolerating irrelevant antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Noteworthy, in recent years the possibility to use EMF exposure to modulate immune cell responses has been proposed and debated ( 6 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As B cells have high levels of IL-21R, this results in no humoral responses to infection[7]. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
A read-out assay such as 3 H-thymidine incorporation or cytokine secretion is used to identify the targets of antigen-specific responses. (antigendiscovery.com)
The failure of DCs to properly process and present HIV antigens and stimulate specific adaptive responses can prevent viral clearance and aid in establishment of viral reservoirs, two of the main obstacles to a therapeutic cure. (jscimedcentral.com)
This review focuses on how HIV is recognized and processed by DCs, the responses (and lack thereof) generated by DCs after capture, the role of DCs in HIV transfer to CD4 T cells, and the role of DCs in immunomodulatory responses to HIV. (jscimedcentral.com)
Besides, an increase in T cell responses are observed against HspX in healthy latent individuals as compared to active TB patients suggesting its role in maintaining a disease free state in these subjects 9 . (nature.com)
The skin also interacts with other components of the immune system to coordinate effective responses against pathogens that have breached the skin barrier. (stemcelldaily.com)
Type-1 responses are often associated with cellular immunity, where immune cells work together to directly target and eliminate infected or abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or cancer cells. (puralityhealth.com)
Among the cells that participate to innate responses, dendritic cells (DCs) 4 play a central role. (aai.org)

There is a potential for generation of hundreds to thousands of different peptides from the proteins of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
It's in these transition points that the proteins are undergoing many changes, and we can use algorithms, essentially reducing the cell development stages to mathematical equations, to determine recurrence. (stanford.edu)
MHC II proteins present peptide antigens that originate extracellularly from foreign bodies such as bacteria. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Proteins from the pathogen are degraded into peptide fragments within the APC, which sequesters these fragments into the endosome so they can bind to MHC class II proteins, before being transported to the cell surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)
However, both present peptide fragments rather than entire proteins to T cells, and are required to mount an immune response. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Antigen Discovery Inc. has developed a high-throughput technology to translate any genome to proteins printed as individual spots on a microarray. (antigendiscovery.com)
Proteins encoded by the cloned ORF plasmids are expressed using a cell free in vitro transcription/ translation ("IVTT") system. (antigendiscovery.com)
Expanded T cells are screened in stimulations with pathogen proteins in the presence of autologous PBMC as antigen-presenting cells (APC). (antigendiscovery.com)
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode for cell-surface proteins involved in antigen presentation to the immune system. (tutorialspoint.com)
The peptides that bind to the MHC class II molecule are derived from extracellular proteins that have been internalized by the cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis. (tutorialspoint.com)
α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)

However, viruses including alphaherpesvirinae have developed strategies to interfere with the function or maturation of DCs, causing immune dysfunction and avoidance of pathogen elimination. (biomedcentral.com)
After identifying the pathogen the DCs undergo maturation which culminates with cytokine production and efficient antigen presentation. (modernloveok.com)
This can be done either by culturing ex vivo DCs that are obtained from a patient with adjuvant (that leads to DC maturation) and the specific tumour antigens and then the injection of these cells back into the patient or by inducing of DCs to take up specific tumour antigens in vivo. (modernloveok.com)
HIV uptake by DCs is unique in that it does not preferentially drive DC maturation and stimulate T cell instruction, but rather favors viral spread [10]. (jscimedcentral.com)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi , a known DC maturation agent, was used as a positive control and showed a comparable up regulation of cell surface markers as observed with M. tuberculosis infected DC. (biomedcentral.com)
These Langerhans cells undergo maturation and migrate from the epidermis to regional lymph nodes, where they function as potent activators of naive T cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)

This wide range of receptors allows for efficient receptor mediated phagocytosis of many foreign antigens. (jscimedcentral.com)
Langerhans cells, which are skin-resident dendritic cells that internalize antigen by phagocytosis. (stemcelldaily.com)

However, it is likely that only mature dendritic cells perform this function efficiently. (oncolink.org)

However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)

Different from pre-cDCs, tDCs have less turnover, capture antigen, respond to stimuli and activate antigen-specific naive T cells, all characteristics of differentiated DCs. (stanford.edu)
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), the primary pathological marker of PD, can gather in the SN and trigger a neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia which can further activate the dopaminergic neuron's neuroimmune response mediated by reactive T cells through antigen presentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Workflows have been developed for the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells expressing CD137, which can then be used in screens against pathogen protein libraries to identify those that specifically activate T cells (e.g. proliferation or cytokine secretion). (antigendiscovery.com)
This interaction leads to the activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells, which subsequently activate other immune cells such as B cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. (tutorialspoint.com)

We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)

On the opposite end of the scale where BCRs have low affinity for the epitopes, these B cells are outcompeted for stimulation by B cells with BCRs that have higher affinities for their respective epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
Insufficient T cell stimulation by these B cells also leads to suppression of these B cells by the T cells. (wikipedia.org)
We show that T helper type 1 cell-directed CD4+ T cells and innate immune stimulation reprogramme the tumour-associated myeloid cell network towards interferon-activated antigen-presenting and iNOS-expressing tumouricidal effector phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
After antigen stimulation, these cells migrate into tissue areas that are inflamed where they exhibit a strong proliferative response and express and release cytokines that help to eliminate infection. (flowmetric.com)
Recently we have observed that DCs are able to produce IL-2 following bacterial stimulation, and we have demonstrated that this particular cytokine is a key molecule conferring to early bacterial activated DCs unique T cell priming capacity. (aai.org)

5Conclusion:The review above demonstrates the role of dendritic cells in both innate (engulfment of pathogens) and adaptive (activation of B and T cells) immune response. (modernloveok.com)
Describe the role of dendritic cells in the immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
In particular, the role of Dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation of specific T cell immunity to M. tuberculosis has not been clearly elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

By contrast, MHCII expression by RORÎ³t+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and classical dendritic cells was neither sufficient nor required for pTreg generation, further implicating TC IV as the tolerogenic RORÎ³t+ antigen-presenting cell with an essential function in early life. (bvsalud.org)
Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
After antigen uptake, DC rapidly migrate to the draining secondary lymphoid organ. (biomedcentral.com)
In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor, ie, common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after first being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)

This is achieved by the release of specific cytokines from the APC to the TH cell, and the subsets of CD4+ cells are each defined by their unique surface receptors, the cytokines they release and by the types of invaders they target. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
Like TH1, this type of cell produces very potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
These cells produce suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-35, and sometimes, by IL-10, iTregs can induce plasticity of different CD4+ subsets or production of IL-10 by TH cells, thus making them self-regulatory[2,6,9].Treg cells are responsible for resisting hyperactivity of all TH cells, including TH1, TH2 and TH17. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
Keratinocytes also secrete a number of cytokines that may function to induce a local inflammatory reaction and recruit immune cells to the site of infection. (stemcelldaily.com)
Interestingly, the SARS-CoV infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ and IL-12p40), moderate upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) but significant upregulation of inflammatory chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL-5, interferon-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10)/CXCL10 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CCL2. (biomedcentral.com)
These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)

Template:Seealso An antigen-presenting cell ( APC ) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. (wikidoc.org)
Figure 1 shows a dendritic cell presenting a foreign antigen to a Cytotoxic T cell which than leads to a specific immune response. (modernloveok.com)
The immune system not only has the power to respond to a foreign antigen, but it also has the amazing ability to remember it and then act quickly to a re-exposure. (flowmetric.com)

Concurrent with this observation, L-MCs possessed significantly more antigen-uptake capacity compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
While CD4 T cells are by far the most abundant HIV-infected cell, DCs express a variety of HIV co-receptors and lectin receptors that modulate HIV uptake, antigen processing, and trans-infection to T cells, thus contributing to a wide variety of immunological outcomes. (jscimedcentral.com)

The coronavirus Spike protein is a remarkable feat of viral evolution, having developed an elaborate mechanism to bind ACE2 and reconfigure it as an entry point to host cells. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
In addition, the ability of HIV to exploit DC surface receptors or intracellular routing mechanisms to avoid antigen-processing machinery also contributes to viral persistence and promotes trans or cis-infection of CD4 T cells. (jscimedcentral.com)
HLA-II peptide binding studies involve multiple overlapping peptides spanning individual antigens, as well as complete viral proteomes. (biomedcentral.com)

The immune system is constituted by a very complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that through soluble factors and direct cell-to-cell contacts interact among themselves and with cells belonging to other (organ) systems. (frontiersin.org)
He is also creating detailed cell phenotypes and vivid images of cell neighborhoods from CyTOF, Codex and MIBI machines, allowing the visualization of cells and tissues with multiple markers and the development of network models of signaling pathways. (stanford.edu)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
DCs are located in the surface barrier and function by recognizing pathogens in tissues within the body by examining the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of body cells. (modernloveok.com)
Most tissues of the body contain a cell type with long tendrils that wrap around and between neighboring cells. (microbiologytext.com)
Dendritic cells are found in most tissues of the body, projecting their branches throughout the immediate area, they serve to monitor foreign antigens that may exist. (microbiologytext.com)
Dendritic cells in various tissues play a pivotal role in activating the immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
Due to their placement throughout the body and their projections snaking through tissues, they are among the first cells to be exposed to invading pathogens. (microbiologytext.com)

Immunodominant T cells also curtail subdominant T cells by outcompeting them for cytokine sources from antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)
The cytokine profile for this cell includes IL-4 and IL-13 (which induce IgE class switching), IL-5 and Amphiregulin (for eosinophil recruitment) and IL-25 (a self-stimulating cytokine)[1-5]. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
This up-regulates IL-23R (which is not present on naive CD4+ cells), sensitising the cells to IL-23, and causes cytokine production by RAR-related orphan receptor ?t (ROR?t) expression. (thenewstandardgallery.com)

Immunodominance is evident for both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (wikipedia.org)
B-cells , which express antibody, can very efficiently present the antigen to which their antibody is directed, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens. (wikidoc.org)
A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)
In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, and then they differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)

Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)

One of the main functions of the innate immune system is to present antigens to the adaptive immune system to orchestrate a functional immune response. (mhmedical.com)

Whatever cellular mechanisms are involved in establishing memory T-cells, the ability to modulate immunological memory offers great promise across many fields of modern medicine. (flowmetric.com)

Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
Introduction: DCs are antigen presenting cells that control immunity and tolerance. (modernloveok.com)

B cells themselves have surface receptors that can bind surface antigens. (jontristermd.com)

In particular, viruses, bacteria and other infectious pathogens are the major postulated environmental triggers of autoimmunity. (jontristermd.com)

These target intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium spp. (thenewstandardgallery.com)

The upper portion of the female reproductive tract consists of the fallopian tubes, uterus body, and endocervix, which has columnar epithelial cells and is distincted from ectocervix which is part of the lower tract characterized by squamous epithelial cells [ 4 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Within the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) expressing autoimmune regulator (AIRE) have a critical role in self-tolerance through deletion of autoreactive T cells and promotion of thymic regulatory T (Treg) cell development1-4. (bvsalud.org)
The epidermis is composed largely of specialized epithelial cells called keratinocytes that produce a waterproofing protein called keratin. (stemcelldaily.com)
Epithelial cells also produce antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and cathelicidins that kill microbes by disrupting their membranes or interfering with their metabolism. (stemcelldaily.com)

This leads to a greater expansion of the T cells that recognize a high affinity epitope and is favoured since these cells are likely to clear the infection much more quickly and effectively than their subdominant counterparts. (wikipedia.org)
Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (hindawi.com)
Bystander activation' describes an indirect or non-specific activation of autoimmune cells caused by the inflammatory environment present during infection. (jontristermd.com)
MHC class II receptors display antigens for recognition by helper T cells (stimulate development of B cell clones) and inflammatory T cells (cause the release of lymphokines that attract other cells to site of infection) ( PUBMED:15120183 ). (embl-heidelberg.de)
Silver BMcAvoy KMikesell SSmith TW Fulminating encephalopathy with perivenular demyelination and vacuolar myelopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. (jamanetwork.com)
The novel coronavirus has proved to be a capable pathogen, balancing high transmissibility, with long incubation periods and a high prevalence of asymptomatic infection that have made it very difficult to contain. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are both widely dispersed in the body and are potent activators of effector immune response, which stresses their important role in HIV infection [1,2]. (jscimedcentral.com)
HspX or α-crystallin, a 16 kDa protein, is one of the dominant antigens expressed during the latent stages of M. tuberculosis infection and under various other conditions like low oxygen tension, nutrient starvation or hypoxia 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
Henderson et al reported that human monocyte derived DC phagocytose M. tuberculosis efficiently, suggesting a role for this important cell in the early response to TB infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The first line of defense to invading pathogens is represented by the innate immune response that detects and limits the infection. (aai.org)

In the context of innate immunity, 5´-ppp-dsRNA is a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates innate immune response through pathogen recognition receptors (PRR). (riboxx.com)
Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
The helper T (TH) cells in the body are central to all branches of the immune system. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
T cells, which are divided into helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells based on their functions. (stemcelldaily.com)

The rapid activation of effector T cells by antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) is necessary to contain and eradicate pathogens. (wgtn.ac.nz)
Here, we describe a mechanism whereby a small number of CD4+ T cells is sufficient to eradicate MHC-deficient tumours that escape direct CD8+ T cell targeting. (bvsalud.org)

CTL-mediated DC killing prevented antigen-bearing DCs from stimulating naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes. (wgtn.ac.nz)
We uncover a developmental wave of Thetis cells within intestinal lymph nodes during a critical window in early life, coinciding with the wave of pTreg cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Dermal dendritic cells, which are similar to Langerhans cells but reside in the dermis and can also present antigen to T cells in lymph nodes. (stemcelldaily.com)

Together, CD4+ T cells and tumouricidal myeloid cells orchestrate the induction of remote inflammatory cell death that indirectly eradicates interferon-unresponsive and MHC-deficient tumours. (bvsalud.org)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)

In the absence of direct antigen presentation by injected DCs, host DCs stimulated local T cell proliferation but did not induce a systemic effector T cell response. (wgtn.ac.nz)
The objective of these vaccines is to induce tumour-specific effector T cells which can reduce the mass of tumour and that can lead to immunological memory to control tumour relapse. (modernloveok.com)
Around this time, TH2 cells were also discovered in response to extracellular pathogens and parasites e.g. helminths, and these cells induce humoral immunity via immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgE production. (thenewstandardgallery.com)
The ability of the M. tuberculosis infected DC to induce T cell proliferation using 5 and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution technique was also investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Tc cells kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis. (stemcelldaily.com)

In addition, CD4 + cells infiltrating the epithelium can act as potential target cells to initiate transmission [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
The peptides are then presented to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex and initiate an immune response. (tutorialspoint.com)

DCs are very effective antigen presenting cells and have a vital role in coordinating of both innate and adaptive immune response. (modernloveok.com)
Eradication of the threat during the contraction phase results in the loss through apoptosis of the majority of the adaptive immune effector cells. (flowmetric.com)
The adaptive immune system has evolved to respond to an initial encounter with a variety of foreign pathogens as well as a potential secondary encounter with the same pathogen. (mhmedical.com)
In contrast to the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system's initial response to a pathogen is weak or non-existent, but as the host has time to respond, this system becomes quite vigorous. (microbiologytext.com)
To respond to a pathogen, the adaptive immune system must learn to recognize it. (microbiologytext.com)
The mental picture to have in your mind is that of the body taking bits and pieces of the pathogen (its antigens ) and presenting them to certain cells of the adaptive immune system. (microbiologytext.com)

Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This type of cell is polarised in extracellular bacterial and fungal infections[2,3,6]. (thenewstandardgallery.com)

Yet, the effector cell population that is reactive against the pathogen is dominated by cells that recognize only a certain class of MHC bound to only certain pathogen-derived peptides presented by that MHC class. (wikipedia.org)

In contrast, in the presence of efficient CTL-mediated DC killing, inter-DC antigen transfer enabled the host DCs to stimulate T cell proliferation. (wgtn.ac.nz)
Depending on what type of pathogen has been encountered, the APC will stimulate the polarisation of the naive cell to one subset of TH cells. (thenewstandardgallery.com)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most ubiquitous and extraordinarily effective human pathogens, with one-third of the global population being infected. (biomedcentral.com)

Termed 'molecular mimicry', T or B cells that are activated in response to the pathogen are also cross- reactive to self and lead to direct damage and further activation of other arms of the immune system. (jontristermd.com)

This can be in concordance with an additional theory which states that immunodominance may be dependent on the affinity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to the immunodominant epitope. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of immunodominance in B cell activation focuses on the affinity of epitope binding to the B-cell receptor (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikidoc.org)
Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)

Once the pathogen is cleared, most of these effector cells will undergo apoptosis to maintain the balance of the immune response. (flowmetric.com)
The plasticity of these cells allows them to undergo a complete genetic reprogramming in response to external microbial stimuli ( 3 ). (aai.org)

Upon eradication of the pathogens by effector T cells, the immune response eventually resolves, and the clearance of residual antigen is necessary to prevent immune cell exhaustion or immunopathology. (wgtn.ac.nz)
These T cells then developed into iii functional effector T cells. (wgtn.ac.nz)
The CD4+ effector T cells preferentially cluster at tumour invasive margins where they interact with MHC-II+CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells. (bvsalud.org)
The most recent research provides evidence that memory T-cells are generated from effector T-cells via epigenetic modifications, as the methylation patterns that are seen in memory cells are similar to those seen in effector cells. (flowmetric.com)
This results in the generation of effector T-cells or memory precursors (yellow). (flowmetric.com)

High affinity of the peptide to the TCR contributes to the T cell's survival and proliferation, allowing for more clonal selection of the immunodominant T cells over the subdominant T cells. (wikipedia.org)
It was revealed that the M. tuberculosis infected DC induced T cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
These pathways converge toward the activation of transcription factors, resulting in B-cell activation and proliferation. (medscape.com)

Anatomy34

Organisms11

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs132

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Professional antigen-prese6

Macrophages20

APCs13

Lymphocytes16

Molecules22

Antibodies12

Immune responses15

Vaccine9

Response to a given pathogen2

Self-antigens2

Immature8

Responses16

Proteins13

Maturation7

Phagocytosis2

Mature dendritic cells1

Tumor2

Activate4

Functions of dendritic1

Stimulation5

Role of dendritic3

Lymphoid7

Cytokines6

Foreign antigen3

Uptake3

Viral3

Tissues8

Cytokine4

Antibody6

Human leucocy1

Present antigens1

Modulate1

Immunity and tolerance2

Surface receptors1

Infectious pathogens1

Intracellular pathogens1

Epithelial cells4

Infection11

Recognition2

Helper3

Eradicate2

Lymph nodes3

Interferon2

Induce5

Initiate2

Adaptive immune6

Extracellular2

Peptides presented1

Stimulate2

Mycobacterium1

Reactive1

Receptor4

Undergo2

Effector T cel5

Proliferation4