• Data has repeatedly shown improved immunogenicity for nucleic acid vaccines and therapeutics compared to needle and syringe and electroporation delivery. (industryintel.com)
  • FUJIFILM Corporation (President: Kenji Sukeno) announced today that Fujifilm is working towards improving the development of nucleic acid therapeutics by using liposomal drug delivery systems. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • The new research project is focused on nucleic acid therapeutics with the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (Koch Institute, hereafter). (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • The ultimate goal of this research will be to create nucleic acid therapeutics with broad applications in the clinic. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • Evox is engineering exosomes, the body's natural vesicular delivery system, to enable a wide variety of drugs to reach previously inaccessible tissues and compartments, such as crossing the blood brain barrier to deliver drugs to the central nervous system, intracellular delivery of biologics, and extra-hepatic delivery of RNA therapeutics. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • Evox Therapeutics is a privately held, Oxford-based biotechnology company focused on harnessing and engineering the natural delivery capabilities of extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, to develop an entirely new class of therapeutics. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • The development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) based therapeutics for delivery of RNA has triggered the advance of new strategies for formulation, such as high throughput microfluidics for precise mixing of components into well-defined particles. (lu.se)
  • Aera Therapeutics is announcing its launch today, they said, with "a vision to harness its proprietary delivery platform to unlock the potential of genetic medicines. (genengnews.com)
  • ReCode Therapeutics is seeking a highly talented, motivated leader in the screening and development of LNP non-viral delivery vehicles for therapeu. (biospace.com)
  • Ying Tam, chief scientific officer, Acuitas Therapeutics-a biotechnology company specializing in LNP delivery technology from R&D to commercial development-also points to LNP delivery as a significant advancement in drug delivery. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Endosomal escape and subsequent cytosolic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics is believed to be highly inefficient. (lu.se)
  • Accurate quantification of cytosolic siRNA, and the establishment of the intracellular dose-response relationships, will aid the development and characterization of novel delivery strategies for nucleic acid therapeutics. (lu.se)
  • Our team of experts has years of extensive experience in developing nucleic acid therapeutic delivery systems. (alfaoncology.com)
  • ALL recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules or materials that contain these molecules must be decontaminated before disposal. (uwm.edu)
  • The purpose of this Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) is to advance synthetic nucleic acid platforms for the rapid development and iterative testing of active and passive immunization strategies for HIV prevention, treatment, and cure. (nih.gov)
  • The utility and technical advantages of synthetic nucleic acid platforms (SNAP), including their efficacy, safety, speed of development, and ease of vaccine manufacture, were revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus instilling hope that these technologies can be leveraged for the development of an effective HIV vaccine and broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) delivery. (nih.gov)
  • What will the Nucleic Acid Labeling Market Size be During the Forecast Period? (technavio.com)
  • By exploiting this intrinsic property, exosomes can be used to deliver nucleic acid drugs to targeted cancer cells. (alfaoncology.com)
  • The goal of the research is to create revolutionary nucleic acid therapies by combining Fujifilm expertise and the scientific knowledge of Anderson Laboratory to develop methods to efficiently deliver nucleic acids tospecific areas of the body. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • According to Warne, there are multiple examples of enabling technologies, such as antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of cancer cells and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of RNA to treat diseases, including infective diseases. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Whilst viral delivery systems are being developed for siRNA, their application to antisense delivery remains problematic. (figshare.com)
  • Expert opinion: The possibility of using attenuated toxins as antisense and siRNA delivery systems has been demonstrated in vitro. (figshare.com)
  • Moreover, 1% CSE induced only few changes in the fatty acid asset in BEAS-2B cell membrane phospholipids, whereas several rearrangements were observed in EVs released by CSE-treated cells. (izon.com)
  • In soft tissues, phosphate is mainly found in the intracellular compartment as an integral component of several organic compounds, including nucleic acids and cell membrane phospholipids. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The potential of gene therapy for the treatment for chronic and life-threatening diseases has been seen for a long time, but widespread applications are still hampered by the difficulties to deliver the highly charged and large nucleic acid molecules to their intracellular targets. (uu.nl)
  • Our services have a fast turnaround time, low cost, and ensure the most effective LNP to support intracellular nucleic acid delivery in PC. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Areas covered: Here we review the use of attenuated protein toxins as a delivery vehicle for nucleic acids, their relationship to the PEG dilemma, and their biological properties with specific reference to their intracellular trafficking. (figshare.com)
  • In this study, we utilized the negatively charged and FDA approved polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) to encapsulate Notch Intracellular Domain-containing plasmid in nanoparticles. (frontiersin.org)
  • Basic Principles of RNA Interference: Nucleic Acid Types and In Vitro Intracellular Delivery Methods. (nih.gov)
  • Alfa Oncology has launched a powerful PC nucleic acid therapeutic delivery system platform that can produce, modify and characterize a range of delivery systems with desirable characteristics, including viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), and exosomes. (alfaoncology.com)
  • With advances in the production and modification of nucleic acid therapeutic delivery systems, the application of nucleic acid drugs for PC treatment has been greatly facilitated. (alfaoncology.com)
  • We are dedicated to offering a series of optimal PC nucleic acid therapeutic delivery vehicles, including viral vectors, LNPs, and exosomes. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Our services include customized design, flexible production, and careful optimization and characterization of the nucleic acid therapeutic delivery systems, aiming to help customers facilitate the development and application of nucleic acid drugs for PC. (alfaoncology.com)
  • The last line of the paper's abstract noted that "these results demonstrate that SEND is a modular platform suited for development as an efficient therapeutic delivery modality. (genengnews.com)
  • The effect on structure was investigated for LNPs with a benchmark lipid composition and containing different cargos: calf thymus DNA (DNA) and two model mRNAs, polyadenylic acid (polyA) and polyuridylic acid (polyU). (lu.se)
  • Methods for the preparation of a lipid-nucleic acid composition are provided. (justia.com)
  • According to the methods, a mixture of lipids containing a protonatable or deprotonatable lipid, for example an amino lipid and a lipid such as a PEG- or Polyamide oligomer-modified lipid is combined with a buffered aqueous solution of a charged therapeutic agent, for example polyanionic nucleic acids, to produce particles in which the therapeutic agent is encapsulated in a lipid vesicle. (justia.com)
  • This invention relates to compositions comprising a combination of a lipid and a therapeutic agent, particularly to lipid-nucleic acid compositions, for in vivo therapeutic use. (justia.com)
  • Here, we present a confocal microscopy-based method to quantify cytosolic delivery of fluorescently labeled siRNA during lipid-mediated delivery. (lu.se)
  • Intrapartum nucleic acid amplification test (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Reduced delivery efficiency has left the potential of non-viral vectors relatively untapped. (frontiersin.org)
  • This Research Topic will focus on materials as non-viral vectors for cellular uptake and delivery of genes and nucleic acids in order to achieve potential benefits to human health and advance gene therapy prospects. (frontiersin.org)
  • A detailed study of the lipopolyplexes was performed to evaluate its efficacy and capabilities yielding consistent results.The thesis deals with aspects such as gene delivery, RNA interference and vectors used for the delivery. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Non-viral vectors, especially polymer and liposomal based gene delivery vehicles are reviewed. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Viral vectors are the first delivery systems developed and most extensively studied nucleic acid delivery platform technology. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Of particular interest in this dissertation is applying gene therapies to treat or prevent inflammation.We describe a polymeric delivery system for nucleic acids that can be modulated by exchanging polymer end-groups and conjugating cell surface targeting molecules to the delivery vehicle. (yale.edu)
  • Such methods generally comprise providing a cell with one or more precursor nucleic acid sequences that encode two or more RNA molecules. (genomeweb.com)
  • Nucleic acid labeling is widely used by end-users for the detection of molecular infectious diseases. (technavio.com)
  • The advent of the nucleic acid labeling technique, coupled with the development of genomics, has significantly increased the use of molecular biology enzymes, kits, and reagents for the detection of pathogenic events at the genomic level. (technavio.com)
  • The lack of adequate training and courses on nucleic acid labeling tests available for the detection and staging of a disease is one of the prime factors limiting the number of students graduating to become laboratory technicians. (technavio.com)
  • Using proprietary ultra-fast nucleic acid extraction, and isothermal colourimetric detection, the system achieves PCR equivalent sensitivity and specificity in less than 30 minutes from sample to result. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is the preferred method of detection for Mgen . (cdc.gov)
  • The "gold standard" for COVID-19 detection is nucleic acid amplification for use of Ag-RDT testing (NAAT) where viral genomes are detected indicating the presence of the virus in an individual. (who.int)
  • This can enable delivery of gene therapies to ECs, either in vitro as cellular components of an engineered vascular graft, ex vivo in donated human organs for transplantation, or for targeting the endothelium in vivo. (yale.edu)
  • Exosome-based drugs have the potential to address some of the limitations of protein, antibody and nucleic acid-based therapies by enabling delivery to cells and tissues that are currently out of reach using other drug delivery technologies, and Evox is leading the development within this emerging therapeutic space. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • An efficient delivery system must ensure that nucleic acid reaches its sites of action and avoid its degradation by the nucleases present in the biological fluids. (alfaoncology.com)
  • As the most commonly used material for non-viral nucleic acid drug delivery, LNPs can not only protect nucleic acid against enzymatic degradation conditions but also allow nucleic acid to alter its biodistribution, cellular targeting, and cellular uptake mechanism. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Gentle sample isolation is essential to prevent bias against vulnerable cell types while fast isolation is desirable to reduce degradation of nucleic acids. (lu.se)
  • Supported with a strong literature background, this thesis elaborately describes the perspectives of an efficient, biocompatible delivery system capable of transfecting both in vitro and in vivo with minimal toxicity. (uni-marburg.de)
  • We propose further investigations into the antibody-targeted PACE polyplex delivery platform including a broader exploration of targeting in different cell types in vitro and in vivo. (yale.edu)
  • The development of Hydrodynamic Delivery methods allows an alternative way to study in vivo experiments. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that conjugating EC targeting antibodies to the surface of a cationic poly(amine-co-ester) (PACE) nucleic acid delivery vehicle enhances its transfection efficiency in cultured human ECs. (yale.edu)
  • Our delivery platform can offer LNPs with high encapsulation efficiency and greater payload capacity. (alfaoncology.com)
  • High delivery efficiency, low cytotoxicity, maintenance of the PNA biological activity, and easy preparation makes this vector a candidate for a universal delivery system for this class of nucleic acid analogs. (unife.it)
  • Delivery system for the enhanced efficiency of immunostimulatory nucleic acids. (invivogen.com)
  • Since it has not been possible to quantify cytosolic amounts of delivered siRNA at therapeutic doses, determining delivery bottlenecks and total efficiency has been difficult. (lu.se)
  • There are numerous design features in the selection of polymers, for both particle and hydrogel formation that should be considered to achieve efficient local nucleic acid delivery. (uu.nl)
  • Nucleic acid therapy has great potential in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC), either by turning on genes that induce apoptosis or by turning off genes that promote tumor cell proliferation. (alfaoncology.com)
  • The delivery of genetic payloads into cells is a huge barrier to gene therapy and genomic medicines. (genengnews.com)
  • This progress can benefit tremendously from new methods that probe nucleic acid/ligand interactions both rapidly and quantitatively. (hive.co.uk)
  • A variety of novel methods for these studies have emerged in recent years, and Methods for Studying DNA/Drug Interactions highlights new and non-conventional methods for exploring nucleic acid/ligand interactions. (hive.co.uk)
  • To obtain high-quality, functional exosomes for nucleic acid drug delivery, we can offer scalable exosome production and isolation services, as well as efficient exosome purification and characterization services. (alfaoncology.com)
  • This third volume in this series addresses a variety of techniques in catalysis with the emphasis on green chemistry, methods in achieving best energy efficiencies and formulation and characterization properties of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems using nanoparticles. (aspbs.com)
  • The aim of this Research Topic is to report current and future advancements in the use of materials, chemicals and particles as non-viral alternatives for nucleic acid delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Are you using a viral delivery system? (uwm.edu)
  • Non-viral delivery remains experimental, with some notable successes. (figshare.com)
  • Semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
  • These include viral and nonviral methods of gene delivery, transgenic approaches, strategies for the regulation of transgene expression, and modification of the host response. (cshlpress.com)
  • Since most therapeutic efforts have been predominantly focused on pharmaceuticals that target proteins, there is an unmet need to develop drugs that intercept cellular pathways that critically involve nucleic acids. (hive.co.uk)
  • The aim of this chapter is to describe methods for the efficient delivery of unmodified PNAs designed to target microRNAs involved in cancer, using as model system miR-221-3p and human glioma cells as in vitro experimental cellular system. (unife.it)
  • They described the development of selective endogenous encapsidation for cellular delivery (or SEND) by engineering an LTR retrotransposon homolog (PEG10) to package, secrete, and deliver specific RNAs. (genengnews.com)
  • Dr. Sanjay Singh, CEO of Gennova Biopharmaceuticals remarked, "The thermostable mRNA- booster vaccine - GEMCOVAC-OM is delivered by the PharmaJet Precision Delivery System, an innovative and highly effective intradermal delivery device that has the added advantages of being safe and needle-free. (industryintel.com)
  • PharmaJet Precision Delivery Systems ™ provide increased vaccine effectiveness, a preferred patient and caregiver experience, and a proven path to commercialization. (industryintel.com)
  • This, in turn, has boosted the development of other vaccines, particularly in terms of the shift from injectables to innovative nasal vaccine delivery forms. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Once a project is accepted by the Single-Cell Genomics Platform, users must follow sample preparation and delivery instructions provided by the platform. (lu.se)
  • As the messenger RNAs are transcribed and then translated the protein Cas9 in complex with the gRNA returns to the plasmid and creates DSB, effectively disrupting its function and destroying the delivery mechanism," the researchers write. (genomeweb.com)
  • Constructing Nucleic Acid Delivering Lipoproteoplexes from Coiled-Coil Supercharged Protein and Cationic Liposomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nicholas W. Warne, vice president, pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer, adds that, while parenteral administration with a needle and syringe is the gold standard for drug delivery, there have been several successful drug delivery approaches over the past two decades. (biopharminternational.com)
  • In it, they described how retroviral-like proteins found in the human genome form virus-like capsids that carry nucleic acids. (genengnews.com)
  • To date, proteins and nucleic acids have been packaged. (genengnews.com)
  • In the present study, we evaluated the content of oxidized proteins and phospholipid fatty acid profiles of EVs released by human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells treated with CSE. (izon.com)
  • Advantages and disadvantages of liposomal and polymer based gene delivery systems are reviewed. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Fujifilm's liposomal drug delivery systems are created from its expertise in advanced nanodispersion and analytical technologies. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • The drug delivery formulation is also used in its anti-cancer drug candidate "FF-10832", a liposomal gemcitabine formulation, which is being evaluated in a US Phase 1 clinical trial. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • Such increasing use of nucleic acid labeling for exploring disease-related genes and management of infectious diseases is expected to positively impact the growth of the global nucleic acid labeling market. (technavio.com)
  • Nonviral siRNA delivery systems for pancreatic cancer therapy. (alfaoncology.com)
  • The PharmaJet Tropis ® ID Precision Delivery System ™ was developed with support from the World Health Organization, US CDC, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and has CE Mark and WHO PQS certification for intradermal injections. (industryintel.com)
  • In addition, Tropis is the exclusive intradermal delivery system for two authorized novel Covid-19 vaccines: ZyCoV-D by Zydus Lifesciences, and GEMCOVAC-OM by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals. (industryintel.com)
  • Exosomes hold promise as another drug delivery system to address the barriers to nucleic acid drug delivery. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Liposomes provide a delivery system that carries the required amount of a drug to the specific area of the body. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • Evox has created substantial proprietary technology to modify exosomes using various molecular engineering, drug loading, and targeting strategies to facilitate targeted drug delivery to organs of interest, including the brain and the central nervous system. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • Now we're seeing a rise of on-body delivery systems," says Nicolas Brandes, director of global product management, polymer prefilled system and vial containment, West Pharmaceutical Services. (biopharminternational.com)
  • The introductory matter to each chapter includes concise technical and theoretical discussions with considerations for selection of the appropriate system and strategies for delivery. (cshlpress.com)
  • In this research, Fujifilm will combine its expertise in formulation sciences with that of the Anderson Laboratory to develop technology that targets delivery of nucleic acids to specific organs and cells. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • In China, the use of online food delivery services has gained substantial popularity with the advent of smartphone mobile applications and the development of online food delivery platforms. (cdc.gov)
  • The funds will be used to support the Company's development of cell-targeted exosome-based approaches to more effectively deliver a nucleic acid-based anti-infective drug. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • The increasing research and development (R&D) activities at academic institutes and medical organizations is notably driving the nucleic acid labeling market growth, although factors such as a lack of skilled workforce may impede the market growth. (technavio.com)
  • One of the key factors driving growth in the nucleic acid labeling market is the increasing research and development (R&D) activities at academic institutes and medical organizations. (technavio.com)
  • The increasing investment in the development of new biotechnological techniques is a nucleic acid labeling market trend that is expected to have a positive impact in the coming years. (technavio.com)
  • The development of complex formulations, such as nanoparticles or liposomes, also represented a major step forward in ensuring [APIs] are protected within the gastrointestinal tract so they are better able to reach the desired delivery site," says Blouet. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Zinc the investigation period were examined is a trace element required by the organism after delivery for NTD by a gynaecolo- for multiple biological functions, including gist and later the diagnosis was confirmed cell division, development and differentia- by a paediatrician. (who.int)
  • Progress in the discovery of nucleic acid binding drugs naturally relies on the availability of analytical methods that assess the efficacy and nature of interactions between nucleic acids and their putative ligands. (hive.co.uk)
  • Additionally, the invention provides methods of making the compositions, as well as methods of introducing the nucleic acids into cells using the compositions and treating disease conditions. (justia.com)
  • Another set of National Center for Biotechnology Information researchers provide an update on the RefSeq prokaryotic genome dataset in Nucleic Acids Research . (genomeweb.com)
  • No clinical assessment currently employs the basic phosphodiester chemistry found in natural nucleic acids, because of these and other known problems. (justia.com)
  • The colloidal stability of the final formulation was affected by the type of incorporated nucleic acids (NAs) and decreased with the degree of base-pairing, as polyU induced extensive particle aggregation. (lu.se)
  • Arguably the most significant advances in the history of drug delivery took place in the 18th and 19th centuries," says Elham Blouet, head of biopharma, injectables, and specialty APIs, Roquette. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Hydrodynamic Delivery has been used to insert genes in an effort to combat genetic diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • It may also play a role in cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion, and infertility. (cdc.gov)
  • Data are also limited regarding the association of Mgen with ectopic pregnancy or preterm delivery. (cdc.gov)
  • The Committee also assessed the dietary exposure for one group of food additives (sucrose esters of fatty acids and sucrose oligoesters). (who.int)
  • Specifications for the following food additives were revised: magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol and sorbitan esters of fatty acids. (who.int)
  • Here, we detail the steps involved in the rapid, laboratory -scale production and assessment of a versatile, nucleic acid delivery vehicle, known as the lipoproteoplex. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the work presented here we apply the EC-targeted polymeric delivery vehicle to deliver siRNA against IL-15, a cytokine involved the activation of T cells during acute inflammation. (yale.edu)
  • The goal of nucleic acid therapy is to provide a safe and effective treatment for cancer patients by specifically targeting and suppressing cancer cells in the body. (alfaoncology.com)
  • The major limitation of nucleic acid drugs is their delivery to the target tissue and cells, as well as in tuning their expression in cancer cells. (alfaoncology.com)
  • Among the limits of PNAs in applied molecular biology, the delivery to target cells and tissues is of key importance. (unife.it)
  • Gene Transfer: Delivery and Expression of DNA and RNA provides the first comprehensive guide to technical approaches for delivering nucleic acids into cells and organisms and of ensuring (even manipulating) appropriate expression. (cshlpress.com)
  • Approximately 6%-7% of perinatally exposed (i.e., exposed during pregnancy or delivery) infants and children will acquire HCV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies have estimated that chronic HCV infection will develop in 5.8%-7.2% of all perinatally exposed (i.e., exposed during pregnancy or delivery) infants and children ( 13 , 14 ), and curative direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy can be administered beginning at age 3 years ( 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In these systems, nucleic acids are entrapped within hydrogels, either as conjugates or as polyplex particles, for local and controlled release. (uu.nl)
  • Common to these systems is the use of attenuated viruses for 'drug' delivery. (figshare.com)
  • Hydrodynamic DNA delivery is a useful tool for creating model systems for human disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The project will also be advised by Professor Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.,a leader and expert on drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. (fujifilmpharma.com)
  • The compact size of these enzymes may help overcome the packaging and delivery challenges of current gene editor systems. (genengnews.com)
  • six chapters are devoted to applications of nanoscale catalysis, three chapters on focused on energy aspects and four chapter summarize different drug delivery systems. (aspbs.com)
  • With on-body delivery systems, the patients can take the same dose at home. (biopharminternational.com)
  • This nucleic acid labeling market research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. (technavio.com)
  • Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the nucleic acid labeling industry. (technavio.com)
  • Such research studies on genome sequencing and genetics, in turn, increase the adoption of nucleic acid labeling by research laboratories. (technavio.com)
  • In recent years, end-users such as hospitals, diagnostic centers, academic institutes, and research organizations have been increasingly opting for nucleic acid labeling techniques for disease diagnosis. (technavio.com)
  • University of Texas at Dallas researchers present a scheme in Nucleic Acids Research for limiting how long an introduced gene product remains in a cell. (genomeweb.com)
  • This book covers three important research topics namely catalysis, energy and drug delivery. (aspbs.com)
  • The safe and efficient delivery of nucleic acids is crucial for both clinical applications of gene therapy and pre- clinical laboratory research . (bvsalud.org)
  • Red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) plays a crucial role in oxygen delivery to tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dr Antonin de Fougerolles, Chief Executive Officer of Evox, commented: "We are pleased to be working with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to maximise the effectiveness of their therapeutic drug through cell- and tissue-targeted exosome-mediated delivery. (evoxtherapeutics.com)
  • Acid Drug Des. (justia.com)
  • The first chapter discusses the importance of nanoparticles that can be inter-related between catalysis, energy and drug delivery. (aspbs.com)
  • While a variety of innovations have already impacted the drug delivery landscape, improving sustainability and having the ability to make smaller volumes of drug products still require work. (biopharminternational.com)
  • 3) and finally a protocol for the delivery of a model siRNA cargo into a cultured cell line. (bvsalud.org)