• Depletion of mutp53 through the autophagy or proteasome pathway is considered the most direct strategy to target mutp53 for tumor treatment. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, due to the lack of specific autophagy receptors and the insufficient level of autophagy in tumor cells, targeted degradation of mutp53 by nanomaterials via the autophagy pathway has not been reported. (researchsquare.com)
  • As a result, the NRs effectively degrade mutp53 through the autophagy pathway with complete autophagic flux. (researchsquare.com)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), an independent protein degradation pathway, involves the phagocytosis of long cyclins and protein aggregates in the cytoplasm into autophagosomes for subsequent lysosomal degradation 17-19 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) designates a cellular pathway which targets misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a protein-degrading complex, called the proteasome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since MTM1 can dephosphorylate PtdIns(3)P (25), one might anticipate that MTM1 insufficiency would result in overactivation of autophagy, like the AKT pathway gain of function in cells missing phosphatase and tensin homolog, a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase (31). (careersfromscience.org)
  • In summary, TSN reduces podocyte damage induced by high glucose via inhibiting mTORC1 pathway and downstream targets and restoring podocyte autophagy. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway involving the digestion of intracellular components via the lysosomal pathway. (mdpi.com)
  • Autophagy is a well-conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays key roles in bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulation of FN1 degradation by the p62/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy-lysosome pathway in HNSCC. (nih.gov)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a vacuolar lysosomal degradation pathway for organelles and cytoplasmic macromolecules ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of proteins and organelles, cellular remodeling, and survival during nutrient starvation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When the body responds to heightened levels of stress as a result of intermittent fasting or exercise, the autophagy pathway process kicks into gear. (bodyecology.com)
  • Molecular biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi first started studying autophagy in 1988, and ended up developing the first yeast genetics screen that identified the specific genes involved in the autophagy pathway. (bodyecology.com)
  • An increasing number of studies have found that the process of autophagy is highly selective for cargoes in some cases due to regulation by autophagy receptors. (researchsquare.com)
  • The method along with the CYTO-ID dye allows detection of autophagy particles and can be used for assay development and quantitation of the compound effects on the process of autophagy. (moleculardevices.com)
  • While there are some key steps you can take to cleanse your body , our body also has the innate ability to clean bad cells and toxins out through a recycling process of autophagy in order to maintain homeostasis. (bodyecology.com)
  • Additionally, Dr. Beth Levine and her team at UT Southwestern discovered beclin 1 - a key gene in the biological process of autophagy which helps regulate autophagy and cell death. (bodyecology.com)
  • Following a trail of damaging mechanisms that cause type II diabetes, we find that an important source of protection is the process of autophagy. (life-enhancement.com)
  • these deposits are composed of aggregated, misfolded proteins that are normally cleared by the process of autophagy. (life-enhancement.com)
  • This review focuses on the role of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) in human diseases. (nature.com)
  • Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a lysosomal degradative process that participates in cellular homeostasis by enabling the removal of defective organelles, protein aggregates, or intracellular microorganisms ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The knockout of ATG5, an essential autophagy-related gene, significantly inhibited the NRs-induced degradation of mutp53, demonstrating the critical role of autophagy in this effect. (researchsquare.com)
  • Objective: The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. (benthamscience.com)
  • A critical role of autophagy was identified in rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells: Inhibition of autophagy suppresses, while activation of autophagy enhances, the catabolic effect of cytokines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Actually, recent studies have got reported which the myotubularin-related (MTMR) family Jumpy (MTMR14) and MTMR3 adversely regulate autophagy (32C34). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Furthermore, the mTORC1 activator (siRNA-TSC2) partially inhibited the above beneficial effects of TSN, suggesting that mTORC1 was the target of TSN to regulate autophagy. (hindawi.com)
  • We also provided new mechanistic insights to myofibroblast maladaptive reprogramming associated with defective autophagy and ECM turnover, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction linked to myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis. (uab.edu)
  • Our results yield new alternative interpretations for published experimental data, leading us to believe that autophagy-independent pathways for remnant degradation may exist. (hal.science)
  • The process is highly regulated by multiple signaling pathways and orchestrated by more than 30 autophagy-related (Atgs) proteins organized in several functional units ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Vac8 controls vacuolar membrane dynamics during different autophagy pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
  • Mutations in key genes including PINK1, Parkin, OPTN, TBK1, and LRRK2 disrupt autophagy in neurons, strongly implicating defects in these pathways in neurodegenerative diseases including ALS and Parkinson's. (upenn.edu)
  • The therapeutic exploitation of intrinsic cellular functions including proteolysis pathways, autophagy and lysosomal degradation mechanisms will be explored. (slas.org)
  • The selective degradation of sirtuins via macroautophagy in the MPP + model of Parkinson's disease is promoted by conserved oxidation sites. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Macroautophagy/autophagy involves the formation of an autophagosome, a double-membrane vesicle that delivers sequestered cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. (nih.gov)
  • Experimental research found a markedly decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin-1, Atg12-Atg5, and LC3-II in a diabetic mouse model and in a high glucose-induced podocyte injury model [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Non-autophagy Role of Atg5 and NBR1 in Unconventional Secretion of IL-12 Prevents Gut Dysbiosis and Inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Xenophagy requires formation of an autophagosome and depends on ULK1, autophagy-related (Atg)14, Beclin-1, Atg5-12, and autophagy receptor proteins such as p62 (A.1). (frontiersin.org)
  • In agreement with a role for FMT in mitophagy, we show that fmt mutants show accelerated senescence phenotypes comparable to autophagy 11 (atg11) mutants, but less prominent than in atg5 mutants. (lu.se)
  • However, there may be a positive correlation between the level of autophagy activity and fasting for longer periods of time. (bodyecology.com)
  • LGG-1 foci, i.e. autophagosomes, but a large increase at the nonpermissive temperature, allowing us to control the level of autophagy. (nih.gov)
  • Autophagy is a major intracellular degradative process that delivers cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome for degradation. (nature.com)
  • Autophagy is the "self-eating" process of degrading damaged proteins and organelles, as well as recycling intracellular energy to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. (hindawi.com)
  • One of the most studied is probably xenophagy, the selective capture and degradation of intracellular bacteria by lysosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The autophagy machinery targets intracellular pathogens for degradation, modulates inflammation, and participates in adaptive immune responses ( 3 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Ma et al ( 15 ) revealed that compression activated autophagy in NP cells and that compression-induced autophagy was closely associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species production. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Autophagy has a variety of complex physiological and pathophysiological roles, such as adaptation to nutrient starvation, clearance of damaged intracellular proteins and organelles, cell development, antiaging, elimination of microorganisms, cell death, tumor suppression, and antigen presentation. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Half a century ago, Christian de Duve coined the term "autophagy" (literally, "self-eating" in Greek) to describe a process where the cell digests its cytoplasmic materials within lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
  • Starting with sequestration, transport to lysosomes, degradation and utilization of degradation products, each sequential step is also vital to the autophagy process. (bodyecology.com)
  • (A) xenophagy: selective capture and lysosomal degradation of cytosolic and vacuolar pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • C ) Loss of vacuolar acidity activates autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)
  • A few research studies have shown bisphenol Ainduced adverse effects to be associated with autophagy dysregulation, while a few have shown the activation of autophagy to be mediated by bisphenol A. Such contrasting views make the subject more interesting and debatable. (mendeley.com)
  • Autophagy receptors are endowed with the ability to both recognize the ubiquitination signals of cargoes by binding the ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) and interact with the ATG8/LC3/GABARAP protein on the autophagosome membrane, relying on their LC3-binding region (LIR), which is followed by the delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to the incipient autophagosome for engulfment and ultimately lysosomal degradation 20-22 . (researchsquare.com)
  • This is carried out by members of the EDEM (ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein) family (EDEM1-3) and ER mannosidase I. This mannosidase removes one mannose residue from the glycoprotein and the latter is recognized by EDEM. (wikipedia.org)
  • The expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, Beclin-1 and autophagy-related (atg) 5 mRNA was evaluated by quantitative PCR, and the expression of ZO-1, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) I and, LC3B II protein by Western blot. (karger.com)
  • In addition, nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinases and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase inhibitors and TNF‑α were used to determine the molecular mechanism of autophagy during the inflammatory conditions, and only the NF‑κB and JNK inhibitor were found to enhance the autophagy of rat NP cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2023). Identification of potential selective autophagy receptors from protein-content profiling of autophagosomes. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Autophagy is a cellular cleansing process that enables the body to get rid of old cells and damaged protein that it no longer needs and re-use anything that is still good - and then, creates new cells to replace the old. (bodyecology.com)
  • So depending on your goals with autophagy and fasting, the Body Ecology Probiotic Protein Shake contains fermented ingredients, enabling the body to maximize the bioavailability of nutrients - an optimum addition to assisting with the success of a fast. (bodyecology.com)
  • Loss of vacuole function triggers mitochondrial protein degradation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mitochondrial protein degradation is not triggered by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress. (elifesciences.org)
  • The track will focus on emerging targets and mechanisms including protein degradation, non-coding RNAs and stabilising PPIs. (slas.org)
  • Beclin 2 functions in autophagy, degradation of G protein-coupled receptors, and metabolism. (neurotree.org)
  • 1 A new paper 1 reports on how the loss of autophagy along with beta cell expression of IAPP (amyloid islet polypeptide, also called amylin), a 37 amino acid protein coexpressed and released by pancreatic beta cells along with insulin, results in the death (apoptosis) of beta cells. (life-enhancement.com)
  • Relying upon a delicate balance between matrix synthesis and degradation, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen and proteoglycans, undergoes a process of remodeling in normal IVDs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. (hindawi.com)
  • Astragaloside IV might suppress autophagy initiation directly or indirectly through suppressing the oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which further enhances the cell viability and tight junction and reduces apoptosis in LPS-stimulated pulmonary endothelial ARDS cell model, thus exerting its therapeutic function in ARDS. (karger.com)
  • Autophagy-mediated miR-224 degradation and liver tumor suppression were further confirmed by the autophagy inducer amiodarone and miR-224 antagonist using an orthotopic SD rat model. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The top panel shows representative autophagy cells image and analysis mask for PC12 cells treated with an autophagy inducer chloroquine (30 μM) and stained with Cyto-ID dye. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Bacteria induce autophagy mainly via their pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pathogen-induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Autophagy inactivation by PtdIns(3)P phosphatases is normally poorly known but is probable because wortmannin, which inhibits Vps34, also inhibits autophagy (24). (careersfromscience.org)
  • mTORC1 activation inhibits autophagy, and it is considered to be a molecular marker of diabetic nephropathy [ 7 , 8 ], as the decrease in podocyte autophagic activity caused by mTORC1 activation plays a vital role in the progression of this disease [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy can further be regulated by several transcriptional factors such as NFkappaB and TFEB to promote expression of different autophagy genes and thus prolong autophagy activation ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Macleod, K.F. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. (benthamscience.com)
  • Kroemer, G. Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes. (benthamscience.com)
  • However, the autophagy induced by TNF‑α and IL‑1β and the corresponding molecular mechanism appear to be cell‑type dependent. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We study cell biology within the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , researching molecular motors and the cytoskeleton, autophagy and mitophagy, the cell biology of the neuron, and neurodegeneration. (upenn.edu)
  • PurposePrevious studies indicate that breast cancer molecular subtypes differ with respect to their dependency on autophagy, but our knowledge of the differential expression and prognostic significance of autophagy-related biomarkers in breast cancer is limited.Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue microarrays from a large popu. (researchgate.net)
  • Lysosomal degradation of depolarized mitochondria is rate-limiting in OPTN-dependent neuronal mitophagy. (duke.edu)
  • Degradation of engulfed mitochondria is rate-limiting in Optineurin-mediated mitophagy in neurons. (duke.edu)
  • Quality Control in Neurons: Mitophagy and Other Selective Autophagy Mechanisms. (duke.edu)
  • Autophagy and mitophagy in ALS. (duke.edu)
  • The precise function of PtdIns(3)P in autophagy is normally unclear, but research claim that PtdIns(3)P recruits particular effector proteins such as for example Atg18/WIPI (22, 23) and DFCP1 (dual FYVE domain-containing proteins 1) (19), both which may are likely involved in autophagosome formation. (careersfromscience.org)
  • 1 The autophagosome vesicle then fuses with the lysosome to deliver its contents for degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Chloroquine and verapamil treatment increased autophagy levels by 4.6 and 3.3-fold, respectively, as determined by total autophagosome counts (EC 50 values were 4.0 and 3.6 μM respectively). (moleculardevices.com)
  • Our findings suggest a cascade that links lysosomal disease, defective autophagy and epithelial dysfunction, providing new perspectives for cystinosis and lysosomal storage disorders. (uzh.ch)
  • The autophagy receptor Nbr1 localizes to peroxisomes and is likewise degraded by Hif-2α-mediated pexophagy. (uzh.ch)
  • Orthologous to human NBR1 (NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor). (nih.gov)
  • Nbr1 is a novel inhibitor of ligand-mediated receptor tyrosine kinase degradation. (nih.gov)
  • During autophagy-literally "self-eating"-cells deliver cytoplasmic constituents, including whole organelles, to the lysosome for degradation. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, these experimental results do not directly demonstrate that defects in autophagy contribute to pathogenesis of human diseases. (nature.com)
  • The role of bisphenol A in autophagy modulation involved in the pathogenesis of diseases is still debatable. (mendeley.com)
  • Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. (benthamscience.com)
  • Proteoglycan degradation contributing to the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is induced by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we propose a type of 'nanoreceptors' (denoted NRs) that mimics selective autophagy receptors and develop a new platform for targeted degradation of mutp53. (researchsquare.com)
  • Inhibition of mTORC1 by nutritional deprivation or pharmacological inhibitors such as for example rapamycin leads to the activation of ULK1 and autophagy (11). (careersfromscience.org)
  • We also discuss the methods for monitoring autophagy and the roles of drugs, such as chloroquine, verteporfin, and rapamycin, in autophagy. (mendeley.com)
  • In the paper (Rivera, 2014) the researchers report on their experiments with rodent beta cell islets, showing that when autophagy was stimulated by the autophagy-inducing drug rapamycin that (at the dose used) beta cell IAPP content was reduced by 54% ±5.5% versus untreated (no rapamycin) cells. (life-enhancement.com)
  • Autophagy is a highly conserved and lysosome-dependent bulk degradation process. (hindawi.com)
  • The word autophagy, originating from the Greek words auto (self) and phagein (to eat), and was coined in 1963 by a Belgian scientist and Nobel prize winner named Christian de Duve who discovered the lysosome. (bodyecology.com)
  • The lysosome is a compartment that functions as the place where degradation of the cells takes place during autophagy. (bodyecology.com)
  • abstract = "In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), dysregulated expression of microRNA-224 (miR-224) and impaired autophagy have been reported separately. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Hif-2α activation augments peroxisome turnover by selective autophagy (pexophagy) and thereby changes lipid composition reminiscent of peroxisomal disorders. (uzh.ch)
  • And he won a Nobel prize in 2016 for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy, which opened up the path to understanding the importance of autophagy in physiological processes such as the body's response to starvation or infection. (bodyecology.com)
  • Since the discovery of autophagy-related ( Atg ) genes in the 1990s, there has been a proliferation of studies on the physiological and pathological roles of autophagy in a variety of autophagy knockout models. (nature.com)
  • Roles of autophagy machinery in macrophage antibacterial defenses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tissue-specific deletion of important autophagy genes (ATG) such as for example or has uncovered that autophagy has a cytoprotective function by degrading possibly dangerous aggregated proteins and broken organelles (2C9). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Depending on PAMP/DAMP nature and localization, autophagy can selectively capture bacteria, such event is called xenophagy, damaged organelles, and other signaling platforms activated during the infection ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Autophagy is a regulated process of degrading and recycling damaged proteins and organelles in response to cellular stress. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Emerging evidence suggests that multiple levels of mitochondrial surveillance are required, ranging from focal removal of damaged proteins and lipids to full degradation of dysfunctional organelles. (duke.edu)
  • We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. (benthamscience.com)
  • Autophagy and its dysregulation has been found to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, therefore the discovery of novel therapeutic targets along this process has emerged as a promising approach for drug therapies. (moleculardevices.com)
  • In the present review, we discuss the different steps of autophagy, genes involved, and the effect of autophagy modulation by bisphenol A on different systems of the body. (mendeley.com)
  • We aim to explore whether astragaloside IV is effective for ARDS treatment in a lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced cell model and whether autophagy is involved in the therapeutic function of astragaloside IV. (karger.com)
  • Therapeutic induction of Bcl2-associated athanogene 3-mediated autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • The ides of MARCH5: The E3 ligase essential for peroxisome degradation by pexophagy. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
  • DN progression is associated with podocyte damage due to reduced autophagy caused by mTORC1 activation. (hindawi.com)
  • Upon autophagy activation, Atgs, serine/threonine kinase ULK1, and Beclin-1, in association with Atg14 and type III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Vps34, promote the formation of a cup-shaped isolation membrane to engulf the cargo ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The data also suggests that this is an effective mechanism to increase autophagy, prevent premature aging, improve healthspan and promote longevity in mammals. (bodyecology.com)
  • The K63 deubiquitinase CYLD modulates autism-like behaviors and hippocampal plasticity by regulating autophagy and mTOR signaling. (unimedizin-mainz.de)