Defects in primary cilium. Medical search. Frequent questions

Non-motile primary cilia are solitary sensor organelles playing a critical role in cell cycle control, proliferation, polarity and differentiation, particularly of ciliated cells possessing motile cilia [ 3 , 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Based on comparisons with other proteomic studies of cilia, around 75% of our candidate primary cilia proteins are shared components with motile or specialized sensory cilia. (nih.gov)
Coiled-coil domain containing protein 103 is a homodimeric protein that functions as a dynein attachment factor in motile cilia. (auburn.edu)
Ccdc103 defects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos lead to paralyzed motile cilia, pronephric cysts, hydrocephalus, and a curved body axis. (auburn.edu)
FIGURE 3 Images of Xenopus laevis motile epidermal cilia . (xenbase.org)
f) Image showing basal body and axoneme of motile cilia (g) Image showing cross‐section and the 9 + 2 microtubule structure of motile cilia . (xenbase.org)
FIGURE 4 Confocal images of the motile cilia lining the zebrafish nasal (olfactory) pit. (xenbase.org)
Motile cilia (green) create a leftward flow of fluid over the cleft. (xenbase.org)
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome caused by defect in motile cilia. (journalmc.org)
The terminology surrounding genetic motile cilia defects can be confusing. (pcdfoundation.org)
With the explosion of information about motile cilia genetics in the past two decades, it is possible that the name will continue to evolve to more accurately reflect the underlying genetic/functional picture. (pcdfoundation.org)

Heymut Omran, Mary Porter and colleagues identify the nexin link-dynein regulatory complex subunit DRC1 from Chlamydomonas and show that mutations in the human DRC1 homolog CCDC164 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. (nature.com)
Diseases causing chronic non cardiac cough are common in dogs and include chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of terriers, recurrent bacterial bronchopneumonia related to chronic and repeated aspiration or to anatomic disorders such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, and others. (vin.com)
Consistent with their stringent evolutionary conservation, defects in cilia are associated with a range of human diseases, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, hydrocephalus, polycystic liver and kidney disease, and some forms of retinal degeneration. (nih.gov)
In humans, CCDC103 mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetic syndrome characterized by bronchial scarring, chronic respiratory infections, and infertility. (auburn.edu)
Zebrafish Ciliopathy Screen Plus Human Mutational Analysis Identifies C21orf59 and CCDC65 Defects as Causing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. (xenbase.org)
Everything you need to know about primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)! (pcdfoundation.org)
There have been a number of changes that reflect an evolving understanding of what causes the symptoms in what is now called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). (pcdfoundation.org)
Know of a hospitalized primary ciliary dyskinesia patient? (pcdsmiles.com)
Are you Team Yay or Team Nay when it comes to nasal washes for you or your loved one with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)? (pcdsmiles.com)
There are no studies into holistic lifestyle alongside a primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) diagnosis. (pcdsmiles.com)
Nothing is sacred when you have primary ciliary dyskinesia. (pcdsmiles.com)
recessive disorder consisting of the triad of Approximately 50 % of patients with SCD sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus with have laterality defects (including situs inversus dextrocardia and represents a subgroup of totalis and, less frequently, heterotaxy and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). (bvsalud.org)
Congenital defects in mucociliary clearance such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) syndromes may also be a cause, explaining almost 3% of previously idiopathic cases. (msdmanuals.com)
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Ancestral Haplotypes Analysis of the RSPH4A Founder Mutation in Puerto Rico. (cdc.gov)
The Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Patients. (cdc.gov)
Clinical and molecular characteristics of primary ciliary dyskinesia: A tertiary care centre experience. (cdc.gov)
Case Report: Novel Biallelic Mutations in ARMC4 Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Male Infertility in a Chinese Family. (cdc.gov)
Clinical characteristics and genetic spectrum of 26 individuals of Chinese origin with primary ciliary dyskinesia. (cdc.gov)
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Diagnostic Challenges: Understanding the Clinical Phenotype of the Puerto Rican RSPH4A Founder Mutation. (cdc.gov)
Longitudinal Lung Volume Changes by Ultrastructure and Genotype in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. (cdc.gov)
Pathogenic variants identified using whole-exome sequencing in Chinese patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. (cdc.gov)
Clinical and genetic spectrum of primary ciliary dyskinesia in Chinese patients: a systematic review. (cdc.gov)
High Nasal Nitric Oxide, Cilia Analyses, and Genotypes in a Retrospective Cohort of Children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. (cdc.gov)

Alterations of primary cilium structure and function are responsible for ciliopathies [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Defects of primary cilia cause a broad class of human genetic diseases called ciliopathies. (nih.gov)
To gain new insights into ciliary functions and better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliopathies, it is of high importance to generate a catalog of primary cilia proteins. (nih.gov)
These possible primary cilia-specific proteins include EVC2, INPP5E, and inversin, several of which have been linked to known ciliopathies. (nih.gov)
Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)
Any defect in them leads to group of disorders called ciliopathies, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS, OMIM 209900) is one among them. (ijo.in)
Ciliopathies are due to defects in tiny structures - the primary cilia. (ekfs.de)
Craniofacial defects are among the most common phenotypes caused by ciliopathies, yet the developmental and molecular etiology of these defects is poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
We investigated the molecular underpinnings of forebrain and midface defects in ciliopathies utilizing multiple mouse mutants affecting the transition zone. (elifesciences.org)
Loss of primary cilia is lethal, and decreased or defective cilia cause multisystemic conditions called ciliopathies. (sciety.org)
An interesting linkage between cilia and obesity has been revealed by studies of the human genetic ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, in which obesity is a principal manifestation. (inforang.com)
The association between primary cilia and obesity stems from observations in human genetic ciliopathies such as the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alström syndrome (ALMS). (inforang.com)

In both mouse and Xenopus , miR-34/449-deficient multiciliated cells (MCCs) exhibited a significant decrease in cilia length and number, due to defective basal body maturation and apical docking. (nature.com)
OCRL1 has been localized to the trans -Golgi network and various compartments of the endocytic pathway (traffic), where it is found in the clathrin-coated pits, clathrin-coated vesicles, variable functioning endosomes (early, signaling, recycling), and the basal body of primary cilia. (medscape.com)
The cilia are composed of three main sections, the axoneme which performs the sensory or movement function, the transition zone which likely contains over 100 proteins which function to anchor the cilia and regulate transport to and from the cilia , and the basal body which is a centriole that functions as a tubulin organizing center to form the cilia . (xenbase.org)
For cilia growth, ciliary membranes and axonemal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi and transported to the basal body area and then to the ciliary tip. (inforang.com)
Their disruption by knocking-down ift88 and elipsa caused a notorious defect on basal process retraction. (ehu.eus)

Novel mutations in SPEF2 causing different defects between flagella and cilia bridge: the phenotypic link between MMAF and PCD. (nih.gov)
Mutations in the genes associated with Joubert syndrome lead to problems with the structure and function of primary cilia. (medlineplus.gov)
Recent evidence indicates that ciliary defects can lead to a broader set of developmental and adult phenotypes, with mutations in ciliary proteins now associated with nephronophthisis, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome. (nih.gov)
Association of PKD2 (polycystin 2) mutations with left-right laterality defects. (xenbase.org)
The syndrome is caused by mutations of DYNEIN genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and CILIA in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts. (bvsalud.org)

Primary cilia may be crucial in determining outcomes during airway epithelial cell differentiation thus we hypothesised that primary cilia are present in adult epithelial cells and may play a key role in airway plasticity. (ersjournals.com)
Kidney cilia are pseudocolored in green while neurons and epithelial cilia are pseudocolored in red. (xenbase.org)
The protein is expressed in the epithelial cells that form primary cilia. (ericmcmillandesigner.com)

G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and neural tube closure defects. (nih.gov)
In each case, PCP is critical to the function of these cells and tissues, and errors in the signaling system controlling PCP lead to human diseases and developmental defects, including congenital deafness, neural tube closure defects and cardiac outflow tract anomalies. (stanford.edu)
Mouse Intu null mutants are homozygous lethal at midgestation, exhibiting multiple defects including neural tube closure defects, abnormal dorsal/ventral patterning of the central nervous system and abnormal anterior-posterior patterning of the limbs resulting in severe polydactyly (7-9 digits each limb). (psu.edu)

Studies in zebrafish demonstrated defects in cell migration, cell spreading, and primary cilia assembly in the presence of mutant OCRL1. (medscape.com)
FIGURE 2 Confocal images of wholemount zebrafish (3dpf) and Xenopus laevis (Stage 37) kidney cilia . (xenbase.org)
Since then the team have shown that in mice and zebrafish, this Rab28 protein functions in the photoreceptor cell's outer segment (modified cilium). (retina-international.org)

A substantial body of evidence now indicates that ciliary defects are closely linked to the development of various causes of obesity. (inforang.com)

Eupatilin altered gene transcription in retinal organoids, by modulating the expression of rhodopsin, and by targeting cilia and synaptic plasticity pathways. (biorxiv.org)
Defects in these cell structures can disrupt important chemical signaling pathways during development. (medlineplus.gov)
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that coordinate multiple cellular signaling pathways, including Hedgehog (HH), Wingless/Int (WNT) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. (springer.com)
Primary cilia play a key role in sensory perception and various signaling pathways. (ijo.in)
Primary cilia function as specialized cellular signaling organelles that coordinate multiple signaling pathways, including the Hedgehog (HH) pathway ( Zaghloul and Brugmann, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
Signaling pathways implicated in birth defects, cancer and regeneration. (stanford.edu)
Here, we examine the cilia-related molecules and pathways disrupted in trisomy 21 and their in vivo phenotypic relevance. (sciety.org)

Dr. Stottmann and his team seek to understand the genetic basis of human birth defects involving these tissues. (nationwidechildrens.org)
Beulah studies patient craniofacial diseases with a genetic basis and modeling these in mice and the role of TNRC6A in primary microcephaly and CTBP1-ALPL in skeletal malformations. (nationwidechildrens.org)
Dysfunction or defects in cilia are now understood to underlie a number of genetic forms of retina conditions such as cone-rod dystrophy, Usher syndrome and Bardet-Biedel syndrome. (retina-international.org)
Because of the availability of remarkably powerful genetic, molecular and cell biological tools, we use the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, as our primary model for investigating the fundamental mechanisms of PCP signaling. (stanford.edu)
Diffuse bronchiectasis develops most often in patients with genetic, immunologic, or anatomic defects that affect the airways. (msdmanuals.com)

In this study, we isolated primary cilia from mouse kidney cells by using a calcium-shock method and identified 195 candidate primary cilia proteins by MudPIT (multidimensional protein identification technology), protein correlation profiling, and subtractive proteomic analysis. (nih.gov)
The remaining 25% of the candidate proteins are possible primary cilia-specific proteins. (nih.gov)
The proteins produced from these genes are known or suspected to play roles in cell structures called primary cilia. (medlineplus.gov)
Similarly, primary cilia have been implicated in regulation of mTOR signaling, in which Tuberous Sclerosis Complex proteins 1 and 2 (TSC1/2) negatively regulate protein synthesis by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at energy limiting states. (springer.com)
It has been shown to interact with a number of key centriolar proteins and is essential for the formation of primary cilia. (bath.ac.uk)
BBS proteins localizes to the centerosome and regulates the biogenesis and functions of the cilia. (ijo.in)
Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)
However, very little is known about what exactly Rab28 is doing in cilia, how its function relates to ciliopathy proteins, and how its disruption can result in sight loss. (retina-international.org)
PKD1 is a large and complex gene that encodes proteins that function in the formation of renal primary cilia. (ericmcmillandesigner.com)
Together with our collaborators, we have discovered that phosphorylation of Rab proteins completely changes the partner proteins with which they interact and leads to a blockade in the formation of critical signaling structures called primary cilia. (stanford.edu)
The list of obesity-linked ciliary proteins is expending and this supports a tight association between cilia and obesity. (inforang.com)

Although researchers believe that defective primary cilia are responsible for most of the features of these disorders, it is not completely understood how they lead to specific developmental abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
Another potential mechanism is reduced leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons with defective cilia. (inforang.com)

Cilia are microtubule -based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. (xenbase.org)
Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells, including retinal cells. (retina-international.org)

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that senses extracellular signals as a cellular antenna. (nih.gov)
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles present on diverse vertebrate cell types and critical for development. (elifesciences.org)

We have performed the first reported proteomic analysis of primary cilia from mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
Cytokine defects have also been reported in mammalian cell lines lacking OCRL1 attributed to dysregulation of actin assembly. (medscape.com)

The effect of miR-34/449 on ciliogenesis was mediated, at least in part, by post-transcriptional repression of Cp110, a centriolar protein suppressing cilia assembly. (nature.com)
Through studying the 'eyeless' nematode worm ( C.elegans ), Prof Blacque discovered that a protein called Rab28 operates in the primary cilia. (retina-international.org)
Finally, a cytoplasmic GFP-Intu fusion protein efficiently rescues the ciliogenic defects in Intu mutant cells. (psu.edu)
We previously showed that trisomy 21 diminishes primary cilia formation and function due to elevated Pericentrin, a centrosome protein encoded on chromosome 21. (sciety.org)
Ciliated trisomy 21 cells have persistent trafficking defects that reduce transition zone protein localization, which is critical for Sonic hedgehog signaling. (sciety.org)
A potential mechanism underlying hypothalamic neuron cilia-related obesity is impaired ciliary localization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. (inforang.com)

uncovering fundamental disease mechanism and designing patient-oriented impact' this study aims to unearth important fundamental cilia biology relevant to ciliopathy diseases. (retina-international.org)

The elongated cilium phenotype of Tsc1 −/− MEFs is likely due to increased mTORC1-dependent autophagic flux observed in these cells, as both the autophagic flux and the cilia length phenotype was restored by rapamycin. (springer.com)
When more patients were described, the phenotype was expanded to include the renal tubular defects that comprise Fanconi syndrome , and an X-linked inheritance pattern was noted. (medscape.com)

By employing enhanced focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy on samples with optimally preserved ultrastructure, we discovered synapses between the serotonergic axons arising from the brainstem, and the primary cilia of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (janelia.org)
In 1933, Kartagener described the PCD syndrome as the triad of situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and either nasal polyps or recurrent sinusitis, while the description by Afzelius in 1976 of the defects in the ultrastructure of ciliary dynein arms revealed the basis of this condition. (journalmc.org)

Biallelic pathogenic variants in the cilia-associated gene CEP290 cause non-syndromic Leber congenital amaurosis 10 (LCA10) and syndromic diseases, where the retina is also affected. (biorxiv.org)

Figure 2: miR-34/449 deficiency causes ciliogenesis defects in respiratory MCCs. (nature.com)

Planar cell polarity enables posterior localization of nodal cilia and left-right axis determination during mouse and Xenopus embryogenesis. (xenbase.org)

Primary cilia are important for the structure and function of many types of cells, including brain cells (neurons) and certain cells in the kidneys and liver. (medlineplus.gov)
Cilia were stained using an acetylated alpha‐tubulin antibody (Sigma T6793) which labels the neurons and cilia . (xenbase.org)
Acetylated tubulin labels both the cilia and neurons. (xenbase.org)
Mouse models of cell type-specific cilia dysgenesis have subsequently demonstrated that ciliary defects restricted to specific hypothalamic neurons are sufficient to induce obesity and hyperphagia. (inforang.com)
Moreover, defects in cilia formation hamper leptin signaling and actions in both developing and differentiated hypothalamic neurons. (inforang.com)
This article provides a brief review on the mechanism of how ciliary defects in hypothalamic neurons facilitate obesity. (inforang.com)

A mouse model of Down syndrome with elevated Pericentrin has fewer primary cilia in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors and thinner external granular layers. (sciety.org)

In addition, OCRL1 plays an important role in ciliogenesis by modulating trafficking of ciliary components into the cilium, presumably through binding with Rab8. (medscape.com)
Our work reveals that elevated Pericentrin in trisomy 21 disrupts multiple early steps of ciliogenesis and creates persistent trafficking defects in ciliated cells. (sciety.org)

Ta3fl/fl;NesCre mutant mice exhibit defects in the proliferation, organisation, morphology and migration of both neuronal and glial cells. (bath.ac.uk)
Additionally, molecular analyses identified p.R3277C as a temperature-sensitive folding/trafficking mutant, and length defects in collecting duct primary cilia, the organelle central to PKD pathogenesis, were clearly detected for the first time to our knowledge in PKD1. (jci.org)

These results provide new insights into primary cilia structure and function. (nih.gov)
The molecular data linking seemingly unrelated clinical entities are beginning to highlight a common theme, where defects in ciliary structure and function can lead to a predictable phenotypic pattern that has potentially predictive and therapeutic value. (nih.gov)
Primary cilia are eyelash protrusion emanating from the cell surface that function as cellular antenna. (ekfs.de)
Defects in this antenna function in the kidney cause cyst development. (ekfs.de)
Since primary cilia are sensory in that they also help gather information about the environment AND play a role in cell function. (patientworthy.com)

In conclusion, we show that PCP effector gene Intu is an important regulator of cilia formation, Hh signal transduction, and embryonic development in mammals. (psu.edu)
Furthermore, primary cilia serve as a platform for cellular signal transduction. (inforang.com)
Defects in signal transduction is a mechanism contributing to the development of both cancer and diabetes. (lu.se)

Their analyses show that loss of DRC1 results in distinct axonemal defects and altered ciliary beat patterns. (nature.com)
Morphological and histological analyses demonstrate that significant defects occur postnatally with mice developing severe ataxia and hydrocephaly. (bath.ac.uk)

The PCNT gene is found on human chromosome 21, and the same group previously showed that its increased expression is associated with reduced trafficking to the centrosome and reduced cilia frequency, which suggests a possible connection between cilia and ciliary trafficking, SHH signaling, and Down syndrome phenotypes. (sciety.org)

Primary cilia are microscopic, finger-like projections that stick out from the surface of cells and are involved in sensing the physical environment and in chemical signaling. (medlineplus.gov)

A primary cilium, a hair-like protrusion of the plasma membrane, is a pivotal organelle for sensing external environmental signals and transducing intracellular signaling. (inforang.com)

Birth Defects Res, 2017 Jan 30. (nih.gov)
Dr. Stottmann has an enduring interest in the genetics of structural birth defects. (nationwidechildrens.org)

In her presentation on the molecular link between polycystic defects such as retinopathies and linkurl:polycystic kidney disease,;http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/14662/ Angela Wandinger-Ness of the University of New Mexico offered this gem: "There is a connection between seeing and peeing. (the-scientist.com)
Defects in PKD5 are associated with polycystic kidney disease (PubMed:28530676). (ericmcmillandesigner.com)

We further demonstrate that Intu plays significant roles in the formation of primary cilia both during embryonic development and in cultured fibroblasts. (psu.edu)
Sonic hedgehog signaling is decreased and anticorrelates with Pericentrin levels in trisomy 21 primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (sciety.org)

Chicken has been a model species for developmental biology as defects can be readily monitored in embryos. (usda.gov)

The disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with various primary and secondary clinical manifestations, and shows autosomal recessive inheritance and highly prevalent in inbred/consanguineous populations. (ijo.in)

Secondly, we analysed the relationships between primary cilia and clinical, functional and histological characteristics of non-COPD and COPD patients. (ersjournals.com)

Using a newly developed cilia-targeted serotonin sensor, we show that optogenetic stimulation of serotonergic axons results in serotonin release onto cilia. (janelia.org)

The photoreceptor outer segment is a highly specialized primary cilium essential for phototransduction and vision. (biorxiv.org)
Many photoreceptor progenitors presented a short apical primary cilium. (ehu.eus)

First, we investigated the presence and localisation of primary cilia in the bronchial epithelium. (ersjournals.com)

Here, we briefly illustrate how defects in cilia or cilia-related molecules promote obesity, with an emphasis on the central mechanisms involved. (inforang.com)

Here, we will use techniques to resolve the molecular sequence of events in the cilium and how this information is transduced into the cell to cause cyst formation. (ekfs.de)
The primary goal of my work on PCP has been to elucidate, at molecular and cell biological levels, the nature of the signals that induce subcellular asymmetry, and how cells then respond to this molecular asymmetry to orient their cytoskeletons. (stanford.edu)

Enhancing HH signaling by decreasing the gene dosage of a negative regulator of the pathway, Ptch1 , decreased cell death and rescued the midface defect in both Tctn2 and Cc2d2a mutants. (elifesciences.org)
The mutants exhibited forebrain and midface defects by E9.5, which persisted throughout development. (elifesciences.org)
In these mutants, the prechordal plate, an organizer of anterior head development, displayed defects in HH pathway activation at E8.0. (elifesciences.org)
We confirmed that primary cilia were disrupted in talpid2 mutants. (usda.gov)

Eupatilin improved cilium formation and length in CEP290 LCA10 patient-derived fibroblasts, in gene-edited CEP290 knockout (CEP290 KO) RPE1 cells, and in both CEP290 LCA10 and CEP290 KO iPSCs-derived retinal organoids. (biorxiv.org)

Primary cilia are found on many types of cells in our body and play important roles in development and physiology. (nih.gov)

Primary cilia are assembled on different types of human cells depending on their state and activities in response to cellular quiescence where they relay extracellular signals and retract upon cell cycle re-entry [ 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
There are many human diseases that arise from malfunctioning cilia . (xenbase.org)
While I think this work advances our understanding of the trafficking defects caused by increased PCNT and has significant implications for our understanding of the cellular basis of a major hereditary human disorder, some improvements can be made to strengthen the conclusions and improve readability. (sciety.org)

Since primary cilia help detect signals and gather information, this could be the reason why FXS results in issues with neurodevelopment. (patientworthy.com)

This leftward flow activated primary cilia (red) on the left half of the cleft resulting in the opening of polycystin calcium channels. (xenbase.org)

We have found that phosphorylation of Rab10 blocks primary cilia formation in culture and in certain brain regions and we would like to understand how this leads to Parkinson's disease. (stanford.edu)
PKD5 is involved in primary cilium formation (PubMed:19852954, PubMed:28530676). (ericmcmillandesigner.com)

Spinal cord/cauda equina was the primary site at diagnosis for 50-60% of ependymal tumours in adult age groups in contrast to about 20% in children and adolescents. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy25

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Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes16

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Motile11

Ciliary dyskinesia23

Ciliopathies12

Basal5

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Pathways7

Genetic5

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Defective2

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