Defective hemoglobin. Medical search. Frequent questions

People with sickle cell trait have one copy of the HbS gene and one copy of the normal hemoglobin A gene ( HbA ). (childrenshospital.org)
The child has one HbS gene and one defective hemoglobin C gene (HbC). (childrenshospital.org)
The child has one HbS gene and another abnormal hemoglobin gene. (childrenshospital.org)
To prevent the abnormal sickle gene from being passed to offspring, we must intervene earlier, help people understand the danger of this disorder, and encourage testing for the hemoglobin gene traits in at-risk ethnic groups. (medstarhealth.org)
Genetic engineering to repair the defective gene is a hoped for solution in the coming decades. (itmonline.org)
The authors reported improvement in hemoglobin levels and, through studies of RNA, suggested that transcription of RNA was enhanced and the gene defect was somewhat compensated for. (itmonline.org)
It's basically caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene and sometimes when occasions very it can lead to different forms of sickle cell disease, for example, sickle beta-thalassemia and sickle cell hemoglobin C disease. (ukessays.com)
This means that the child is going to make both the normal hemoglobin gene and the defective gene. (ukessays.com)
The technology is based on looking for genetic "markers" which are located close to the defective gene on a given chromosome. (genengnews.com)
Because it has been impossible to determine carriers of a genetic problem, the appearance of a genetic disease in a child often is the first indication an individual has that he or she may be carrying a defective gene. (genengnews.com)
It is estimated that one in 20 individuals in the general population carries a defective gene coding for the disease. (genengnews.com)
People with sickle cell trait inherit one gene for normal hemoglobin A and one gene for defective hemoglobin S. (stjude.org)
People with sickle cell disease inherit a hemoglobin S gene from one parent and another abnormal hemoglobin from the other parent (i.e., hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C or beta thalassemia). (stjude.org)
People with thalassemia beta minor have inherited one copy of the defective gene. (thehealthboard.com)
The cause is a single letter "typo" in the gene encoding oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. (nih.gov)
Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make the iron-rich compound that makes blood red and enables red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs throughout your body (hemoglobin). (fastvit.com)
Sickle cell anemia is caused by an error in the gene that signals the body how to make hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)
The defective gene tells the body to make the abnormal hemoglobin HbS instead of the normal HbA, and this results in deformed red blood cells. (yourdictionary.com)
The error in the hemoglobin gene is due to a genetic mutation that occurred many thousands of years ago in people living in Africa, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, and India. (yourdictionary.com)
Lab technicians expose them to a virus that inserts into them a healthy copy of the defective hemoglobin gene. (foodworldnews.xyz)
A faulty gene causes the body to produce defective hemoglobin that distorts the shape of the blood cells. (jdrugsrx.com)
The defective Hb S-producing gene may have persisted because, in areas where malaria is endemic, the heterozygous sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria and is actually beneficial. (medicscientist.com)
The cause of SCD is a defective gene, called a sickle cell gene. (medlineplus.gov)
People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy, but they can pass the defective gene on to their children. (medlineplus.gov)

The beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule is affected, which contributes part of the name of this disease (there is also an a-thalassemia). (itmonline.org)
In adults, each molecule of hemoglobin is made up of four subunits, usually produced in equal quantities: there are two alpha chains and two beta, while in fetuses there is a slightly different structure, with two alpha chains and two gamma. (fapesp.br)
Option A: Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective hemoglobin molecule. (gyandarpan.in)
This test measures the speed at which a molecule moves in a gel and can detect abnormal hemoglobin HbS. (yourdictionary.com)
The porphyrias are disorders in which the body produces too much porphyrin and insufficient heme (an iron-containing nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule). (yourdictionary.com)
Heme-The iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that serves as the site for oxygen binding. (yourdictionary.com)
A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (Hb S) that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to become sickle-shaped. (medicscientist.com)

In the inherited hemolytic anemias, one or more of the genes that control the production of red blood cells are defective, causing the bone marrow to make abnormal cells. (daviddarling.info)
At University College London , other patients have had working copies of defective genes injected into their eyes, restoring sight to blind children and adults. (afr.com)
It is caused by homozygous inheritance of genes for hemoglobin. (msdmanuals.com)
Patients with this conditions have defects in the genes which contribute to the production of hemoglobin , causing the patient to develop anemia . (thehealthboard.com)
Thalassemia alpha trait or thalassemia alpha minor involves inheriting some, but not all, of the defective genes. (thehealthboard.com)
Sickle cell tests determine the presence and relative amount of hemoglobin S in a blood sample or detect mutations in the genes that produce hemoglobin to help diagnose sickle cell anemia and/or identify people with sickle cell Begin with a small oval and a large circle. (aganbt.com)
Sickle cell trait-Condition that occurs in people who have one of two possible genes responsible for the abnormal hemoglobin of sickle cell anemia. (yourdictionary.com)
Almost all their purple blood cells contain healthy hemoglobin, somewhat than the defective hemoglobin attributable to defective genes. (foodworldnews.xyz)

In sickle cell anemia , the body makes an abnormal type of hemoglobin. (daviddarling.info)
Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin A. People with sickle cell disease have red blood cells containing mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of hemoglobin. (stjude.org)
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that leads to the production of an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (Hb S or Hgb S). Then, use two short curved lines connected at sharp points to form a curved shape above each eye, indicating the eyebrows. (aganbt.com)

Radhika's thalassemia causes her body to make defective hemoglobin , the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body. (cdc.gov)
The precipitation of the hemoglobin in SCD causes red blood cells to become misshapen, impairing their ability to transit the blood vessel and deliver oxygen to tissues. (medstarhealth.org)
When the blood oxygen levels in the body are low, the sickle hemoglobin polymerizes and precipitates in the red blood cells, giving rise to the elongated or sickle-shaped cells (like a crescent moon) that give the disease its name. (medstarhealth.org)
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disease marked by the defective production of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. (nih.gov)
This disease affects directly the hemoglobin-protein in the red blood cells that deliver oxygen-therefore you may notice patients with this disorder may go through a lot of resulting symptoms. (ukessays.com)
As Hemoglobin releases oxygen chemical changes in the hemoglobin is what causes the substances in red-blood cells to change into these rod-like shapes, making the red blood cells look just like a sickle (3). (ukessays.com)
Phosphate is also necessary in red blood cells for production of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which facilitates release of oxygen from hemoglobin. (medscape.com)
The defective haemoglobin (Hb S) synthesized in sickle cell anaemia has a tendency to aggregate into large polymers whenever there is a decrease in oxygen tension. (ndtv.com)
The hemoglobin in red blood cells picks up oxygen in the lungs and circulates it to the tissues of the body. (daviddarling.info)
If there aren't enough red blood cells, or not enough hemoglobin in the red blood cells, the blood can't carry enough oxygen to the rest of the body. (daviddarling.info)
RBCs carry oxygen throughout the body via hemoglobin. (fhiclinical.com)
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a condition in which there is excessive breakdown of red blood cells (haemolysis), leading to the release into the urine of a large amount of haemoglobin (the protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body). (europa.eu)
Mutant beta-hemoglobins are misaligned inside a blood cell and cause misshapen red blood cells at low oxygen concentrations. (jrank.org)
Haemoglobin is the main oxygen carrier in the blood. (jbclinpharm.org)
The presence of defective haemoglobin reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity significantly. (jbclinpharm.org)
Conditions affecting the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and Central Nervous System may prevent oxygen from reaching haemoglobin in an acceptable or sufficient amount (CNS). (jbclinpharm.org)
When the quantity of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the arteries exceeds 5 g/dl and oxygen saturation falls below 85%, central cyanosis develops. (jbclinpharm.org)
As a result, oxygenated Hb S is much less accessible than oxygenated Hb A. The abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) changes in shape and flexibility when an erythrocyte loses oxygen to the interstitial fluid or is subjected to reduced oxygen tension. (fastvit.com)
An insufﬁcient amount of hemoglobin diminishes the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues and to remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. (truenaturalremedies.org)
There is a reduction in cardiac output and an increase in hemoglobin oxygen affinity. (yourdictionary.com)
Poisoning by nitrite (or nitrate after its conversion to nitrite) results in the inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen throughout the body. (yourdictionary.com)
Hemoglobin is the red pigment that gives red blood cells their characteristic color and their essential ability to transport oxygen. (yourdictionary.com)
Iron is essential for the formation of hemoglobin , the chemical in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells. (yourdictionary.com)
These problems are caused by a substance called hemoglobin, which is the part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen to tissues throughout your body. (jdrugsrx.com)
It proves to be the first identified disease caused by defective myoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in muscle cells. (ki.se)
The two closely related proteins myoglobin and haemoglobin transports oxygen in muscle cells and red blood cells, respectively, and were the first globular proteins structurally resolved by X-ray crystallography, an achievement resulting in a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962. (ki.se)
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Thalassemia is an entity involving a collection of inherited diseases caused by defective or absent hemoglobin chain synthesis leading to anemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis. (hindawi.com)
Thalassemias Thalassemias are a group of inherited microcytic, hemolytic anemias characterized by defective hemoglobin synthesis. (msdmanuals.com)
This condition can occur as a result of defective hemoglobin synthesis or trauma within the arteries. (truenaturalremedies.org)

Defects in hemoglobin production (as in thalassemia, sickle-cell disease and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia). (wikipedia.org)
Its treatment with Chinese medicine is of some general interest, in that it may reflect helpful measures that can be applied to a number of blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia, that involve genetically-based defects in hemoglobin and resulting impairment of the blood. (itmonline.org)
The term "anemia" means that the number of red blood cells in a person's blood is less than normal or the red blood cells don't contain enough hemoglobin . (daviddarling.info)
Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders of the hemoglobin chain which may result in anemia. (edu.ph)
In the Philippines, the most common structural type is the Hemoglobin E Disease which is clinically benign but when co-inherited with some forms of thalassemia, can produce severe anemia and other morbidities as consequence of iron overloading. (edu.ph)
Haemoglobin SC (Hb SC): One parent passes on aberrant hemoglobin S, and the other parent passes on abnormal hemoglobin C. Its signs are milder than those of sickle cell anemia. (fastvit.com)
Sickle cell anemia, also known as hemoglobin SS (Hb SS). (fastvit.com)
Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a deﬁciency in the hemoglobin content of red blood cells. (truenaturalremedies.org)
Sickle cell anemia is usually inherited from parents who are carriers, who have the sickle cell trait-a milder form of sickle cell anemia, or one abnormal hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)
For children who are not tested, an electrophoresis test of the blood can detect the abnormal hemoglobin of sickle cell anemia. (yourdictionary.com)
Splenectomy can result in an increase and hemolytic anemia can result in a decrease in glycated hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)
Anemia in newborn infants is noted when hemoglobin levels are lower than expected for the birth weight and postnatal age. (yourdictionary.com)
The red blood cells of individuals with defective or inactive glucose dehidrogenase tend to undergo hemolysis (the loss of hemoglobin through the damaged membrane) causing anemia. (lu.se)

Haemoglobin electrophoresis is the best way to diagnose congenital haemoglobin M. This exercise covers the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of cyanosis, as well as the necessity of providing affected patients with team-based inter professional care. (jbclinpharm.org)
[ 2 ] HLH is caused by a defect in inflammatory signals that results in uncontrolled hypercytokinemia, usually in a setting of congenital or acquired defective natural killer (NK)/T-cell function in the cytotoxic pathway. (medscape.com)

There are several different types of sickle cell disease, the most common types are homozygous sickle cell disease (SS disease), sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease (SC disease) and sickle-cell beta thalassemia (Sß+ or Sß0 disease). (stjude.org)

Some individuals inherit a sickle trait from one parent and another trait such as hemoglobin C or thalassemia from the other, causing Hb SC disease and hemoglobin S-thalassemia. (medstarhealth.org)
The primary forms of NTDT include β -thalassemia intermedia, hemoglobin E (HbE) β -thalassemia, and hemoglobin H disease [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
β-thalassemia is a rare blood disorder in which hemoglobin is improperly formed due to an inherited genetic defect (mutation). (itmonline.org)
Thalassemia minor is a genetic blood condition that affects the production of hemoglobin. (thehealthboard.com)

The modified forms of hemoglobin sometimes remain in silence, without causing any apparent symptoms, like the eight variants found recently. (fapesp.br)
Adverse symptoms occur when over 30 percent of the hemoglobin has been converted to methemoglobin. (yourdictionary.com)

Glycated hemoglobin -A test that measures the amount of hemoglobin bound to glucose. (yourdictionary.com)

The presence of the hemoglobin variants, such as the sickle hemoglobin, can be determined by a simple blood test called a hemoglobin electrophoresis, and most states require sickle cell testing for pregnant women and newborns. (medstarhealth.org)

Inherited defects of haemoglobin, haemoglobinopathies, resulting in anaemia are well known causes of human disease, but defects of its muscular counterpart, myoglobin, have been unknown until now," says Martin Engvall , PhD student at the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Karolinska Institutet and shared first author of the new study. (ki.se)

Hereditary forms are the result of intrinsic (cellular) abnormalities, typically of the erythrocyte's plasma membrane or cytoplasmic contents (enzymes of hemoglobin). (innvista.com)
Deoxygenated haemoglobin and aberrant haemoglobin abnormalities are the two main causes of cyanosis. (jbclinpharm.org)

The same group has also detected another 37 variants - very rare, with one or two cases described in the world - of this protein, predominant in the red cells of the blood: there are about 600 millions of molecules of hemoglobin in each one of the 5 million red cells in circulation through the veins and arteries. (fapesp.br)

Public awareness of sickle cell disease and education about testing for a hemoglobin trait are critical to help reduce the incidence of the disease. (medstarhealth.org)
There are many ways people refer to it, some may call it Hbs disease, Hemoglobin S disease, or SCD. (ukessays.com)
In the US, for example, a woman from Mississippi, Victoria Gray, has had bone marrow cells removed, genetically modified, and then returned to her body so that instead of producing the unusually formed red blood cells that give sickle cell disease its name, they create haemoglobin to deliver her from incapacitating bouts of pain. (afr.com)
If both parents have hemoglobin S trait there is a one-in-four chance with each pregnancy the child will have SS disease. (stjude.org)
Because of the red colour of haemoglobin, the passing of red urine, particularly in the mornings, is usually the most obvious sign of the disease. (europa.eu)
An electron micrograph showing two red blood cells deformed by crystalline hemoglobin into different "sickle" shapes characteristic of people with sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
This disease develops in persons carrying two defective alleles for a blood protein, beta-hemoglobin. (jrank.org)
Hematocrit, red cell distribution width and hemoglobin changes were observed in late-stage disease animals. (ox.ac.uk)
When valine, an amino acid, replaces glutamic acid on the sixth chain of hemoglobin, sickle cell disease is caused. (fastvit.com)
H. "Therapies to increase fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell disease. (yourdictionary.com)
The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in diabetics has been shown to be greater than that of the population as a whole 3-4 , where the effects of periodontal disease in these individuals are aggravated by metabolic and histopathological changes, characteristics of diabetes, as well as vascular changes, defective immunological responses and a delayed process of healing 1,5-7 . (bvsalud.org)

As the RBCs are destroyed, their membrane ruptures, and iron and heme are released from the hemoglobin to circulate back to the liver. (innvista.com)
The heme portion of hemoglobin is of no further use and is converted to bilirubin, a bile pigment, and excreted by the liver in bile. (innvista.com)
In immature red blood cells, heme is the featured component of hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)
Protoporphyrin-A kind of porphyrin that links with iron to form the heme of hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)

Hemoglobin consists of four subunits: 2 subunits called alpha-globin and two subunits called beta-globin. (ukessays.com)
The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. (lecturio.com)

If one partner has sickle cell trait and the other does not, their children each have a 50 percent chance of having the sickle cell trait, and a 50 percent chance of having normal hemoglobin . (yourdictionary.com)

Defective red cell metabolism (as in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency). (wikipedia.org)
Limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) per se , underutilization of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and lack of an easy to interpret and standardized system for glucose reporting are considered among the key contributors to continued suboptimal glycemic control in diabetes patients despite advances in therapeutics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Glycated hemoglobin is a test that indicates how much glucose was in a person's blood during a two- to three-month window beginning about four weeks prior to sampling. (yourdictionary.com)
Because he had labile blood glucose readings and an increased level of hemoglobin A1c, he was given antidiabetic medication. (cdc.gov)

For the first time, the scientists showed that it's possible to correct the hemoglobin mutation in blood-forming human stem cells, taken directly from donors, at a frequency that might be sufficient to help patients. (nih.gov)
Those cells, which had started out with two copies of the sickle mutation, went on to produce red blood cells containing healthy hemoglobin. (nih.gov)

Red blood cells containing the defective hemoglobin become stiff, deformed, and prone to clumping. (nih.gov)
With SCD, the hemoglobin forms into stiff rods within the red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)

There also are other types of abnormal hemoglobin that can cause hemolysis. (daviddarling.info)

Hemoglobinopathies are a result of an amino acid substitution which results in a defective hemoglobin. (edu.ph)

In SCD, the bone marrow produces red blood cells containing defective sickle hemoglobin. (medstarhealth.org)
Bone marrow transplantation to replace the defective red blood cells was another therapy available to patients. (europa.eu)
Ineffective erythropoiesis is another cause of increased unconjugated bilirubin production that involves rapid hemoglobin turnover and destruction of a fraction of developing erythroid cells within the bone marrow. (medscape.com)

The presence of aberrant haemoglobin might produce cyanosis. (jbclinpharm.org)

Modern treatments include blood transfusions, treatment with hydroxyurea (which promotes hemoglobin production), and stem cell transplants. (itmonline.org)
Drug research is focused on identifying drugs, such as hydroxyurea, that can increase the level of fetal hemoglobin in the blood. (yourdictionary.com)

The lab-repaired stem cells are then implanted and start producing healthy hemoglobin. (jdrugsrx.com)

It happens when hemoglobin - a protein found in blood cells - becomes defective, affecting the integrity of red blood cells. (medicalert.org)

A sickle cell patient's red blood cells have two defective hemoglobins in them. (fastvit.com)

Deoxygenated haemoglobin disorders are further divided into two main categories: central and peripheral cyanosis. (jbclinpharm.org)
Inherited disorders associated with defective bilirubin conjugation include Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II and Gilbert syndrome. (medscape.com)

Fetal hemoglobin seems to prevent "sickling" of red cells, and cells containing fetal hemoglobin tend to survive longer in the bloodstream. (yourdictionary.com)

The red blood cell abnormality can involve the cell membrane (the outer covering of the cell), the chemistry inside the cell, or the production of abnormal types or amounts of hemoglobin. (daviddarling.info)
Butyrate, a substance widely used as a food additive, was also being investigated as of 2004 as an agent that may increase fetal hemoglobin production. (yourdictionary.com)

Once the infection was cured and the medicine suspended, the situation went back to normal", says Maria de Fátima, responsible for the laboratory to diagnose the alterations in hemoglobin, located on the second floor of the Hospital and Clinics. (fapesp.br)
With SCD, defective hemoglobin replaces normal hemoglobin. (fhiclinical.com)
Haemoglobin AS (Hb AS): This genetic condition is caused by the heterozygous genetic transfer of both an abnormal haemoglobin S and a normal haemoglobin A from one parent. (fastvit.com)
The normal range for glycated hemoglobin measured as HbA 1c is 3 to 6 percent. (yourdictionary.com)

From 2000 until now, this group from Unicamp's School of Medical Sciences - made up of the teams led by Costa and by physician Sara Saad, at the Blood Center, and by biologist Maria de Fátima Sonati, at the Clinical Pathology Department - has identified six new variants, as the abnormal forms of hemoglobin are called, a result of subtle deformations in the structure of this protein. (fapesp.br)

The abnormal form of hemoglobin causes the red cells to become sickle-shaped. (yourdictionary.com)

When the hormone insulin meets defective insulin receptors on an individual's cells, the person is more likely to develop type II diabetes. (jrank.org)
Based on results of this study, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends routine glycated hemoglobin testing to measure long-term control of blood sugar. (yourdictionary.com)
The glycated (glycosylated) hemoglobin test is used to monitor the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. (yourdictionary.com)

The iron in the hemoglobin is recycled to make new red blood cells. (daviddarling.info)
Then these cells are given back to you, and they can make a type of hemoglobin that is healthy. (medlineplus.gov)

The sponsor has provided sufficient information to show that the medicine might be of significant benefit for patients with PNH because preliminary data show that the medicine improved haemoglobin levels in patients in whom haemolysis was not controlled by currently authorised treatments. (europa.eu)
Low hemoglobin levels (6g/dl to 8g/dl) brought on by excessive red blood cell apoptosis. (fastvit.com)
These hemoglobin levels are falling quickly and acutely. (fastvit.com)

Interestingly, GSD type 0 also is described, which is due to defective glycogen synthase. (medscape.com)

In SCD defective hemoglobin causes the red blood cell to abnormally change shape. (ukessays.com)
4-6 Total lymphocyte count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and hemoglobin concentration have been proposed as alternative markers of HIV infection, especially in developing countries with limited financial resources. (ijcp.in)

A very small fraction of hemoglobin spontaneously oxidizes per day, producing a protein of a slightly different structure called methemoglobin. (yourdictionary.com)

This hemoglobin causes the red blood cells to take on an abnormal shape. (daviddarling.info)

In conclusion, HDL has anti-inflammatory activities that are defective in uremic patients as a result of specific changes in its molecular composition. (lww.com)

Fetal hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that all humans produce before birth, but most stop producing it after birth. (yourdictionary.com)

Hemoglobin is also one of the most studied human proteins, with 882 variations now identified. (fapesp.br)
Most bilirubin (70%-90%) is derived from hemoglobin degradation and, to a lesser extent, from other hemo proteins. (medscape.com)

In adults, a blood test can check for the defective hemoglobin that causes abnormally-shaped red blood cells. (medicalert.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms8

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes26

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care6

Gene24

Molecule7

Genes8

Abnormal type of hemoglobin3

Oxygen27

Synthesis3

Anemia13

Congenital2

Beta-thalassemia1

Thalassemia4

Symptoms2

Amount of hemoglobin1

Electrophoresis1

Defects1

Abnormalities2

Arteries1

Disease11

Heme4

Subunits2

Trait1

Glucose4

Mutation2

Stiff2

Hemolysis1

Amino acid1

Bone3

Aberrant1

Hydroxyurea2

Stem cells1

Protein found1

Patient's1

Disorders2

Tend1

Production2

Normal4

Variants1

Sickle-shaped1

Diabetes3

Make2

Levels3

Type1

Blood cell2

Fraction1

Causes the red blood1

Result1

Produce1

Proteins2

Adults1