• Dorsoventral (DV) patterning of the Drosophila embryo is initiated by a broad Dorsal (Dl) nuclear gradient, which is regulated by a conserved signaling pathway that includes the Toll receptor and Pelle kinase. (sdbonline.org)
  • How natural variation in embryo size affects patterning of the Drosophila embryo dorsal-ventral (DV) axis is not known. (tamu.edu)
  • In C. elegans, a series of asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo are critical in setting up the anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, and left/right axes of the body plan. (wikipedia.org)
  • The analysis of both authentic Dorsal target genes and defined synthetic promoters suggests that the ectopic gradient is sufficient to generate the full repertory of DV patterning responses along the AP axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
  • In order to break the initial "egg shape" of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. (nature.com)
  • The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. (nature.com)
  • Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. (elifesciences.org)
  • Knockdown of PQBP1 causes defective embryo morphogenesis. (xenbase.org)
  • Size-dependent regulation of dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Drosophila embryo. (tamu.edu)
  • Thus, our results argue against the idea that the Dorsal gradient works as a global system of relative coordinates along the DV axis and suggest that individual targets respond to changes in embryo size in a gene-specific manner. (tamu.edu)
  • Membrane fusion drives pronuclear meeting in the one-cell embryo. (ucdavis.edu)
  • In the mouse, there are three InsP3R genes, and type 1 InsP3R mutants display ataxia and epileptic seizures (Matsumoto et al. (nih.gov)
  • A) Suppression of nud mutants by extra copies of the nudE and nudF6 genes. (xenbase.org)
  • The indicated mutants (all are conditional, temperature sensitive) were transformed with either the empty vector pAid or pAid clones bearing nudE and nudF6 genes (plasmids recovered in the multicopy suppressor screen) and grown at 32°C. Transformants were gridded on YAG plates with or without KCl and incubated at 43°C or 32°C for 2 d. (xenbase.org)
  • From our mutant screen, we identified a group of dar (dendritic arborization reduction) genes. (ucsf.edu)
  • Mutations of any of the dar genes lead to defective dendritic arbor but normal axonal projections. (ucsf.edu)
  • We estimate that there may be a total of about 20 dar genes in Drosophila. (ucsf.edu)
  • Mutations in genes like human-Fused in Sarcoma (h-FUS) or cabeza (caz) in Drosophila, have been known to cause ALS in flies. (udayton.edu)
  • We have identified genes that show different levels of expression in a comparison of wild-type L2 or L3 larvae (non-dauer) to TGFβ mutants at similar developmental stages undergoing dauer formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we also see strong regulation of many novel hedgehog- and patched-related genes, hormone biosynthetic genes, cell cycle genes, and other regulatory genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because Drosophila lack most of these redundant genes, we examined heart tubes of parkin knockout flies and observed accumulation of enlarged hollow donut mitochondria with dilated cardiomyopathy, which could be rescued by cardiomyocyte-specific Parkin expression. (wustl.edu)
  • Developmental genetics of the 2E-F region of the Drosophila X chromosome: a region rich in "developmentally important" genes. (uchicago.edu)
  • Here we examined quantitatively the relationship between nuclear distribution of the Dorsal transcription factor, boundary positions for several target genes, and DV axis length. (tamu.edu)
  • The neuroblast repeatedly undergoes this asymmetric cell division while the GMC continues on to produce a pair of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
  • We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the Zn-finger containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple dendrite morphology of da neurons and the single, un-branched dendrite morphology of external sensory (es) neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • Another focus of this study is to employ Drosophila eye model to study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons in central nervous system with no known cure to-date. (udayton.edu)
  • Food availability, competition for available food resources (population density, as measured by the concentration of a constitutively secreted pheromone), and temperature are assessed by identified chemosensory and thermosensory neurons, and signals are transduced from these neurons to affect the physiology and structure of most cell types in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila da neurons fall into four distinct morphological classes (I-IV). (ucsf.edu)
  • In ss mutants, different classes of da neurons elaborate dendrites with similar branch numbers and complexities, suggesting that da neurons might reside in a common "ground" state in the absence of ss function. (ucsf.edu)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following brief irradiation of Drosophila larvae with UV, nociceptive sensitization occurs in class IV multiple dendritic (mdIV) neurons, which are polymodal sensory nociceptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings reveal a novel role for duox in nociceptive sensitization of Drosophila larvae, and will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process in Drosophila sensory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sensitized mdIV neurons give rise to hyperalgesia and allodynia in Drosophila larvae [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we characterize Drosophila InsP3R mutants and demonstrate that the InsP3R is essential for embryonic and larval development. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, maternal InsP3R mRNA is sufficient for progression through the embryonic stages, but larval organs show asynchronous and defective cell divisions, and imaginal discs arrest early and fail to differentiate. (nih.gov)
  • These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts in culture: autonomous differentiation of specific neurotransmitters. (uchicago.edu)
  • Gonadal dysgenesis reveals sexual dimorphism in the embryonic germline of Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
  • The identification of an inactivating missense mutation in NANOS3 suggests a mechanism for POI involving increased primordial germ cells (PGCs) apoptosis during embryonic cell migration and highlights the importance of NANOS proteins in human ovarian biology. (hindawi.com)
  • As a consequence, cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation of endosperm tissues are affected to varying degrees of severity. (biologists.com)
  • We found that eye enlargement phenotype resulting from GOF of hpo in dve domain, is not due to hpo mediated cell death, but by regulating retinal differentiation. (udayton.edu)
  • Cell fate decisions within these hierarchical brain cell lineages are tightly controlled and irreversible: e.g. cells in the state of differentiation will not turn into progenitor cells or stem cells. (stanford.edu)
  • This is especially true for malignant glioma cells, which simultaneously express markers of different lineages and states exhibiting incomplete differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • In the cochlea of mouse embryos, it is highly expressed in prosensory cells and down-regulated at the onset of hair cell differentiation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Prolonged expression of Lin28B delays prosensory cell cycle exit and prevents hair cell differentiation, suggesting that it functions to increase hair cell production [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Therefore, the antagonistic actions of Lin28B and let7 miRNA coordinate the timing of prosensory cell cycle withdrawal for hair cell differentiation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In neonatal murine cochlear organoids and explants, Lin28B antagonizes the activity of let7 miRNA and increases Akt-mTORC1 signaling to promote hair cell regeneration from immature supporting cells by inducing their de-differentiation and proliferation as well as by directly converting them into hair cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus, Lin28B functions in hair cell regeneration through mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms, which are dependent on mitotic division or trans-differentiation of supporting cells into hair cells, respectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Type Ap are actively-dividing spermatogonial stem cells which begin differentiation to type B spermatogonia, which have round nuclei and heterochromatin attached to the nuclear envelope and the center of nucleolus. (iiab.me)
  • As a major part of differentiation, sperm undergo extensive post-meiotic maturation en route to the oocyte. (silverchair.com)
  • The establishment of this polarity initiates the polarized distribution of a group of proteins present in the zygote called the PARD proteins (partitioning defective), which are a conserved group of proteins that function in establishing cell polarity during development. (wikipedia.org)
  • This division is also dependent on the distribution of the PAR proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two proteins play an important role in setting up this cell fate asymmetry in the neuroblast, Prospero and Numb. (wikipedia.org)
  • B) Complementation of the nudE deletion and the nudF7 mutant by extra copies of nudE, the nudE NH2-terminal domain, and nudE chimeras carrying coiled-coil regions from human and frog proteins, respectively. (xenbase.org)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • The ultimate goals of our studies are to understand how these proteins enable accurate chromosome segregation and to discover how they are coordinated with each other and with other aspects of cell physiology. (nih.gov)
  • Drosophila bearing the ocelliless mutation underproduce two major chorion proteins both of which map near this gene. (uchicago.edu)
  • This basic two-step process has been confirmed in most mammalian cells, although its regulation and the repertoire of specific accessory proteins are likely to be highly context dependent. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • Shi D, Cheng X, Saquet A, Grifone R. RNA-Binding Proteins and Inner Ear Hair Cell. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RNA-Binding Proteins and Inner Ear Hair Cell" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30958 (accessed December 05, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • LIN28 (LIN28A and LIN28B) proteins are highly conserved small cytoplasmic RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that function as pluripotency factors, regulating the transition from self-renewal to a differentiated cell fate [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • When cells are about to divide, they make a new set of centrioles by assembling a variety of proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • Here we identified Nup2 in a pool of enriched proteins that co-purify with tagged Ndj1 from meiotic cell extracts. (biorxiv.org)
  • We show that manipulation of TDP-43 expression levels causes significant defects in dendritic branching and outgrowth, without an immediate effect on cell viability. (nature.com)
  • Several common birth defects, such as Down's syndrome, result from aneuploidy arising during meiotic cell divisions. (nih.gov)
  • We are currently assessing cellular phenotypes that result from the loss of RanBP2 and will further determine whether physiological defects can be reversed through expression of RanBP2 mutants lacking one or more functional domains. (nih.gov)
  • APN2 deletion and DNA-wedge mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains display mutator phenotypes, cell growth defects, and sensitivity to genotoxic stress in a ribonucleotide excision repair (RER)-defective background harboring a high density of Top1-incised ribonucleotides. (bvsalud.org)
  • Defects in cell fate control could explain many key defects present in brain tumors Of special emphasis, we study the establishment of cell fates within normal hierarchical brain lineages for comparison to the dysregulated cell-fate hierarchies seen in brain tumors. (stanford.edu)
  • In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • Mutants in the gene encoding the InsP 3 R ( itpr ) in Drosophila exhibit a range of defects including altered wing posture, increased spontaneous firing, and loss of rhythmic flight patterns in response to an air puff stimulus. (jneurosci.org)
  • Abnormal movement of lytic granules and reduced perforin content in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells define their respective defects in cytolytic activity. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroblasts are the progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to give rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC). (wikipedia.org)
  • In Drosophila neuroblasts, asymmetric division and spindle orientation is dependent on Pins/LGN recruitment to the apical cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • while the pattern of intermediate neuroblasts defective (ind) remains relatively constant with respect to changes in Dorsal and DV length. (tamu.edu)
  • The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
  • MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Drosophila clathrin heavy chain gene: clathrin function is essential in a multicellular organism. (uchicago.edu)
  • The RNA-binding protein NANOS3 poses as an interesting candidate gene for POI since members of the Nanos family have an evolutionarily conserved function in germ cell development and maintenance by repressing apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Members of the evolutionarily conserved Nanos gene family are preferentially expressed in the ovaries and are known to play an important role in germ cell development, maintenance, and survival [ 24 - 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In Drosophila, the single Nanos gene (Nos) is required for development of the abdomen as well as for germ line maintenance [ 31 , 32 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The concept of mutation was coined by Hugo De Vries in 1901, whom worked with plants species of the genus Oenothera where he discovered some phenotypic hereditary characteristics that he coined as "mutations" and "mutants" to those individuals that have these phenotypic alterations. (intechopen.com)
  • Interspecific transplantation of polar plasm between Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
  • Histones of Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
  • Cryobiological preservation of Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
  • Partial rescue of embryos from two maternal-effect neurogenic mutants by transplantation of wild-type ooplasm. (uchicago.edu)
  • Contributions of cooling and warming rate and developmental stage to the survival of Drosophila embryos cooled to -205 degrees C. (uchicago.edu)
  • Characteristics and kinetics of subzero chilling injury in Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
  • Critical factors affecting the permeabilization of Drosophila embryos by alkanes. (uchicago.edu)
  • Ultrastructural studies of oocytes and embryos derived from females flies carrying the grandchildless mutation in Drosophila subobscura. (uchicago.edu)
  • In mice, Nanos3 is expressed in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) from their formation until shortly after their appearance in the gonads (E13.5 in female and E14.5 in male embryos) [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • B-F) Tailbud tadpole stage embryos injected bilaterally at the two-cell stage with 50 ng control (CT) or pqbp1 (PQ) MOs as indicated (embryos in F received 100 ng MOs in total). (xenbase.org)
  • right panel, embryos injected dorsally with pqbp1 mRNA (2 ng) at the four-cell stage. (xenbase.org)
  • Data were obtained from embryos of a wild-type background as well as from mutant lines inbred to size select embryos of smaller or larger sizes. (tamu.edu)
  • Control of cell division and expansion is crucial for developmental patterning and is likely to be mediated by factors operating at different organisational levels ( Irish and Jenik,2001 ). (biologists.com)
  • An important question in developmental biology is how any three-dimensional organ develops from single monolayer sheet of cells. (udayton.edu)
  • Overall, this study presents a model that shows genetic interaction between two unrelated pathways of growth regulation and axial (DV) patterning and have significant bearing on developmental mechanisms. (udayton.edu)
  • The finding that gastrulation-induced forces are required for asymmetric localization of an important and evolutionarily conserved spindle orientation factor, Pins, will be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
  • renders six epidermal precursor cells competent to respond to other developmental signals. (wormbook.org)
  • Invited Perspective in The Journal of Cell Biology . (ucdavis.edu)
  • Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • We started with the earliest steps in neural development (neurogenesis and neuronal cell fate specification) and gradually worked our way toward later steps (neuronal morphogenesis and the assembly of a functional neuronal circuit). (ucsf.edu)
  • Using the relatively simple Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) to discover the genetic program that controls its development, they aim to uncover evolutionarily conserved core programs that control different steps of neural development in animals. (ucsf.edu)
  • Cell division cycle of cultured neural precursor cells from Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
  • Her postdoctoral studies on neural stem cells and asymmetric cell division in the Lab of Dr. Yuh Nung Jan at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of San Francisco, California implied for the first time a minus-end directed myosin in the process of cell fate determination. (stanford.edu)
  • By altering intracellular Ca 2+ and InsP 3 levels through genetic means, we now show that signaling through the InsP 3 R is required at multiple steps for generating the neural circuit required in air puff-stimulated Drosophila flight. (jneurosci.org)
  • In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anchor cell induces nearby epidermal precursor cells to generate vulval cells via an epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • The precise pattern of vulval precursor cell fates involves the graded action of the EGF signaling and LIN-12 (Notch) mediated lateral signaling. (wormbook.org)
  • Both EGF and LIN-12 prevent precursor cells from adopting the 3 ° fate, which generates non-specialized epidermis. (wormbook.org)
  • The two 2 ° precursor cells generate vulA, vulB1, vulB2, vulC and vulD cells but in mirror symmetric polar patterns: ABCD and DCBA. (wormbook.org)
  • The reversed polarity of the posterior 2 ° precursor cell lineage requires WNT signaling mediated by both Frizzled class and Ryk class WNT-receptors LIN-17 and LIN-18 , respectively. (wormbook.org)
  • During the L1 and L2 stages, six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are specified among the 11 Pn.p cells, which are located in the ventral epidermis. (wormbook.org)
  • This study evaluated the roles of PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation in vivo, using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • Objective: We used germline mutants and cardiac-specific RNA interference to interrogate Parkin regulation of cardiomyocyte mitochondria and examine functional crosstalk between mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in Drosophila heart tubes. (wustl.edu)
  • Limiting mitochondrial contagion by inhibiting organelle fusion shows promise for minimizing organ dysfunction produced by defective mitophagic signaling. (wustl.edu)
  • While these disorders can still be considered rare, defective mitochondrial dynamics seem to play a significant role in the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of more common neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a cytosolic dynamin-related GTPase, plays a central role in fission by promoting mitochondrial division through its oligomerization into multimeric spiral structures [5]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • When most eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis and cytokinesis, there is an equal segregation of genetic material and cytoplasm in daughter cells. (jove.com)
  • Our strategy is to use the relatively simple Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) to discover the genetic program that controls its development. (ucsf.edu)
  • Misexpression of h-FUS-WT (Wild-Type), or FUS mutants FUS-R518K or FUS-R521C in Drosophila eye using GAL4-UAS genetic tool, triggers ALS-mediated neurodegeneration. (udayton.edu)
  • Genetic evidence that the ovo locus is involved in Drosophila germ line sex determination. (uchicago.edu)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten genomic stability, since their persistence can lead to loss of critical genetic information, chromosomal translocations or rearrangements, and cell death. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results presented by Moyer and Holland help us to understand how dividing cells build the complex machinery that enables them to pass on their genetic material accurately. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we have addressed these questions by altering intracellular Ca 2+ signals in flight-deficient itpr mutants through genetic means. (jneurosci.org)
  • To characterize the function of dve (member of DV patterning pathway) during development, we looked for its interacting partners and found that it interacts antagonistically with Hippo signaling to regulate optimum levels of expression of their common downstream target, Wg, to specify eye versus head fate, during growth and patterning in developing eye. (udayton.edu)
  • In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the video describes some of the many ways in which yeast cells are put to work in modern scientific research, including protein purification and the study of DNA repair mechanisms and other cellular processes related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (jove.com)
  • have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
  • Her research identified conserved mechanisms of cell fate determination in mammalian brain progenitors and led to a paradigm shift in understanding how brain progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate. (stanford.edu)
  • The mechanisms for cell fate decisions in the human brain are largely unknown. (stanford.edu)
  • By using patient-derived cells from brain surgeries, we investigate cell fate decision mechanisms in the normal brain and in brain malignancies. (stanford.edu)
  • In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts listed are for a single cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G 1 if applicable). (iiab.me)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
  • Moreover, substitution with autophosphorylation-deficient PINK1 fails to rescue pink1 null mutant phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
  • The Pink1/parkin pathway plays a role in the quality control mechanism aimed at eliminating defective mitochondria, and the failure of this mechanism results in a reduced lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, among other phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
  • Four independent transformants of the nudF7 mutant are shown for each plasmid to demonstrate reproducibility of phenotypes. (xenbase.org)
  • Since GOF of hippo (hpo) triggers cell death, we tested if by blocking cell death by using p35 (anti-apoptotic) exhibits similar phenotypes. (udayton.edu)
  • Together, these phenotypes contribute to the loss of flight behavior observed in itpr mutants. (jneurosci.org)
  • In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitotic spindle must be oriented correctly to ensure that the proper cell fate determinants are distributed appropriately to the daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Disruption of RanBP2 association with kinetochores causes defective mitotic spindle assembly. (nih.gov)
  • Centrosomes nucleate the formation of the microtubule cytoskeleton in interphase cells and form the poles of the mitotic spindle during cell division. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, impaired splicing affects only a subset of human transcripts, enriched for mitotic cell cycle factors, leading to mitotic arrest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Loss of Fry function drastically affects the movement and morphological polarization of cells during gastrulation and disrupts dorsal mesoderm convergent extension, responsible for head-to-tail elongation. (nature.com)
  • This study established an in vivo PINK1 / Parkin -induced photoreceptor neuron degeneration model in Drosophila with the aim of dissecting the PINK1/Parkin pathway in detail. (sdbonline.org)
  • We modulated Hippo pathway in FUS-WT or mutant-FUS background and found that downregulation of Hippo pathway, exhibited significant rescue in the eye, but the exact mechanism of action was still unclear. (udayton.edu)
  • Hippo pathway has been known to activate c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), which is involved in neurodegeneration and cell death. (udayton.edu)
  • Here we report that duox heterozygous mutant larvae, which have normal basal nociception, exhibit an attenuated hypersensitivity response to heat and mechanical force following UV irradiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • She returned to UCSF to conduct translational research, and apply her combined expertise in stem cells and signaling on the study of brain neoplasms and human stem and progenitor cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Dr. Petritsch is an expert in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and cancer stem cells, and her team's emphasis is on intra-tumoral heterogeneity, in vitro and in vivo cancer model development, and tumor-immune interactions. (stanford.edu)
  • Proper cell fate decisions by neuroglia stem cells are critical for growing the cell lineages that form the brain during development and to maintain adult brain homeostasis. (stanford.edu)
  • In the healthy brain, neuroglia stem cells generate progenitors, which in turn give rise to differentiating cells that will eventually acquire their final functional state. (stanford.edu)
  • these cells are reserve spermatogonial stem cells that do not usually undergo mitosis. (iiab.me)
  • Although spermatocytes that divide mitotically and meiotically are sensitive to radiation and cancer , spermatogonial stem cells are not. (iiab.me)
  • In Caenorhabditis elegans , this process is called sperm activation, and it transforms immotile spermatids into migratory fertilization-competent cells. (silverchair.com)
  • A comparison of their known functions has identified, besides a common role within protein folding, multiple roles for the cyclophilins within pre-mRNA splicing and cellular signalling, and within transcription and cell cycle regulation for the parvulins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accumulating evidence highlights emerging functions of RBPs in the post-transcriptional regulation of inner ear development and hair cell function. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The morphogenetic movements of gastrulation rearrange the three germ layers precursors, positioning mesodermal cells between outer ectodermal and inner endodermal cells to shape the head-to-tail body axis. (nature.com)
  • This review summarizes recent work elucidating endocytic pathways, primarily in the worm germ line and coelomocytes, and also touches on diverse studies of secretion, especially in ectodermal cells of epithelial character. (wormbook.org)
  • The ontogeny of germ plasm during oogenesis in Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
  • The autonomous function of germ plasm in a somatic region of the Drosophila egg. (uchicago.edu)
  • Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg. (uchicago.edu)
  • The ovo locus is required for sex-specific germ line maintenance in Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
  • Nanos was first identified in Drosophila , where it represses the translation of target mRNAs through binding to their 3′ UTR and has a conserved function in germ cell development across species. (hindawi.com)
  • Three Nanos homologues exist in mouse, with Nanos2 and Nanos3 functioning primarily in male germ cell development and maintaining PGCs viability, respectively [ 33 , 34 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They derive from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. (iiab.me)
  • this is due to higher rates of degeneration of germ cells during meiotic prophase. (iiab.me)
  • Despite the numerous, well-described functions and interactions of TDP-43, it is not well understood exactly which TDP-43-dependent cellular processes become defective in ALS/FTD and contribute to disease etiology. (nature.com)
  • Tumor cell hierarchies are poorly understood, providing no explanation for why tumor cells with stem-like, progenitor-like, and differentiated features co-exist and interact with normal brain cells and immune-infiltrating cells within a single tumor entity, and how this heterogeneity relates to the lack of active immune infiltration. (stanford.edu)
  • In particular, vulva development represents a well-understood case in which invariant development arises from multiple cell-cell interactions. (wormbook.org)
  • Sperm with mutant or absent centrosomes fail to establish a posterior pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • In multicellular organisms, organogenesis requires axial patterning to determine Antero-Posterior (AP), Dorso-Ventral (DV), and Proximo-Distal (PD) axes. (udayton.edu)
  • Transplantation of posterior polar plasm in Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
  • Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. (nature.com)
  • Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. (elifesciences.org)
  • The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. (nature.com)
  • This connection is initiated by the anchor cell, which invades between the vulF cells in a process analogous to invasive behavior of metastatic tumor cells. (wormbook.org)
  • In Drosophila , InsP 3 R activity is required in aminergic interneurons during pupal development for normal flight behavior. (jneurosci.org)
  • An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous studies performed in S. cerevisiae that have contributed to our understanding of important cellular processes such as the cell cycle, aging, and cell death are also discussed. (jove.com)
  • Because it's genome has been sequenced, its genetics are easily manipulated, and it is easy to maintain in the lab, this species of yeast has been an invaluable resource in the understanding of fundamental cellular processes such as cell division and cell death. (jove.com)
  • Asymmetric cell divisions, in which cellular components, such as existing adherens junctions, are distributed unequally to daughter cells can result in one daughter cell leaving the epithelium. (elifesciences.org)
  • In contrast, symmetric divisions in epithelia divide cellular components equally, and usually results in both daughter cells remaining in the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Elucidation of the mechanism of this association will not only allow us to test the importance of RanBP2 complex formation in a non-vertebrate system, but also provide a convenient alternative mechanism for formation of this complex that can be used to understand its importance in vertebrate cells. (nih.gov)
  • However, two cytosolic PPIases, PpiB and trigger factor, in Bacillus subtilis have been shown not to possess an essential function under normal growth conditions, but they become essential for cell viability under starvation conditions [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When the body needs to make more cells, for example during growth or repair, existing cells divide in two in order to replicate themselves. (elifesciences.org)
  • The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
  • We think that defective cell fate decisions fuel the intra-humoral heterogeneity and plasticity that makes treatment of human brain tumors so challenging. (stanford.edu)
  • We therefore used duox [MI11825] heterozygous mutant larvae, in which the transcript level of duox is greatly reduced (Fig. 1b ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Testing the activity of PLK4 in fruit flies revealed that it plays a similar role as in human cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • We present evidence that the sole human Pif1 family helicase in human cells likely also promotes replication fidelity, suggesting that a role for Pif1 family helicases in mutation avoidance may be evolutionarily conserved, a possible underlying mechanism for its potential tumor-suppressor function. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
  • Interestingly, Lin28B inhibits the processing of mature let7 miRNA, which functions to induce cell cycle exit in progenitor cells [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Studies using a zebrafish model further illustrate an important role of Lin28A in the recovery of progenitor cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Despite their shared conservation throughout nature, the three traditional PPIase families do not share a conserved role in cell viability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that deletion of NUP2 delayed pairing and synapsis during meiosis, and led to decreased spore viability, similar to the ndj1Δ mutant phenotype. (biorxiv.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo example where mechanical force has been shown to polarize Pins to mediate division orientation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Unlike typical eukaryotic cell division, the two cells are not equal in size following mitosis. (jove.com)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • Lin28A is required for hair cell regeneration in the mammalian cochlea, and may function in redundant processes with Lin28B [ 3 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • During cellularisation,and at later stages of development, aberrant cell division and localised domains of cell proliferation are apparent in glo1-1 endosperms. (biologists.com)
  • Based on our findings, however, we propose that specification of BETL cells is an irreversible event that occurs within a narrow window of syncytial development, and that BETL cell identity is subsequently inherited in a lineage-dependent manner. (biologists.com)
  • DV patterning marks first lineage restriction event during eye development, any deviation during this event during development results in defective organ formation. (udayton.edu)
  • To use Drosophila genetics to identify core programs that control dendrite development, we developed a simple assay system. (ucsf.edu)
  • The worm benefits from many of the advantages of yeast as a genetically tractable organism for these kinds of studies while offering the unique opportunity to probe how these pathways have been extended and modified in the context of a multicellular animal undergoing development to produce diverse cell types such as muscles, nerves, and polarized epithelia. (wormbook.org)
  • It is relatively well documented that transcription factors and signaling pathways are critically involved in the formation of inner ear structures and in the development of hair cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Consistent with this activity, functional analyses in mice suggest that Lin28B plays an important role in hair cell development and regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The release of FSH into the testes will enhance spermatogenesis and lead to the development of sertoli cells , which act as nursing cells where spermatids will go to mature after Meiosis II. (iiab.me)
  • The development of highly differentiated sperm cells that are specialized for navigating to and fusing with an oocyte is essential for sexual reproduction. (silverchair.com)
  • A single cell of the somatic gonad, the anchor cell, organizes the development of the vulva from epidermal precursors as well as the physical connection of the epidermis with the uterus. (wormbook.org)
  • Future work that builds on these findings could provide insight into human diseases, such as brain development disorders and cancer, where centrioles are either defective or present in the wrong number. (elifesciences.org)
  • During interphase, chromosomes are enclosed within nuclei, and exchange of all molecules between this compartment and the rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). (nih.gov)
  • Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (N) cells that contain half the number of chromosomes. (iiab.me)
  • Each cell in our bodies contains over two meters of DNA, which is divided into 46 packages of information called chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • This means that they also need to copy all of their DNA and then deliver identical sets of chromosomes to each new cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Animal cells use structures called centrioles to help them divide their sets of chromosomes accurately. (elifesciences.org)
  • if too many or too few centrioles are built, cell division errors can occur that lead to the generation of new cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • Surprisingly, the nup2Δ ndj1Δ double mutant failed to segregate chromosomes, even though the meiotic program continued. (biorxiv.org)
  • During two years as an instructor and head of a research group in Munich, Germany, Dr. Petritsch and her team showed that cell fate determinants use a bimodal mechanism (diffusion and active capturing) for proper intracellular location. (stanford.edu)
  • To elucidate the mechanism of action, we modulated JNK signaling in FUS or mutant-FUS background and found that downregulation of JNK signaling also rescued FUS mediated neurodegeneration in eye. (udayton.edu)
  • The single cell is now set up to undergo an asymmetric cell division, however the orientation in which the division occurs is also an important factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). (elifesciences.org)
  • The release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores through the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP 3 R) occurs in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Numb is a suppressor of Notch, therefore the asymmetric segregation of Numb to the basal cortex biases the response of the daughter cells to Notch signaling, resulting in two distinct cell fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • We developed cell lines in which RanBP2 levels can be controlled through the induction of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). (nih.gov)
  • Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our data indicate that glo1-1 plays a role in nuclear division and cytokinesis in the developing seed. (biologists.com)
  • Our data show that the width of the nuclear Dorsal gradient correlates with DV axis length. (tamu.edu)
  • Nup2 is a nonessential nucleoporin that functions in nuclear transport, boundary activity, and telomere silencing in mitotically dividing cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • These results suggest that a physical impediment to nuclear division is created in the absence of Nup2 and Ndj1. (biorxiv.org)
  • This phospho-dependent binding interaction is conserved in Drosophila and facilitates the stable incorporation of both STIL and CPAP into the centriole. (elifesciences.org)
  • p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • Since the discovery of Polo kinase in Drosophila in 1988 [ 1 ], the Polo-like kinase (Plk) family has been attracting enormous attention, both in academia and in pharmaceutical industry. (oncotarget.com)
  • Abstract This was due to disruption of the floor plate and therefore the loss of the restrictive midline barrier function of Lefty expression as described in Shh mutant mice. (studylibde.com)
  • Because this latter mechanism does not depend on interactions of cells with each other or with their environment, it must rely on intrinsic asymmetry. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the beginning of Xenopus gastrulation, the presumptive anterior mesoderm cells located at the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) roll inward at the midline of the blastopore lip in a process called involution. (nature.com)
  • Gastrulation movements are orchestrated by a small, heterogeneous group of cells with inductive and morphogenetic properties located in the dorsal lip of the blastopore (DBL) of the amphibian gastrula known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer or dorsal organizer. (nature.com)
  • Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
  • Because the expression of the beta-3A subunit is normally ubiquitous, deficiency of the beta-3A subunit leads to a precise phenotype in cells with a large number of intracellular granules (eg, neutrophils, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, platelets, melanocytes). (medscape.com)
  • In interphase cells, GTP-bound Ran (Ran-GTP) is the major form in nucleus while GDP-bound Ran (Ran-GDP) is the predominant form in cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • To date, it has been hypothesised that BETL cell fate is specified in the syncytium and that cell files subsequently develop in response to a gradient of signal(s) derived from the maternal pedicel region. (biologists.com)
  • In symmetric epithelial cell divisions, spindle orientation also depends on Pins, which is recruited to the lateral cortex by the lateral domain protein, Discs large (Dlg). (elifesciences.org)
  • The precise mechanism by which Lin28B and let7 miRNA regulate mTORC1 activity in cochlear epithelial cells awaits further investigation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, the sperm pronucleus and centrosomes are deposited within the egg, which causes a cytoplasmic flux resulting in the movement of the pronucleus and centrosomes towards one pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • The process of spermatogenesis as the cells progress from spermatogium, to primary spermatocytes, to secondary spermatocytes, to spermatids and to Sperm. (iiab.me)
  • Here, we show that the negative regulator of sperm activation, SWM-1, is produced in an unexpected cell type: body wall muscle. (silverchair.com)
  • This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the second mechanism, the prospective daughter cells are inherently different at the time of division of the mother cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests that coactivation of Lin28B and Follistatin may represent an endogenous mechanism mediating reprogramming of supporting cells for hair cell regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The anchor cell also patterns nearby uterine cells, via the DSL ligand LAG-2 and LIN-12 , to generate the four uv1 cells that form the tight connection with the vulva. (wormbook.org)