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CytoskeletonMagnetospirillumMolecular Motor ProteinsActin CytoskeletonActinsMicrotubulesVimentinKinesinBiomechanical PhenomenaModels, BiologicalCytoskeletal ProteinsMicroscopy, ElectronIntermediate Filament ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsMyosinsTropomyosinPhalloidineCytochalasin DGelsolinActin Depolymerizing FactorsDesminKeratinsActininMicroscopy, FluorescenceProtein BindingVinculinFluorescent Antibody TechniqueDestrinMyofibrilsCells, CulturedMolecular Sequence DataTubulinPseudopodiaThiazolidinesRabbitsCell MovementSarcomeresAmino Acid SequenceCytochalasinsNeurofilament ProteinsPhosphorylationActomyosinMuscle ProteinsCell AdhesionTropomodulinMyosin SubfragmentsIntermediate FilamentsActin Capping ProteinsMusclesActin-Related Protein 2-3 ComplexCell LineStress FibersTalinConnectinSignal TransductionChickensProtein Structure, Tertiaryrho GTP-Binding ProteinsSpectrinCapZ Actin Capping ProteinMutationBicyclo Compounds, HeterocyclicBiopolymersMyosin Type IIcdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinCarrier ProteinsStress, MechanicalPolymersCytoplasmCofilin 1rhoA GTP-Binding ProteinActin-Related Protein 2ColchicineMembrane ProteinsCell ShapeFocal AdhesionsCalciumKineticsActin-Related Protein 3Microscopy, ConfocalElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelCell SizeMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronCalmodulin-Binding Proteinsrac GTP-Binding ProteinsFilaminsViscosityMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPaxillinContractile Proteinsrac1 GTP-Binding ProteinPhosphoproteinsBinding SitesNerve Tissue ProteinsFlagellatau ProteinsMuscle, StriatedDesmosomesElasticity

ProteinsCytoskeletonIndividual filamentsFtsZMicrotubule filamentsMyosin filamentsMicrotubules and actinAssembleMembraneVitroIntegrityMicrofilamentsKeratinInteractionsCellularVimentinDrivenRegulateIntracellularDynamic behaviorPolarityCellsVesicleInterplayNetworkInteractSpatialStabilityMechanismPatternsProtein StructureFormationAssemblyElementsInteraction

Proteins27

• Intermediate filaments are composed of a family of related proteins sharing common structural and sequence features. (wikipedia.org)
• The structure of proteins that form intermediate filaments (IF) was first predicted by computerized analysis of the amino acid sequence of a human epidermal keratin derived from cloned cDNAs. (wikipedia.org)
• The central building block of an intermediate filament is a pair of two intertwined proteins that is called a coiled-coil structure. (wikipedia.org)
• There are about 70 different human genes coding for various intermediate filament proteins. (wikipedia.org)
• Intermediate filaments are built from one to several members of a multigene family encoding fibrous proteins that share a highly conserved hierarchic assembly plan for the formation of multistranded filaments from distinctly structured extended coiled coils. (biologicalworld.com)
• The possibility that intermediate filaments interact directly with peripheral membrane proteins and membrane lipids will also be addressed. (biologicalworld.com)
• Cytoskeletal structures are dynamically remodeled with the aid of regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
• In this work, we develop a quantitative model to account for the various spatial patterns adopted by bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, especially the orientation and length of cytoskeletal filaments such as FtsZ and MreB in rod-shaped cells. (aps.org)
• Thus, we describe an additional, direct mechanism for cells to establish the fundamental cross-talk of cytoskeletal components alongside linker proteins. (biorxiv.org)
• Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 42 proteins in complex with APC, including β-catenin and intermediate filament (IF) proteins lamin B1 and keratin 81. (ku.edu)
• Intermediate filaments are made of several strands of fibrous proteins that are wound together (Figure 3). (lumenlearning.com)
• Intermediate filaments consist of several intertwined strands of fibrous proteins. (lumenlearning.com)
• Several types of fibrous proteins are found in the intermediate filaments. (lumenlearning.com)
• A conceptualization of the pathogenetic sequence beginning with 2,5-hexanedione modification of tubulin consisted of the following: tubulin crosslinking leading to microtubule assembly alteration leading to shorter and more numerous microtubules, loss of sertoli cell cytoskeletal integrity, and altered microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) leading to germ cell sloughing and necrosis followed by irreversible germ cell loss. (cdc.gov)
• A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
• The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)
• Recent studies have proposed roles for cytoskeletal proteins in genome organization and chromosomal dynamics. (columbia.edu)
• He shifted his focus from microtubules to actin filaments, another key part of the cytoskeleton made up of long polymers of proteins linked end-to-end. (rockefeller.edu)
• Actin filaments power cellular movement, bind with hundreds of different cellular components, and serve as tracks for molecular motor proteins. (rockefeller.edu)
• Septins, a family of filament-forming GTP-binding proteins, are also involved in axial budding and are recruited to an incipient bud site, but the mechanism of recruitment remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
• Septins are essential cytoskeletal proteins involved in key cellular processes and have also been implicated in diseases from cancers to neurodegenerative pathologies. (bvsalud.org)
• However, they have not been as thoroughly studied as other cytoskeletal proteins. (bvsalud.org)
• In vivo, septins interact with other cytoskeletal proteins and with the inner plasma membrane. (bvsalud.org)
• Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. (bvsalud.org)
• Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. (bvsalud.org)
• Cell-cell and cell-matrix complexes of epithelial cells are interconnected through cytoskeletal filaments and proteins, and they influence the activities and outcome of various cellular processes. (lu.se)
• Apo E proteins influence beta-amyloid deposition, cytoskeletal integrity, and efficiency of neuronal repair. (msdmanuals.com)

Cytoskeleton8

• Growing evidence suggests that the manifold tasks of the cytoskeleton rely on the interactions between its filamentous components - actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. (biorxiv.org)
• Our results suggest that APC associates with all three major components of the cytoskeleton, thus expanding potential roles for APC in the regulation of cytoskeletal integrity. (ku.edu)
• There are three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
• In eukaryotic cells, actin filaments form cytoskeleton, a network of two types of fibrous structures, filaments and tubules. (yokogawa.com)
• therefore, some kind of drug stimulation causes remarkable changes in the number, length, distribution, movement and stability of cytoskeleton filaments. (yokogawa.com)
• For example, he uses laser ablation of subcellular features such as cytoskeletal filaments to provide real time information on the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. (ca.gov)
• Alushin studies how these little-understood physical dynamics act on the cell's cytoskeleton, an internal network of protein filaments that constantly reconfigures itself to help the cell move, change shape, or ferry molecules from one cell compartment to another. (rockefeller.edu)
• Filamin A binds to another protein called actin, and helps the actin to form the branching network of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. (medlineplus.gov)

Individual filaments3

• We then show that the alignment between individual filaments in these conditions leads to the formation of collective polar structures, despite a microscopic nematic symmetry. (aps.org)
• A theoretical description of individual filaments that incorporates information from molecular dynamic simulations has identified that filament curvature, monomer twist, surface attachment and lateral interactions between monomers are enough to describe, using Monte Carlo simulations, some of the structures that we observe experimentally. (cea.fr)
• Tarazona,P. and Vélez, M. "Depolymerization dynamics of individual filaments of bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ" PNAS 109 8133‐8138. (cea.fr)

FtsZ3

• FtsZ is a cytoskeletal protein that participates in the formation, on the inner side of the cytoplasmic bacterial membrane, of the "septal ring", a protein complex responsible for cell division [1]. (cea.fr)
• We have used supported lipid bilayers and controlled orientation of FtsZ monomers in vitro to study their GTP-dependent self-assembling on surfaces with atomic force microscopy in solution, providing single molecule information of the dynamic structure of filaments and their aggregates [2-4]. (cea.fr)
• We show that the combined mechanical energy of membrane bending, membrane pinning, and filament bending of a membrane-attached cytoskeletal filament can be sufficient to prescribe orientation, e.g. circumferential for FtsZ or helical for MreB, with the accuracy of orientation increasing with the length of the cytoskeletal filament. (aps.org)

Microtubule filaments2

• All these events require coordination of actin and microtubule filaments. (ox.ac.uk)
• used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)

Myosin filaments2

• Initially designated 'intermediate' because their average diameter (10 nm) is between those of narrower microfilaments (actin) and wider myosin filaments found in muscle cells, the diameter of intermediate filaments is now commonly compared to actin microfilaments (7 nm) and microtubules (25 nm). (wikipedia.org)
• When your actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, your muscles contract. (lumenlearning.com)

Microtubules and actin1

• The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)

Assemble3

• However, here, topological constraints on the alignment of filaments at high density hinder their ability to assemble effectively and lead to a "nematically jammed" state. (aps.org)
• Cytoplasmic IFs assemble into non-polar unit-length filaments (ULFs). (wikipedia.org)
• The key question of how these filaments assemble and what the molecular architecture of their distinct assembly intermediates comprises, however, has still not been answered to the extent that has been achieved for microfilaments and microtubules. (biologicalworld.com)

Membrane4

• By using an experimental setup in which cytoskeletal filaments glide on a lipid membrane we enforce strong steric interactions between them. (aps.org)
• Furthermore, we suggest a new mechanism for force generation in which the orientation and type of monomer attachment to the surface could play an important role in modulating the force exerted by filament aggregates on the bacterial membrane during cell division [5,6]. (cea.fr)
• Ongoing work is directed towards testing the hypothesis that monomer attachment, flexibility and conformation are associated with the shape, rigidity and dynamics of the filaments and that this is relevant for creating tensions on the membrane. (cea.fr)
• The cytoskeletal network along the edge of with membrane whorls (11). (cdc.gov)

Vitro2

• Here, we show in a reconstituted in vitro system that vimentin intermediate filaments stabilize microtubules against depolymerization and support microtubule rescue. (biorxiv.org)
• Preparation of stabilized fluorescent actin filaments in vitro. (cytoskeleton.com)

Integrity1

• The protein encoded by this gene is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. (origene.com)

Microfilaments1

• For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments. (lumenlearning.com)

Keratin3

• Keratin intermediate filament assembly begins with the pairing of a type I keratin protein and type II keratin protein to form an alpha helical heterodimer. (medscape.com)
• The tetramers subsequently aggregate to form larger order polymers that give rise to a keratin intermediate filament. (medscape.com)
• The basic protein structure of a keratin filament consists of an alpha-helical rod that is divided into 4 domains (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B) connected together by nonhelical linkers (L1, L12, L2). (medscape.com)

Interactions6

• Desmin: molecular interactions and putative functions of the muscle intermediate filament protein. (biologicalworld.com)
• Xenopus egg extracts as a model system for analysis of microtubule, actin filament, and intermediate filament interactions. (biologicalworld.com)
• Intermediate filament assembly: fibrillogenesis is driven by decisive dimer-dimer interactions. (biologicalworld.com)
• In this review we will discuss the molecules involved in intermediate filament-desmosome and intermediate filament-hemidesmosome interactions, and the means by which certain of these molecules may bind to intermediate filaments. (biologicalworld.com)
• However, the nature of these interactions and their impact on cytoskeletal dynamics are largely unknown. (biorxiv.org)
• We also present evidence for interactions between APC and IFs, independent of actin filaments and microtubules. (ku.edu)

Cellular2

• The cytoskeletal organisation is fundamental for all cellular events, which defines the shape of the cells, the transport of molecules in different cellular domains, and controls the dynamics of cellular function. (ox.ac.uk)
• DAVID pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of cellular pathways involved in cytoskeletal and cilia processes among the set of common genes (142 genes) perturbed by both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. (nature.com)

Vimentin1

• To understand these stabilizing effects, we directly measured the interaction forces between individual microtubules and vimentin filaments. (biorxiv.org)

Driven2

• These biomolecular machines - cytoskeletal filaments driven by molecular motors - are each only a few billionths of a metre (nanometres) in size. (europa.eu)
• The problem is solved by biological agents (such as cytoskeletal filaments driven by molecular motors) that explore all possible pathways through the network in a massively parallel and highly energy-efficient manner. (lu.se)

Regulate1

• Moreover, the mechanical energy can compete with the chemical energy of cytoskeletal polymerization to regulate filament length. (aps.org)

Intracellular1

• Swiss Mouse Embryo Fibroblast Cells with MitoTracker Red CMXRos, Alexa Fluor 488, and DAPI - A log phase culture of embryonic Swiss mouse fibroblast cells was stained with MitoTracker Red CMXRos, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated to phalloidin, and DAPI, which target the intracellular mitochondrial network, cytoskeletal actin filaments, and nuclei, respectively. (fsu.edu)

Dynamic behavior1

• The implication of this work is that monomer flexibility and surface attachment, additionally to filament curvature, could be important in determining the polymorphism and dynamic behavior of filament aggregates. (cea.fr)

Polarity2

• We also find that the transient formation of +1/2 defects plays a pivotal role in sorting the filaments' polarity on the mesoscale. (aps.org)
• We then extend the system to filaments gliding inside a giant vesicle and find that spherical confinement enhances the global polarity, leading the formation of highly polar vortices. (aps.org)

Cells9

• Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal structural components found in the cells of vertebrates, and many invertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
• Desmin is the intermediate filament (IF) protein occurring exclusively in muscle and endothelial cells. (biologicalworld.com)
• The filaments act as a template that helps the sarcomeres to align as the muscle cells form. (elifesciences.org)
• The experiments show that the filaments progressively become more ordered as the myoblasts develop into muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
• He is establishing laser ablation using the multiphoton microscope in the CIRM facility, a capability that will be applied to study cytoskeletal mechanics of stem cells. (ca.gov)
• Fluorescent staining of actin filaments in fixed tissue sections and tissue culture cells preparations.Note: Unlike many actin antibodies, Acti-stain™ 555 phalloidin binds only to F-actin resulting in low background fluorescence. (cytoskeleton.com)
• Phalloidin has been labeled with a proprietary red fluorescent dye which allows it to be used to stain actin filaments in tissue cultured cells and tissue sections (1, see Figure 1) and cell-free preparations. (cytoskeleton.com)
• In addition, the cells were simultaneously probed for DNA with the ultraviolet-absorbing probe DAPI, and for the cytoskeletal filamentous actin network with Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated to phalloidin. (fsu.edu)
• Cells possess mechanical properties that change along with changes in cytoskeletal network in each stage of differentiation or disease [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Vesicle1

• MAP changes may impact on vesicle transport and microtubule attachment to adjacent cytoskeletal elements such as intermediate filaments. (cdc.gov)

Interplay2

• Our work aims at providing insights into (1) the interplay between the dynamic organization of cytoskeletal filaments and cell shape changes, and (2) the reciprocal links between tissue growth, morphogenesis and tissue mechanics. (fresnel.fr)
• This Review will first present the structural properties of septins in solution and describe the interplay of septins with cytoskeletal partners. (bvsalud.org)

Network3

• For a number of mathematical problems to be solved by network-based biocomputation approaches, it will be crucial to efficiently encode information into the cytoskeletal filaments themselves. (fraunhofer.de)
• Here, we invite proposals that address the issues of physical and/or (bio)chemical information-encoding and information readout, e.g. to obtain information about the path a filament has taken through a network. (fraunhofer.de)
• The Arp2/3 complex generates propulsive forces by nucleating a highly branched network of actin filaments. (columbia.edu)

Interact1

• Acti-stain™ 555 phalloidin-labeled actin filaments retain many functional characteristics of unlabeled actin including their ability to interact with myosin. (cytoskeleton.com)

Spatial1

• Despite the rather low primary sequence identity, intermediate filaments form apparently similar filaments with regard to their spatial dimensions and physical properties. (biologicalworld.com)

Stability1

• Phosphorylation of the head region can affect filament stability. (wikipedia.org)

Mechanism1

• However, the mechanism of coordination of these cytoskeletal filaments is not understood. (ox.ac.uk)

Patterns2

• Here we show that the presence of such defects can also play a role in the formation of active patterns in a system of active filaments. (aps.org)
• Over the past few years, substantial progress has been made in the elucidation of the complex expression patterns and clinically relevant phenotypes of intermediate filaments. (biologicalworld.com)

Protein Structure1

• Animal intermediate filaments are subcategorized into six types based on similarities in amino acid sequence and protein structure. (wikipedia.org)

Formation4

• suggest that oMAP4 contributes to the formation of a strong and stable arrangement of filaments. (elifesciences.org)
• Changes in MRC5 cytoskeletal formation when apoptosis was induced were analyzed, using the "Morphology Analysis" protocol. (yokogawa.com)
• The uptake of metallic particles by the osteoblast resulted in a particle-filament complex formation, which induced a series of variations in cell function. (stanford.edu)
• Thein inhibitionh in the liver implies hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal filaments, hepatocyte determination and subsequent tumor formation. (science24.com)

Assembly1

• Due to the elastic I-band domains and the filament-like integration in the half-sarcomere titin is an important factor for sarcomere assembly and serves as an adaptable molecular spring that determines myofilament distensibility. (frontiersin.org)

Elements1

• The intermediate filaments are the most diverse group of cytoskeletal elements. (lumenlearning.com)

Interaction1

• Until now, interaction of APC with the third cytoskeletal element, intermediate filaments, has remained unexamined. (ku.edu)