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Cytosine NucleotidesNucleotidesCytosine DeaminaseMolecular Sequence DataBase SequencePolymorphism, Single NucleotideDNA-Cytosine MethylasesAdenine Nucleotides5-MethylcytosineAmino Acid SequenceDNAGuanine NucleotidesDeaminationCytarabinePurine NucleotidesCloning, MolecularNucleic Acid ConformationFlucytosineDNA MethylationEscherichia coliSulfitesSequence Analysis, DNANucleoside DeaminasesPyrimidine NucleotidesGuanineMutationSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidUracilNucleotides, CyclicGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsCytidineDNA (Cytosine-5-)-MethyltransferaseKineticsAdenineTranscription, GeneticDNA Restriction EnzymesBinding SitesBase CompositionThyminePlasmidsPhylogenyAdenosine TriphosphateDNA, BacterialGenesBase PairingGenes, BacterialMethylationPolymerase Chain ReactionCodonRNA, MessengerRestriction MappingSequence AlignmentSubstrate SpecificityDNA, ViralSequence Homology, Amino AcidOligodeoxyribonucleotidesGenetic VariationDeoxycytosine NucleotidesPromoter Regions, GeneticGenotypeOligonucleotidesDNA PrimersDNA RepairModels, MolecularCpG IslandsRNA, ViralAdenosine DiphosphateRNAGuanosine TriphosphateCell LineOpen Reading FramesNucleic Acid HybridizationNucleosidesProtein BindingSpecies SpecificityProdrugsCytidine Deaminase
AdenineUracilPhosphateNucleosideAddition of a methyl groupSequenceAmino acidsAdenosineThymidineDeaminasesMolecules calledGenomeCytidineMethylationPyrimidineGeneticNitrogenDinucleotidesHydrogen bondsStrandFluorescentSequencesTissuesEnzymesGeneChainsMadePairsConsistsNucleicSingleCarbonInsertionPairFoundBondPreviousMeansCellsPlants
Adenine16
Uracil3
  • U, uracil †Nucleotide numbers correspond to those of the prototype BH2193 strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, the gene editing tool has a domain called the uracil glycosylase inhibitor, which prevents the newly changed bases from being reverted back to cytosine. (cornellsun.com)
  • The EZ1&2 DNA FFPE protocol uses double lysis to recover DNA effectively, while the optional uracil-N-glycosylase (UNG) step removes deaminated cytosine artifacts to limit the risk of nucleotide read errors. (qiagen.com)
Phosphate5
  • Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. (khanacademy.org)
  • A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. (umassmed.edu)
  • DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
  • Each base is attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule, forming what's called a nucleotide. (dnacenter.com)
  • In many plants and animals, it is characterized by the biochemical addition of a methyl group (CH3) to the cytosine 5-carbon in cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides via a methyltransferase enzyme (Adams et. (thermofisher.com)
Nucleoside2
  • The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. (hmdb.ca)
  • A nucleotide consists of the previous nucleoside and one of four nitrogen bases. (cdc.gov)
Addition of a methyl group1
Sequence13
  • For example, the Illumina NovaSeq can sequence roughly 150 billion nucleotides, the equivalent of 48 human genomes, in just three days. (indiatimes.com)
  • Genome sequencing is a process that determines the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome sequencing reveals the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene, like alphabet letters in words. (cdc.gov)
  • They used a gene that encodes for 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in bacteria to characterize the nucleotide sequence of the bacillus from a patient with Whipple disease. (medscape.com)
  • The sequence of the four nucleotide bases encodes DNA's information. (genome.gov)
  • A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. (genome.gov)
  • In mammalian cells, methylation usually appears on double stranded DNA where the nucleotide Cytosine (C) is followed by Guanine (G). The complementary sequence on the opposite strand is also C then G, and the methylation appears on both Cs. (scienceblog.com)
  • In case they differ, the position of the mutated nucleotides has to be defined from the selected sequence. (lu.se)
  • This is the position of the first changed nucleotide at the mutated sequence compared to the selected reference sequence (see above). (lu.se)
  • The number indicates the first different nucleotide in the mutated sequence compared to the wild type sequence. (lu.se)
  • Set position number 10020 of altered nucleotide according to the DNA reference sequence or use systematic names (e.g. (lu.se)
  • With a PCR-free approach, using enrichment of the viral DNA, we acquired as much as 121 kb of nucleotide sequence, almost the full genome, with coverage values of ≈100 in 5 contigs (BioProject no. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, speci®c hy- found in narrow minor groove regions in a variety dration patterns seem to play a role in nucleotide sequence recognition by proteins (Otwinowski of oligonucleotide duplexes (Prive et al. (lu.se)
Amino acids1
  • They also speculate that the air must have been rich in nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide in order to assist the spontaneous appearance of basic life building blocks such as amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides. (icr.org)
Adenosine2
  • These bases attach to each other in a specific pattern: adenosine:thymidine and cytosine:guanine. (cdc.gov)
  • 3. Insertion of a guanine (G) between nucleotide cytosine (C) at position 119 and adenosine (A) at position 120. (lu.se)
Thymidine1
Deaminases1
  • Here, we reveal sites that permit splitting of DNA cytosine deaminases into two inactive fragments, whose reapproximation reconstitutes activity. (nature.com)
Molecules called1
Genome2
  • The complete genome is 7450 nucleotides long. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 5' end of the genome has a usually genome-linked protein (VPg), or methylated nucleotide cap (in the case of Hepatitis E virus). (wikipedia.org)
Cytidine1
  • Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid or simply cytidylate, and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. (openclipart.org)
Methylation2
  • A key epigenetic mechanism is methylation of cytosine nucleotides in DNA (which occurs specifically at cytosine-guanine - so-called 'CpG' - sites). (usda.gov)
  • DNMT1 preserves the methyltransferase by binding to hemi-methylated CpG sites and methylates the cytosine on the newly synthesized strand after DNA replication, whereas DNMT3a/DNMT3b are required for the de novo genomic methylation of DNA ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Pyrimidine1
  • Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). (hmdb.ca)
Genetic2
  • Evolution of nucleotide salvage enzymes and implications for genetic chemotherapy. (expasy.org)
  • After DNA is cut up into fragments, short stretches of genetic material called adapters are added to give each nucleotide a different color. (indiatimes.com)
Nitrogen1
Dinucleotides1
  • Base substitutions in these regions were almost exclusively of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. (lu.se)
Hydrogen bonds1
Strand2
Fluorescent1
  • One of the earliest methods scientists used in the 1970s and 1980s was Sanger sequencing, which involves cutting up DNA into short fragments and adding radioactive or fluorescent tags to identify each nucleotide. (indiatimes.com)
Sequences1
Tissues1
  • Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. (hmdb.ca)
Enzymes2
  • The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. (hmdb.ca)
  • It flips the methylated nucleotide out of the DNA helix, which only had been seen previously in enzymes that physically modify the DNA. (scienceblog.com)
Gene2
  • of a single DNA building block (nucleotide) called cytosine into the MUC1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Comparing the nucleotides in one gene of a virus with that of a different virus can reveal differences between the two viruses. (cdc.gov)
Chains1
  • When nucleotides form chains they are referred to as nucleic acids, thus DNA is a type of nucleic acid. (cdc.gov)
Made4
  • In cells, the arrangement of these four nucleotides determines the output-the proteins made by the DNA. (udel.edu)
  • And the tower is only made of these four metal nucleotides, in the same double helix way as it is in reality (with some artistic exceptions). (irtc.org)
  • the buildings (made of polygons), the CSG cars, the people at the base, the four nucleotides at the base. (irtc.org)
  • In contrast, key components of DNA known as nucleotides that are made available through the normal breakdown of biomolecules - for instance, during digestion - are readily incorporated into the DNA of cells, suggesting a plausible and potentially significant pathway for damaged food DNA to inflict damage on other DNA downstream in consumers, the team wrote. (jpost.com)
Pairs2
Consists1
Nucleic2
  • Nucleotides are organic molecules that are building blocks of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Let's break down the components into four groups: basic elements, nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids. (cdc.gov)
Single3
  • yunnanensis should be divided into two types of genotypes: YN-I and YN-II according to single nucleotide polymorphism of internal transcribed spacer. (researchsquare.com)
  • There are "point mutations", for example, in which say a single nucleotide changes, say from guanine to cytosine. (askphilosophers.org)
  • Multiple distinct single- and double-nucleotide substitution signatures were discernible. (lu.se)
Carbon2
  • For orientation purposes, the carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar are numbered one through five. (cdc.gov)
  • The next nucleotide in the chain attaches at the third carbon and is called the three prime end. (cdc.gov)
Insertion1
  • 4. Complex mutation: Two nucleotides CA deletion at 119 and one nucleotide G insertion at the same position. (lu.se)
Pair1
  • Because each pair of nucleotides disrupts the electrical current in a particular way, the sequencer can read these changes and upload them directly to a computer. (indiatimes.com)
Found1
  • High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). (hmdb.ca)
Bond1
Previous1
  • Start number for insertions means, that inserted nucleotides are between previous nucleotide and "start number" nucleotide. (lu.se)
Means1
  • This means that one strand's nucleotide chain runs in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction, whereas the other runs in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
  • Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. (hmdb.ca)
Plants2
  • Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. (hmdb.ca)
  • 2001). In plants, the cytosine can be methylated in the CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN context, where N represents any nucleotide but guanine. (thermofisher.com)