GuanineThymineAccepted that cytosine methylationGenome-wideDeaminaseMethylasesArabinosideConverts cytosineEnzymesResiduesMethylation patternHumansAdenosineMethylaseNucleosideDeaminasesAssayCodonEnzymaticMediating geneEnrichmentQuantitativeRRNAPyrimidineNucleotidesProtonEnzymeTranscriptionalDetectionUrineReactionFoundFormulaMethodsQuantumContentStudyHigherAnalysisResults
Guanine19
- Cytosine (/ˈsaɪtəˌsiːn, -ˌziːn, -ˌsɪn/) (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). (wikipedia.org)
- In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. (wikipedia.org)
- Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). (hmdb.ca)
- In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. (hmdb.ca)
- Alteration of cytosine-guanine interactions due to N7 metal cation binding: a structure-activity relationship for cisplatin analogues. (aspetjournals.org)
- Metal cation binding to N7 of guanine (G) and the resulting altered interaction with cytosine (C) were investigated by ab initio quantum chemical calculations for the ions Li+, Na+, B+, Be2+, and Mg2+. (aspetjournals.org)
- DNA is made up of a unique combination of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine which only combine in Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine pairs. (sorceryscience.com)
- This product includes one Guanine and one Cytosine stud. (sorceryscience.com)
- The effect of these modifications on cytosine geometry, electronic structure, proton affinities, gas phase basicities, cytosine-guanine base pair hydrogen bond network and corresponding nucleophilicity at guanine are examined. (umn.edu)
- Ultimately, these results play a part in dissecting the effect of endogenous cytosine methylation on the reactivity of neighboring guanine toward carcinogens and DNA alkylating agents. (umn.edu)
- Adenine and thymine always bond together as a pair, and cytosine and guanine bond together as a pair. (howstuffworks.com)
- Why does cytosine only bond with guanine and thymine only bond with adenine? (khanacademy.org)
- Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
- Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides alleviate radiation-induced kidney injury in cervical cancer by inhibiting DNA damage and oxidative stress through blockade of PARP1/XRCC1 axis. (bvsalud.org)
- This study aims to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms by which CpG-ODNs ( Cytosine phosphate guanine - oligodeoxynucleotides ) regulate the PARP1 (poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase 1)/XRCC1 ( X-ray repair cross-complementing 1) signaling axis and its impact on radiation kidney injury (RKI) in cervical cancer radiotherapy . (bvsalud.org)
- DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
- These bases attach to each other in a specific pattern: adenosine:thymidine and cytosine:guanine. (cdc.gov)
- After Alu I digestion, the DNA was transferred to a nylon membrane for polymorphic guanine cytosine-rich repetitive sequence (PGRS) Southern blotting. (cdc.gov)
- The study found methylation predominantly at non-cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites. (who.int)
Thymine4
- In March 2015, NASA scientists reported the formation of cytosine, along with uracil and thymine, from pyrimidine under the space-like laboratory conditions, which is of interest because pyrimidine has been found in meteorites although its origin is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- The difference in rates of deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine (to uracil and thymine) forms the basis of bisulfite sequencing. (wikipedia.org)
- Uracil is selected over cytosine by a pattern of specific hydrogen bonds, and thymine is excluded by steric clash of its 5-methyl group with Y66. (ox.ac.uk)
- Direct DNA sequencing identified a thymine-to-cytosine transition at the second base of codon 64, which resulted in a replacement of serine for phenylalanine. (nih.gov)
Accepted that cytosine methylation1
- It is widely accepted that cytosine methylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism in both normal and pathological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome-wide1
- We analyzed 137 B-lineage and 30 T-lineage childhood ALL cases using microarray analysis of DNA copy number alterations and gene expression, and genome-wide cytosine methylation profiling using the HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated PCR (HELP) assay. (lu.se)
Deaminase3
- Suicide genes code for enzymes, such as cytosine deaminase (CD), that convert non-toxic compounds (prodrugs) into toxic products. (invivogen.com)
- The crystal structure of yeast cytosine deaminase bound to 4(R)-hydroxyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine at 1.14 angstroms. (expasy.org)
- The 1.14 a crystal structure of yeast Cytosine deaminase. (expasy.org)
Methylases2
- A specific inhibitor of DNA cytosine C 5 -methylases would be useful for studying genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, carcinogenesis, and regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, for these physiological phenomena appears to be regulated through DNA methylation in promoter sequences. (elsevierpure.com)
- Methylases that are specific for CYTOSINE residues found on DNA. (bvsalud.org)
Arabinoside3
- Signature-based small molecule screening identifies cytosine arabinoside as an EWS/FLI modulator in Ewing sarcoma. (broadinstitute.org)
- Screening identified cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) as a modulator of EWS/FLI. (broadinstitute.org)
- Purpose Cytosine arabinoside (AraC) remains the backbone of most treatment regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (elsevierpure.com)
Converts cytosine2
- CD converts cytosine and its analog, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), to uracil and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) respectively. (invivogen.com)
- Now, researchers at Harvard University have modified CRISPR/Cas9 technology to get around these problems, creating a new "base editor," described today (April 20) in Nature , which permanently and efficiently converts cytosine (C) to uracil (U) bases with low error in human and mouse cell lines. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Enzymes3
- The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5’ carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. (hmdb.ca)
- The use of enzymes sensitive to cytosine methylation allows high-throughput analysis of this epigenetic regulatory process. (nih.gov)
- Enzymes responsible for producing a species-specific methylation pattern on cytosine residues. (bvsalud.org)
Residues2
- Dominant, very active loci have a higher proportion of rRNA genes with unmethylated cytosine residues in comparison with recessive and inactive loci. (ncsu.edu)
- We have previously shown that these and other examples of nucleolar dominance in wheat are associated with undermethylation of cytosine residues in certain regions of the dominant rDNA. (ncsu.edu)
Methylation pattern1
- It is concluded that cytosine methylation in rDNA is regulated and that the methylation pattern correlates with the transcription potential of an rRNA gene. (ncsu.edu)
Humans1
- Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. (hmdb.ca)
Adenosine1
- Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration in men is not associated with the cytosine-adenosine repeat polymorphism of the IGF-I gene. (ox.ac.uk)
Methylase2
- This paper reports a novel convenient in vitro assay method for screening DNA cytosine C 5 -methylase inhibitor. (elsevierpure.com)
- Our method uses a commercially available Hae III methylase (cytosine C 5 methylase), its corresponding Hae III endonuclease, and λ DNA as their substrate. (elsevierpure.com)
Nucleoside1
- The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. (wikipedia.org)
Deaminases1
- Active enzymatic deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine by the APOBEC family of cytosine deaminases could have both beneficial and detrimental implications on various cellular processes as well as on organismal evolution. (wikipedia.org)
Assay1
- This advance allows the development of a new, high-resolution version of our HpaII-tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR (HELP) assay to study cytosine methylation. (nih.gov)
Codon1
- When found third in a codon of RNA, cytosine is synonymous with uracil, as they are interchangeable as the third base. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymatic1
- Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. (hmdb.ca)
Mediating gene1
- Chromatin modifications, such as cytosine methylation of DNA, play a significant role in mediating gene expression in plants, which affects growth, development, and cell differentiation. (doe.gov)
Enrichment1
- Here we present a method for 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine enrichment from cell free DNA or fragmented genomic DNA. (researchsquare.com)
Quantitative1
- Quantitative post-functionalization converted cytosine to ureido-cytosine (UCy) with an increased self-association strength due to quadruple hydrogen bond formation. (elsevierpure.com)
RRNA2
- The enzyme specifically methylates cytosine(967) at C(5) in 16S rRNA. (expasy.org)
- Cytosine methylation has been studied in wheat rRNA genes at nucleolar organizers displaying different activities. (ncsu.edu)
Pyrimidine2
- Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). (hmdb.ca)
- DNA triple helix formation at target sites containing several pyrimidine interruptions: stabilization by protonated cytosine or 5-(1-propargylamino)dU. (ox.ac.uk)
Nucleotides1
- In October 2021, Cytosine was announced as having been found in meteorites by researchers in a joint Japan/NASA project, that used novel methods of detection which avoided damaging nucleotides as they were extracted from meteorites. (wikipedia.org)
Proton1
- In this dissertation, we examine the gas phase acidity and proton affinity of cytosine using Fourior transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and ab initio calculations at B3LYP/6-31+G*. The experimental gas phase acidities and proton affinities were established using bracketing method, equilibrium method and Cooks kinetic method. (rutgers.edu)
Enzyme3
- Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. (wikipedia.org)
- The N123D mutation generates an enzyme that excises cytosine. (ox.ac.uk)
- This enzyme may offer a new approach for discriminating between cytosine and 5-methylcytosine. (ox.ac.uk)
Transcriptional2
- We found that the methylation profiles of 16.6% of cytosines and the expression profiles of neighboring transcriptional start sites (TSSs) were significantly negatively correlated. (biomedcentral.com)
- Together, these results demonstrate subtype- and disease-specific alterations in cytosine methylation in ALL that influence transcriptional activity, and are likely to exert a key role in leukemogenesis. (lu.se)
Detection1
- Methods: % 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and % 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (5-hmC) levels were measured by capture and detection antibodies followed by colorimetric quantification. (cdc.gov)
Urine1
- High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). (hmdb.ca)
Reaction1
- Cytosine likely formed within some meteorite parent bodies, however did not persist within these bodies due to an effective deamination reaction into uracil. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
- Until October 2021, Cytosine had not been found in meteorites, which suggested the first strands of RNA and DNA had to look elsewhere to obtain this building block. (wikipedia.org)
Formula1
- Cytosine, chemical name is 4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, CAS RN is 71-30-7, molecular formula is C4H5N3O. (vallereque.com)
Methods1
- The present study employs density-functional electronic structure methods to investigate the effect of chemical modification at the C5 position of cytosine. (umn.edu)
Quantum1
- In 1998, cytosine was used in an early demonstration of quantum information processing when Oxford University researchers implemented the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on a two qubit nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer (NMRQC). (wikipedia.org)
Content1
- In contrast, the viscoelastic behavior of cytosine-containing random copolymers resembled entangled, non-associating polymers with increasing T g as the cytosine content increased. (elsevierpure.com)
Study1
- Cytosine 5-methylation, overall features of the TALE scaffold, and TALE amino acid positions engineered in this study to obtain TALE scaffolds with increased C/5mC selectivity. (nature.com)
Higher2
- The incorporation of UCy into random copolymers resulted in higher T g s, enhanced mechanical performance, and better microphase-separation than the cytosine-containing precursors. (elsevierpure.com)
- UCy-containing random copolymers showed various advantages for applications as adhesives and thermoplastic elastomers compared to the cytosine copolymers, including superior cohesive strength, higher thermal stability, wider service temperature window, and lower moisture uptake. (elsevierpure.com)
Analysis2
- Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a lower onset temperature of weight loss (∼200 °C) for UCy-containing copolymers, however, they proved to be more thermally stable at ≤130 °C than the cytosine-containing precursors during isothermal rheological experiments. (elsevierpure.com)
- Variable temperature FTIR spectroscopy verified the presence of hydrogen bonding, and thermogravimetric sorption analysis (TGA-SA) compared the water uptake of UCy and cytosine-containing copolymers. (elsevierpure.com)
Results1
- An average promoter methylation is usually used in studies, whereas recent results suggested that methylation of individual cytosines can also be important. (biomedcentral.com)