AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Cytoplasmic StructuresCytoplasmRNA, MessengerRNA StabilityExoribonucleasesRNA-Binding ProteinsPoly(A)-Binding Protein IRNA TransportPoly AProtein BiosynthesisHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsCell NucleusRibonucleoproteinsRibonucleasesPolyribosomesTranscription, GeneticRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNABase Sequence3' Untranslated RegionsRNA PrecursorsGene Expression RegulationGlobinsRNA SplicingMolecular Sequence DataHeLa CellsNucleic Acid HybridizationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCell LineSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsPlasmidsNuclear ProteinsKineticsMutationRNA, ViralProtein BindingReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionBlotting, NorthernCells, CulturedIn Situ HybridizationAmino Acid SequenceCloning, MolecularDNA, ComplementaryGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicPolymerase Chain ReactionDNA PrimersRats, Sprague-DawleyLiverDNABlotting, WesternUp-RegulationPromoter Regions, GeneticTranscription FactorsImmunohistochemistryDown-RegulationTransfectionTumor Cells, CulturedNonsense Mediated mRNA DecayAlternative SplicingTime FactorsDNA-Binding ProteinsCarrier ProteinsCycloheximideTissue DistributionmRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation FactorsGenesRats, WistarRNA ProbesExonsDactinomycinSignal TransductionGene Expression Regulation, Developmental5' Untranslated RegionsSequence Homology, Amino AcidGene Expression ProfilingOrgan SpecificityHu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis AntigensGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticRNA, NeoplasmCell Line, TumorTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaNucleic Acid ConformationCell DifferentiationMembrane ProteinsEnzyme InductionIsoenzymesProtein IsoformsRecombinant ProteinsRNA, FungalFibroblastsReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionProteinsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDexamethasoneKidneyPolyadenylationInterleukin-1RibosomesRNA, Small InterferingGenes, Reporter
PolyadenylationProteinsRegulatesNeuronsLocalizationDecayTranslationEukaryoticNuclearDegradationGenesTranscriptsGene expressionStabilityRegulationSequencesNRF2NascentTurnoverMoleculesMicrotubulesExpressionActinDyneinTranslationallyGranulesMiRNAsMaternalVasculitisLocalisationCellularStructuresCopiesComplexOccursTranscriptionNucleusMachineryCellsTransport
Polyadenylation5
  • This study describe a third pattern of polyadenylation: mRNAs are deadenylated in growing oocytes, become polyadenylated during early maturation and then deadenylated during late maturation. (nih.gov)
  • During egg activation, relative changes in poly(A)-tail length, and thus translational efficiency, were largely retained in the absence of cytoplasmic polyadenylation, which indicated that selective poly(A)-tail shortening primarily specifies these changes. (elifesciences.org)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • The polyadenylation site (PAS), point from which the pre-mRNA is cleaved and polyadenylated, is defined by surrounding cis- elements ( Tian and Manley, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Proteins13
  • These two preprints from the Bullock and Trybus labs show that mRNA could work as a scaffolding structure bringing together adaptor and motor proteins. (biologists.com)
  • They provide molecular mechanisms of how the presence of a localisation signal on mRNA could be converted, through adaptor proteins, to the activity of the motor. (biologists.com)
  • Human cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) is a component of a macromolecular complex consisting of at least nine tRNA synthetases and three auxiliary proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Spermatogenesis produces haploid sperm capable of penetrating the oocyte, whereas oogenesis produces differentiated oocytes that are stockpiled with maternal nutrients, proteins, and mRNAs, and have outer layers that protect the embryo and enable fertilization. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cytoplasmic RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) contains dsRNA binding proteins, including PRKRA, TRBP, and Dicer. (hindawi.com)
  • These proteins process pre-microRNAs into mature microRNAs (miRNAs) that target specific mRNA species for regulation. (hindawi.com)
  • RNA binding proteins recognize these sequences and assemble with their mRNA target into mRNPs. (europa.eu)
  • It is still not known which RBPs or adaptor proteins are essential to recruit microtubule-binding motor proteins to mRNPs and to which extend this varies between different transported mRNAs. (europa.eu)
  • Mutations affecting zipcodes, RBPs or motor-proteins required for neuronal mRNA localization were shown to lead to severe neurodegenerative diseases as ALS, FXTAS and FXS (7), underlining the need to understand the mechanisms that drive neuronal mRNA transport. (europa.eu)
  • Also in this specific case, it is not understood how RBPs, potential adaptors and motor proteins, which are essential for the transport of CaMKIIa-mRNA are mechanistically contributing to its correct localisation. (europa.eu)
  • Nuclear mRNA transcripts acquire a protein coat composed of cap- and RNA-binding proteins that allow nuclear export and dictate the functional program of cytoplasmic mRNAs ( Moore, 2005 ). (rupress.org)
  • Thus, GCGs contain proteins involved in translation initiation, translation control, and mRNA decay, which is consistent with their proposed role in the regulation ofs maternal mRNA expression. (rupress.org)
Regulates1
  • CNOT6 regulates a novel pattern of mRNA deadenylation during oocyte meiotic maturation. (nih.gov)
Neurons4
  • Cytoplasmic expression systems triggered by mRNA yield increased gene expression in post-mitotic neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Raju CS, Fukuda N, López-Iglesias C, Göritz C, Visa N, Percipalle P. (2011) 'In neurons, activity-dependent association of dendritically transported mRNA transcripts with the transacting factor CBF-A is mediated by A2RE/RTS elements. (nyu.edu)
  • mRNA transport in neurons: In neurons, thousands of mRNAs are transported into axons or dendrites by so far not identified transport mechanisms (6). (europa.eu)
  • Cytoplasmic RNA granules in germ cells (polar and germinal granules), somatic cells (stress granules and processing bodies), and neurons (neuronal granules) have emerged as important players in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. (rupress.org)
Localization5
  • The nucleolus: a nuclear compartment with impact on cytoplasmic mRNA localization. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Coordination of endoplasmic reticulum and mRNA localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Khd1p, a protein with multiple roles in mRNA localization and telomeric silencing. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Role of nuclear RNP assembly in cytoplasmic mRNA localization. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Neriec N, Percipalle P (2018) 'Sorting mRNA molecules for cytoplasmic transport and localization. (nyu.edu)
Decay1
  • Different classes of RNA granules share some protein components and may use similar mechanisms to regulate mRNA translation/decay. (rupress.org)
Translation11
  • Rbfox1 cytoplasmic variants modulate mRNA stability and translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through mutation of the three codons, the two human cytoplasmic ArgRSs were found to be produced in different amounts, indicating that they resulted from two different translation initiation events. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our results also revealed the presence of tail-length-independent mechanisms that maintained translation despite tail-length shortening during oocyte maturation, and prevented essentially all translation of bicoid and several other mRNAs before egg activation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Fertilization also leads to changes in mRNA translation and protein stability, which support a period of development driven off of maternal stockpiles. (elifesciences.org)
  • Context and state of the art mRNA transport in general: Cytoplasmic mRNA transport and local translation are essential for many processes requiring symmetry breaking such as embryonic development, cell migration and neuronal differentiation (1). (europa.eu)
  • After induction of long-term potentiation, CaMKIIa-mRNA is transported to distal parts of dendrites where its translation is locally regulated (12, 13). (europa.eu)
  • Luciferases have become indispensable for the study of fundamental cellular processes including the regulation of transcription and translation, mRNA and protein stability, and nucleic acid/protein interactions. (neb.com)
  • Some mRNAs are programmed for immediate translation, a process that remodels the protein coat and assembles a polysome. (rupress.org)
  • After productive translation, mRNAs are deadenylated, polysomes are disassembled, and the mRNA is either degraded or stored. (rupress.org)
  • Other mRNAs are programmed for delayed translation, allowing transcripts to be transported or stored until developmental or environmental cues call for their translation. (rupress.org)
  • GCGs direct the timing of maternal mRNA translation to promote germ cell development in the early embryo and establish the germ line for the next generation. (rupress.org)
Eukaryotic2
  • RISC assembles into processing bodies (P-bodies) which are specific cytoplasmic foci in somatic eukaryotic cells [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cytoplasmic RNP granules constitutively found in eukaryotic cells. (bvsalud.org)
Nuclear3
  • We have developed and evaluated a hybrid mRNA/DNA system designed to bypass the nuclear barrier to transfection and facilitate cytoplasmic gene expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The results from this study demonstrate that co-delivery of mRNA is a promising strategy to yield increased expression with plasmid DNA, and represents an important step towards improving the capability of non-viral vectors to mediate efficient gene transfer in cell types, such as in DRGN, where the nuclear membrane is a significant barrier to transfection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to mRNA metabolism, a similar protein in yeast has been implicated in a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, including homologous recombination, meiosis, telomere maintenance, and microtubule assembly. (nih.gov)
Degradation7
  • CNOT6/6L-mediated mRNA degradation in ovarian granulosa cells is a key mechanism of gonadotropin-triggered follicle development. (nih.gov)
  • Lsm1p is a member of a cytoplasmic complex composed of Lsm1p-7p that interacts with the yeast mRNA degradation machinery. (bioone.org)
  • Furthermore, the UV-radiation sensitivity phenotype of lsm1 Δ is partially rescued by mutations in genes involved in 3′ to 5′ mRNA degradation, and mutations predicted to function in RNA interactions confer the most UV-radiation sensitivity. (bioone.org)
  • Together, these results suggest that Lsm1p may confer protection against UV-radiation damage by protecting the 3′ ends of mRNAs from exosome-dependent 3′ to 5′ degradation as part of a novel RAD5- mediated, PCNA-K164 ubiquitylation-independent subpathway of PRR. (bioone.org)
  • The encoded protein may be involved in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation, and interacts directly with the enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4. (nih.gov)
  • Interrogating the degradation pathways of unstable mRNAs with XRN1-resistant sequences. (nih.gov)
  • Cd did not affect the protein levels of Keap1, which is a repressor of the cytoplasmic Nrf2, or Cul-3, an E3 ligase involved in the proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. (cdc.gov)
Genes1
  • Via an alignment of ArgRSs from different vertebrates, the genes encoding full-length human cytoplasmic ArgRS and an N-terminal 72-amino acid deletion mutant (hcArgRS and ΔNhcArgRS, respectively) were subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. (elsevierpure.com)
Transcripts2
  • mRNA transcripts for osteopontin were determined using RT- -PCR with specific primers. (bvsalud.org)
  • mRNA transcripts were detected in all culture conditions since the first day of culture. (bvsalud.org)
Gene expression5
  • This system, based on co-delivery of mRNA(A64) encoding for T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) with a T7-driven plasmid, produced between 10- and 2200-fold higher gene expression in primary dorsal root ganglion neuronal (DRGN) cultures isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats compared to a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven plasmid, and 30-fold greater expression than the enhanced T7-based autogene plasmid pR011. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cell division cycle has global effects on mRNA and protein synthesis, and is also an important source of gene expression noise [10C13]. (cckn-ia.org)
  • Analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets supported the mRNA findings. (hindawi.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by imperfect matching of mRNA [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They can bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in order to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally with no sequence specificity but by potential electrostatic interactions with the phosphate backbone of RNA 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
Stability1
  • We have also characterized a number of parameters, such as mRNA structure, intracellular stability and persistence of each nucleic acid component that represent important factors in determining the transfection efficiency of this hybrid expression system. (ox.ac.uk)
Regulation4
  • The regulation of expression of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), a transcriptional factor, involves an unconventional mRNA splicing that removes the 26 nucleotides intron. (mdpi.com)
  • and positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly. (nih.gov)
  • Essential functions of the CNOT7/8 catalytic subunits of the CCR4-NOT complex in mRNA regulation and cell viability. (nih.gov)
  • Fukuda N, Fukuda T, Sinnamon J, Hernandez-Hernandez A, Izadi M, Raju CS, Czaplinski K, Percipalle P. (2013) 'The transacting factor CBF-A/Hnrnpab binds to the A2RE/RTS element of protamine 2 mRNA and contributes to its translational regulation during mouse spermatogenesis. (nyu.edu)
Sequences2
  • In cultured oligodendrocytes the A/B-type hnRNP CBF-A accompanies MBP mRNA bound to mRNA trafficking sequences. (nyu.edu)
  • mRNA localisation requires primary sequences and secondary structures often localised in their 3'UTR (3). (europa.eu)
NRF23
  • In addition, NRF1 and NRF2 mRNA and miR-23B, miR-93, miR-144, miR-212, miR-340, miR-383, and miR-510 levels were analysed with real-time qPCR from 54 paraffin-embedded naevi and melanoma samples. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, the miRNAs correlated negatively with the immunohistochemical expression of NRF1 and NRF2 but positively with their respective mRNA. (hindawi.com)
  • In MEF cells with wild type Nrf2 and mouse hepa 1c1c7 cells, Cd increased the Nrf2 protein level but not the Nrf2 mRNA level dose-dependently. (cdc.gov)
Nascent2
  • In mouse embryonic stem cells, nascent Oct4 and Nanog mRNAs were measured in different phases using smFISH method [15]. (cckn-ia.org)
  • This structural organization reveals how the channels guide nascent mRNA sequentially to guanylyltransferase, 7-N-methyltransferase, and 2'-O-methyltransferase in the turret, undergoing the highly coordinated mRNA capping activity. (rcsb.org)
Turnover1
  • The poly(A)-specific nuclease (PAN) is a deadenylating enzyme involved in cytoplasmic mRNA turnover. (embl.de)
Molecules1
  • During phase, a cell is divided into two daughter cells and residual mRNA molecules are randomly partitioned. (cckn-ia.org)
Microtubules2
  • mRNAs are transported along microtubules (MTs) by different kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein and get anchored at the actin cortex, intermediate filaments or unknown structures (1, 3). (europa.eu)
  • Before we can understand how overall distributions of thousands of mRNA are generated, we first need to understand how any specific mRNA can be transported along microtubules - a question unanswered since the first MT based mRNA transport was observed more than 2 decades ago. (europa.eu)
Expression3
  • Cell-free assays and in vitro transfections highlighted the versatility of this system with small quantities of T7 RNAP mRNA required to mediate expression at levels that were significantly greater than with the T7-driven plasmid alone or supplemented with T7 RNAP protein. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A) Mean relative mRNA levels of TIGIT expression from rRT-PCR assay. (cdc.gov)
  • A ) Relative mRNA expression of pcdh8l normalized to GAPDH obtained by real-time PCR. (elifesciences.org)
Actin1
  • The immunogen used for this product shares 77% homology with Gamma actin/actin cytoplasmic 2. (abcam.com)
Dynein1
  • Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is an essential motor complex for mRNA transport and localisation. (biologists.com)
Translationally3
  • Neuronal mRNA transport occurs in packages of single to a few copies of mRNAs (8-11), mostly in a translationally repressed mode. (europa.eu)
  • In both cases, a subset of translationally silenced mRNAs is packaged into RNP granules that lack a limiting membrane and are visible using light microscopy. (rupress.org)
  • Germ cells contain other granules that may harbor translationally silenced mRNAs important for the development of other early embryonic tissues ( Navarro and Blackwell, 2005 ). (rupress.org)
Granules1
  • In stressed cells, Rbfox1 has been demonstrated to localize to cytoplasmic stress granules. (wikipedia.org)
MiRNAs1
Maternal1
  • The MZT marks the transfer of control of development from the mother to the zygote as maternal mRNAs are degraded, transcription from the zygotic genome begins, and embryonic development becomes dependent on zygotic gene products ( Tadros and Lipshitz, 2009 ). (elifesciences.org)
Vasculitis2
  • This report describes a case of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis following COVID-19 infection. (medscape.com)
  • Development of Alveolar Hemorrhage After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in a Patient With Renal-Limited Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Case Report. (cdc.gov)
Localisation2
  • Dendritic localisation of CaMKIIa-mRNA requires its 3'UTR harbouring binding sites for RBPs as FMRP and Staufen2, which are required for its correct localisation. (europa.eu)
  • Inhibiting the localisation of this mRNA leads to a significant reduction of CamKIIa protein at postsynaptic densities and a strong reduction of cognitive abilities in animal models (12). (europa.eu)
Cellular1
  • Cellular 5'-3' mRNA exonuclease Xrn1 controls double-stranded RNA accumulation and anti-viral responses. (nih.gov)
Structures1
  • These structures first appear in the cytoplasmic lobe of elongated step 10 spermatids and subsequently disappear in step 19 spermatids. (hindawi.com)
Copies1
  • It was found that the ratio of the average number of mRNA copies in phase and are degraded almost completely before cytokinesis [12]. (cckn-ia.org)
Complex1
  • PRKRA is contained in the cytoplasmic RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) together with transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP) and Dicer [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Occurs1
  • The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) from the family Reoviridae belongs to a subgroup of "turreted" reoviruses, in which the mRNA capping activity occurs in a pentameric turret. (rcsb.org)
Transcription2
  • It remains an essential and widely open question to quantify how the transition of cell cycle phases, the variation of DNA content and transcription kinetics in different phases, and the random partition of mRNAs in daughter cells affect the dynamics and noise of gene transcription. (cckn-ia.org)
  • We use RT-PCR reverse transcription system and the expand high fidelity PCR system to detect spliced XBP1 mRNA, and fraction cells to determine the location of the unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA. (mdpi.com)
Nucleus1
  • This study was designed to examine whether the unconventional spicing of XBP1 mRNA could occur in the nucleus and its possible biological relevance. (mdpi.com)
Machinery1
  • In P-bodies mRNAs from the stalled translational machinery are deadenylated and condensed for sequestration. (bvsalud.org)
Cells3
  • It remains largely unexplored how these random events govern mRNA outputs and their fluctuation among individual cells [1]. (cckn-ia.org)
  • On the other hand, there are specific cytoplasmic foci similar to the P-bodies in spermatogenic cells, which are called nuage [ 15 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • mRNA microarray analyses of A549, PC14, and PC14CDDP cells that were transiently transfected with either pre-miR-197 or LNA-miR-197 and their controls. (nih.gov)
Transport3
  • These studies provide a new paradigm of how mRNA and probably other cargos could stimulate their own transport. (biologists.com)
  • This defines the extent to which transport of an mRNP is biased towards one direction, which ultimately gives rise to the steady state distributions pattern of mRNAs observed (5). (europa.eu)
  • Since the first discovery of cytoplasmic mRNA transport almost three decades ago, several essential questions could not be answered mostly due to the complexity of the in vivo situation and the approaches available. (europa.eu)