• Viral-antigen detection is one of the new tests, but the results are generally less sensitive and less specific than those of conventional cell cultures. (medscape.com)
  • Their presence can be detected visually only by hemadsorption or interference, in which infected cell cultures showing no CPE inhibit the replication of another virus subsequently introduced into the cultures, or in situ by viral antigen or nucleic acid detection. (asm.org)
  • the distribution of viral antigen in intestinal tissues was determined by immunofluorescent staining with anti-simian rotavirus (sa-11) serum. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Lymphocyte proliferation in response to bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Depletion of either of the other two T-cell subsets that expressed the BoCD8 antigen or the BoWC1 antigen present on the gamma/delta T-cells had no demonstrable effect. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Frequent mutations change some viral antigens so that the lymphocytes are unable to create an antibody that can neutralize the original antigen and its replacement. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • The degree of visible damage to cells caused by viral infection varies with type of virus, type of host cells, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and other factors. (asm.org)
  • CPEs are important aspects of a viral infection in diagnostics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, the viral infection is introduced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly to total destruction, this CPE is observed by seeding a confluent monolayer of host cell on a glass surface then introducing a viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell biology approaches will next be used to determine the consequence of the interaction in the viral infection, cell signaling pathways and the host pathogenesis both in macrophages and in vivo. (usda.gov)
  • Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it has not been possible to demonstrate a direct relation between CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data are consistent with a significant role for HIV-specific CTLs in the control of HIV infection and suggest a considerable cytopathic effect of the virus in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, the time from HIV-1 infection, rather than genetic subtype, seems to be linked to viral phenotype. (fiocruz.br)
  • An interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION following viral infection. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cross-infection studies of normal calves infected with homologous pairs of non-cytopathic and cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) showed significant differences in both humoral and cell- mediated immune responses against either biotype over a period of 5 months. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Of particular interest was the finding that PC-positive DBs induced an antibody response that blocked the infection of fibroblasts by a PC-positive viral strain more efficiently than sera following immunizations with PC-negative particles. (asm.org)
  • Using a subviral particle vaccine candidate, we show here that one protein complex of HCMV, termed the pentameric complex (PC), enhances the neutralizing antibody response against viral infection of different cell types. (asm.org)
  • Although some of these candidates have shown a moderate protective effect against primary infection, there are still open questions regarding the goals and the most appropriate formulation for a successful HCMV vaccine ( 8 ). (asm.org)
  • We observed numerous spherical, enveloped viral particles, ≈70 nm in diameter, after negative staining in a transmission electron microscope. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1906, Paschen created a staining method for viral particles and demonstrated the elementary bodies (Paschen bodies) in smallpox lesion smears. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Further, no demonstration of physical isolation of viral particles or of viral RNA, nor of sequencing from lysed whole virions was shown. (linode.com)
  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus: a review. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Molecular specificity of the antibody responses of cattle naturally and experimentally infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Limited virucidal activity has been declared when there is a proven efficacy against two representatives of enveloped viruses, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) [ 6 ] and the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • To identify potential viral pathogens, we performed reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect a panel of viruses, including canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, and canine adenovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • CPEs and other changes in cell morphology are only a few of the many effects by cytocidal viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • We anticipate that NS1 mediates the effects of AIV on macrophages and would like to test viruses with different NS1 alleles to determine if it mediates the downregulation of immune function genes as we described in the Prelimiary Results. (usda.gov)
  • Reverse genetics: NS1 genes will be altered through site mutagenesis and mutated viruses will be generated through co-transfection of macropahges with a reverse genetics system to determine which part of the NS1 genes is responsible for the observed differences in cytopathogenic effect (apoptosis) and the modulation of the immnue genes detected by microarray analysis. (usda.gov)
  • On the other hand, viral cytopathogenic effects are also observed: these effects are obtained by using viruses further inactivated through cell fixation processes. (ac.be)
  • Virologists are trained and told to follow a specific procedure in 'isolating' & 'sequencing' viruses because both the virus & the viral genome don't exist in nature. (linode.com)
  • Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the whole viral genome of coronavirus 2019-nCoV having recently been sequenced at the Institut Pasteur, the isolation of strains of coronavirus 2019-nCoV detected in France has now been successfully finalized, in a very short space of time, using the samples taken from the first confirmed French cases. (pasteur.fr)
  • Further, the 'viral genome' was derived in silico, which means no actual virus was physically lysed & analyzed, let alone proven to exist. (linode.com)
  • RNA wasn't physically extracted by whole lysed virions, but instead, as the authors state: 'We extracted RNA for whole genome sequencing of the viral isolate. (linode.com)
  • The viral genome is always generated in silico through the computational reconstruction of a larger gene out of millions of short gene fragments of unknown origins. (linode.com)
  • Here, we report the genomic sequences of 2 wild-type viral isolates of genotype D4 with genome lengths of 15,900 nt. (cdc.gov)
  • Kenan DJ, Mieczkowski PA, Burger-Calderon R, Singh HK, Nickeleit V. The oncogenic potential of BK-polyomavirus is linked to viral integration into the human genome. (umassmed.edu)
  • Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The cells will be observed every 6 hours for cytopathic effects. (usda.gov)
  • This was also the case for the p7 from the related virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. (lookformedical.com)
  • dose effect on experimental reproduction of rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Calves were then infected intranasally with a non-cytopathogenic biotype of bovine virus diarrhoea virus and the effect of the specific depletion with the mAb on viraemia and shedding of virus from the nasopharynx determined. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, the detection of viral pathogens does not always indicate active disease. (medscape.com)
  • Viral cultures are still the criterion standard for most viral pathogens, but they take a long time to complete. (medscape.com)
  • The interactions between pathogens and their hosts involve complex and diverse processes at the genetic, biochemical, phenotypic, population, and community levels, while the distribution and abundance of microorganisms in nature and their microbial processes are affected by both biotic and abiotic factors that act at different scales. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Failure to consider these effects may result in spurious conclusions that do not truly reflect the abundance and distribution of waterborne pathogens. (nationalacademies.org)
  • On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • effects of tunicamycin on rotavirus morphogenesis and infectivity. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • results showed that glycosylation of vp7 is not required for normal viral morphogenesis and infectivity and suggested that the nonstructural glycoprotein is involved in assembly of the outer capsid. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the assay systems include : viral infectivity, complement fixing activity, particle counts, radial diffusion titre and single radial haemolysis titre. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Using detection methods, we had observed a high viral load in the samples taken from the patients in hospital in Paris. (pasteur.fr)
  • The rapid growth of the culture may be explained by "the high viral load in the samples," but also by "the quality of the samples," adds Vincent Enouf, Deputy Director of the CNR at the Institut Pasteur. (pasteur.fr)
  • However, while animal protection and economic reasons prohibit the use of higher primates for routine tests on commercial products, the Tupaia model is expensive, the availability of hepatocytes is limited and the test requires human sera with high viral load. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was declared this constitutes evidence of a new viral pathogen '2019-nCoV', later to be renamed SARS-CoV-2. (linode.com)
  • The second generation (G2) of engineered OVs armed with viral and/or non-viral genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral pneumonia can be diagnosed by isolation and identification of the pathogen through viral culture. (medscape.com)
  • Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles. (zero-sum.org)
  • Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the various etiologic agents, both viral and bacterial, causing pneumonia, the workup for symptomatic patients with an infiltrate on chest radiograph should include laboratory studies. (medscape.com)
  • The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Viral pneumonia decreases in frequency in healthy young and middle-aged adults, but it then increases substantially among the elderly. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: The antiviral activities of KD-1 against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E were assessed in Vero E6 cells using cytopathic effect and plaque-reduction assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
  • These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • For many viral infections, different host cell strains may have a characteristic response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
  • So, these viral-specific drugs are not able to become viral resisting drugs for new strains. (springeropen.com)
  • High concordance in plasma and CSF HIV-1 drug resistance mutations despite high cases of CSF viral escape in individuals with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana. (harvard.edu)
  • Tissue from the upper or lower respiratory tract, sputum samples, and samples obtained by nasopharyngeal washing, bronchoalveolar lavage, and biopsy may be submitted for viral culture. (medscape.com)
  • Demonstration of p7 ion channel activity in cellular membranes and its inhibition by amantadine affirm the protein as a target for future anti-viral chemotherapy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • During the time that synthesis of viral components is occurring in the infected cell, the cell undergoes characteristic biochemical and morphological changes. (asm.org)
  • The presence of viral inclusions is diagnostic, although this method has low sensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • Drug Resistance, Viral" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Drug Resistance, Viral" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Drug Resistance, Viral" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Drug Resistance, Viral" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • routine analysis of suspensions of foot-and-mouth disease virus and eluates of vaccine by the isopycnic method in analytical ultracentrifuge demonstrates the important heterogeneity of the viral population. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The viral pentameric protein complex consisting of glycoprotein H (gH)/gL/UL128-131A (PC) is considered to be an important vaccine component. (asm.org)
  • Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, the first sign of viral infections is the rounding of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells with visible cytopathogenic effect. (pasteur.fr)
  • What effect do sampling and environmental variations have on the efficacy of indicators? (nationalacademies.org)
  • Vaccinia produces cytopathogenic effects within 24 to 48 hours, but variola takes longer. (microbiologynote.com)
  • This limitation is overcome by using quantitative PCR, which shows the level of viral load. (medscape.com)
  • With the use of the tetrameric complexes, a significant inverse correlation was observed between HIV-specific CTL frequency and plasma RNA viral load. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Capsid-CPSF6 Interaction Licenses Nuclear HIV-1 Trafficking to Sites of Viral DNA Integration. (umassmed.edu)
  • De Iaco A, Luban J. Cyclophilin A promotes HIV-1 reverse transcription but its effect on transduction correlates best with its effect on nuclear entry of viral cDNA. (umassmed.edu)
  • In the gut, the E. mundtii secretome may modulate the expression of tuberculosis, exhibiting an anti-tuberculosis effect, with some protective roles in human and animal health. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the therapeutic effects of these drugs have not been fully demonstrated in clinical studies. (bvsalud.org)