The five major groups of plant hormones - auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic - acid are distinguished by their chemical structures and the response they evoke within the plant (see Table 4.1). (umn.edu)
The topophysically dependent spatial distribution of endogenous cytokinins and auxins was determined. (uantwerpen.be)
The effects on root formation in cuttings of exogenously applied auxins and cytokinins were investigated. (ukzn.ac.za)
Isoprenoid3
The isoprenoid cytokinins ( t Z- or iP-types) showed similar distribution patterns in different cell type populations within the root apex 10 . (nature.com)
The most common class of cytokinins have isoprenoid side chains, including the most abundant cytokinin in Arabidopsis, trans-zeatin. (bioone.org)
The topophysical effect observed could not be explained solely by analyzing the endogenous isoprenoid and auxin. (uantwerpen.be)
Abscisic1
Cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) were quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and compared to culture growth dynamics. (trentu.ca)
Exogenous5
However, wood formation is dynamic and strongly affected by exogenous factors such as drought or seasonality, and endogenous factors. (uni-goettingen.de)
In addition to the exogenous factors, endogenous factors such as the phytohormone, cytokinins affect wood formation. (uni-goettingen.de)
The initiation and development of adventitious roots in cuttings are highly complex processes, influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors. (ukzn.ac.za)
Cell division - in tissues after exogenous application in the presence of auxin, endogenous in gall tumours on plants. (seed2harvest.co.za)
The exogenous application of auxin will promote root growth and initiate the synthesis of cytokinin in the root meristem. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Adenine3
Cytokinin groups a collection of N 6 -substituted adenine derivatives, including trans -zeatin ( t Z) and isopentenyladenine (iP). (nature.com)
Naturally occurring cytokinins are adenine derivatives with distinct substitutions attached to the N6position of the adenine ring ( Figure 1 ). (bioone.org)
Cytokinin is adenine derivate with the ability to induce cell division in tissues in the presence of auxin. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Analyses1
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous cytokinins in established. (fblcthai.org)
Quantitative1
A qualitative/quantitative analysis of the cytokinin-like activity in stem cuttings of several plants, including both easy- and difficult-to-root species was conducted on a comparative basis. (ukzn.ac.za)
Localization5
Subcellular localization of the receptors proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as a principal cytokinin perception site, while study of cytokinin transport pointed to the plasma membrane (PM)-mediated cytokinin signalling. (nature.com)
To adopt this tool for mapping subcellular localization of cytokinin receptors, using docking experiments and cytokinin activity screening bioassays, we selected a fluorescently labelled bioactive compound that interacts with the binding site of a cytokinin receptor. (nature.com)
But the localization pattern of active cytokinins in different organs and cells in poplar is unknown. (uni-goettingen.de)
To address these research gaps, the goals of this study were: (1) Investigation of the presence and cellular localization pattern of active cytokinins in apical buds, leaves, along the stem and fine roots of Populus × canescens in the active growth phase and during dormancy. (uni-goettingen.de)
In this study, gene expression and tissue-localization indicated high activity of cytokinins not only in summer, but also in winter. (uni-goettingen.de)
Maize1
Later, zeatin was identified as the first naturally occurring cytokinin in immature maize endosperm ( Letham, 1973 ), and turns out to be the abundant cytokinin in coconut milk. (bioone.org)
Metabolism1
However, the metabolism and distribution of the aromatic cytokinin could provide an explanation. (uantwerpen.be)
Buds1
A higher concentration of cytokinin will support the development of shoots and shoot buds. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Drought3
For instance, the cytokinin levels differ between the season of active growth and dormancy and under drought. (uni-goettingen.de)
2) Investigation of drought-induced changes of active cytokinins at tissue and cellular levels in different organs of P. × canescens and to compare the patterns with growth responses, physiological and morphological drought acclimation. (uni-goettingen.de)
4) Analysis of the time dependent progress in drought-induced wood anatomical changes in P. nigra and to examine whether these changes are accompanied by changes in the transcript abundance of cytokinin signalling, biosynthesis and degradation genes in the transcriptome of developing xylem. (uni-goettingen.de)
Tissues1
Encompassed are the nutrient status, physiological age and degree of differentiation of the tissues, and the balance of endogenous rooting inhibitors and/or promoters (including hormones). (ukzn.ac.za)
Experiments2
Slightly higher levels of cytokinins were associated with the increase in root number and length in both experiments. (ukzn.ac.za)
In the 1950's a series of experiments showed how the ratio between auxin and cytokinin works. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Productivity1
The analysis of cytokinin activity is of particular interest, as growth maintenance under unfavourable environmental conditions is the basis to increase poplar productivity. (uni-goettingen.de)
Role4
Since their discovery, cytokinins have been implicated to play a role in almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, and photomorphogenic development ( Mok and Mok, 1994 ). (bioone.org)
The role of cytokinins in root initiation and development has been perceived as that of an inhibitor. (ukzn.ac.za)
This investigation considered several aspects of the role played by cytokinins in the process of root development. (ukzn.ac.za)
Activity3
The plant hormone cytokinin regulates various cell and developmental processes, including cell division and differentiation, embryogenesis, activity of shoot and root apical meristems, formation of shoot and root lateral organs and others 1 . (nature.com)
Lines with similar patterns of GUS activity were chosen and tested for cytokinin inducibility. (uni-goettingen.de)
GUS activity indicated changes in the tissue- and cell type-specific pattern of cytokinin activity during dormancy compared with the growth phase. (uni-goettingen.de)
Plant6
Plant hormone cytokinins are perceived by a subfamily of sensor histidine kinases (HKs), which via a two-component phosphorelay cascade activate transcriptional responses in the nucleus. (nature.com)
In addition to the free base forms, cytokinins can also be present in the plant as a riboside (in which a ribose sugar is attached to the 9 nitrogen of the purine ring) or a ribotide (in which the ribose moiety contains a phosphate group). (bioone.org)
Our current knowledge about cytokinins comes mainly from studies of the herbaceous annual model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas a few studies have been conducted with woody model plant, poplar. (uni-goettingen.de)
Auxin and cytokinin are two of the 5 major classes of plant hormones. (seed2harvest.co.za)
If cytokinin is added - and auxin is present - then the plant cells divide. (seed2harvest.co.za)
These freshly produced cytokinin will signal the plant to grow more shoots, leading to a naturally balanced bigger and stronger plant. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Stem1
These treatments had an effect on the cytokinin levels and distribution in the stem cuttings. (ukzn.ac.za)
Formation1
There was no clear correlation between the type / level of cytokinins detected in the cuttings and the relative ease of root formation. (ukzn.ac.za)
Levels1
Among the key findings was that ethanol cultures undergoing exponential growth, primarily synthesize freebase cytokinins (FBCKs) and methylthiol-cytokinins (MeSCKs), while not producing detectable levels of ABA. (trentu.ca)
Growth2
At high concentrations, cytokinins strongly inhibited root development, but did promote lateral root growth. (ukzn.ac.za)
In this thesis, growth and endogenous hormone profiles in heterotrophic cultures of Euglena gracilis were evaluated using glucose and ethanol as carbon sources. (trentu.ca)
High1
One unique feature of Ecklonia maxima is its unusually high content of auxin in combination with a much lower cytokinin value leading to probably the highest auxin to cytokinin ratio known in plants. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Response1
In vitro morphogenic response of mature seed embryo-derived callus cultures of Chonemorpha fragrans was studied using solid and liquid Murashige and Skoog medium amended with cytokinins or their combinations with naphthalene acetic acid at 0.5 mg L -1 . (notulaebiologicae.ro)
Provide1
We provide a revised view on cytokinin signalling and the possibility of multiple sites of perception at PM and ER. (nature.com)
Root2
Here, by detailed monitoring of subcellular localizations of the fluorescently labelled natural cytokinin probe and the receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 4 (CRE1/AHK4) fused to GFP reporter, we show that pools of the ER-located cytokinin receptors can enter the secretory pathway and reach the PM in cells of the root apical meristem, and the cell plate of dividing meristematic cells. (nature.com)
Cytokinin is synthesized in root tips and developing seeds. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Cells1
Therefore, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin determines how the cells will differentiate. (seed2harvest.co.za)
Presence1
These are endogenous hormones ( endo means internal), and the cell responds according to the sum of all hormones in its presence. (umn.edu)