AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
ZeatinCytokininsPlant Growth RegulatorsArabidopsisArabidopsis ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, PlantPlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant ProteinsKinetinIndoleacetic AcidsPlant LeavesPlant RootsPlant ShootsIsopentenyladenosineGenes, PlantEthylenesAbscisic AcidGibberellinsMeristemSeedlingPlant DevelopmentNaphthaleneacetic AcidsPlant StemsPlantsTobaccoHormonesPlants, ToxicOxylipinsCyclopentanesXylemMolecular Sequence DataSeedsPhylogenyDNA, PlantAmino Acid SequenceAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesPlant ExtractsFlowersSignal TransductionPlant CellsPlant DiseasesZea maysHypocotylPlant StructuresLycopersicon esculentumPlant ImmunityPlant TumorsRNA, PlantThyroid HormonesAdenineBryopsidaMutationPlants, MedicinalFollicle Stimulating HormoneBrassinosteroidsPlant EpidermisSalicylic AcidOryza sativaLuteinizing HormoneHelleborusGenome, PlantOxidoreductasesGermination
AuxinEthyleneAbscisicAuxinsSenescenceEndogenousNatural cytokininsGibberellinsBiosynthesisGibberellin contentClassical hormonesElongationPhytohormonesPhotosynthesisZeatinConcentrations2002ExogenousLateralRootsRegulatesMetabolismDifferentiationDormancyRegulateApical dominancePhysiologyGenesPhysiologicalLeafXylemCompoundsRegulatorsBentgrassPromotesQuantitativeSyntheticTissuesSynthesisTissueFruitsContentRatioInteractionMechanismsDevelopmentCell divisionMovementImportantStagesCellsEffectsDefenseAffectRole
Auxin9
  • Although the involvement of some plant hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) in the regulation of wound-induced suberization has been determined, quantitative information on the remaining classical plant hormones (cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin content) in resting and wound-responding potato tuber is lacking. (usda.gov)
  • Auxin and Cytokinin. (newfeatureblog.com)
  • Other auxin-like compounds are used as selective weed killers (e.g., to disturb the leaf growth of dicotyledonous plants either in fields containing monocotyledonous cereal crops or on lawns) and as agents that remove leaves from dicotyledonous plants (defoliating agents). (britannica.com)
  • Polar auxin transport (PAT) is the process, in which plant hormone auxin is transported in a cell-to-cell manner. (cas.cz)
  • The reason why PAT plays a very important role in plant development is that it helps to establish auxin concentration gradients that subsequently regulate gene expression and also many other post-translational processes. (cas.cz)
  • A transient enhancement of auxin in relation to cytokinin levels induces root formation while the opposite shift results in shoot formation. (cas.cz)
  • We use a mathematical modelling approach to unravel mechanisms regulating the auxin and cytokinins' action in plants. (cas.cz)
  • Cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellins are phytohormones that promote root and shoot growth. (driftlessprairies.org)
  • Many effects on plant development are made under the influence of cytokinins, often in conjunction with auxin. (driftlessprairies.org)
Ethylene2
Abscisic1
Auxins11
  • Zinnia cell culture is a unique model system, which at the administration of certain ratio of cytokinins and auxins can be induced to trans-differentiate into vessel elements. (europa.eu)
  • The distribution of auxins, which promote the lengthwise growth of plants, is correlated with the distribution of the growth regions of the plant. (britannica.com)
  • Many animal hormones may exert their effects by influencing protein synthesis , and evidence suggests that auxins may act in a similar way. (britannica.com)
  • In addition to promoting normal growth in plant length, auxins influence the growth of stems toward the light ( phototropism ) and against the force of gravity ( geotropism ). (britannica.com)
  • In experimental conditions, auxins tend to inhibit the progress of plant aging, perhaps because of their stimulating effect upon protein synthesis. (britannica.com)
  • We focus on the plant hormones auxins and cytokinins. (cas.cz)
  • Cytokinins are naturally occurring phytohormones that act in concert with auxins to regulate cell division and differentiation and thus efficiently control plant growth and development. (cas.cz)
  • Our research is focused on the metabolic regulation of intra- and extracellular levels of cytokinins and their cooperation with auxins and other phytohormones to understand cytokinin's physiological role in plants. (cas.cz)
  • Since auxins travel down from the growing tip and act to suppress lateral growth, these two types of hormones strike a balance. (driftlessprairies.org)
  • Auxins are the main plant growth hormones responsible for cell elongation (Boundless 2016). (driftlessprairies.org)
  • For example, apical dominance seems to result from a balance between auxins that inhibit lateral buds and cytokinins that promote bushier growth (Boundless 2016). (driftlessprairies.org)
Senescence3
  • Thimann (1987) found that cytokinins delay senescence processes probably by maintaining the integrity of the tonoplast membrane. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • 2002) noted that root- zone-injection of zeatin riboside increased endogenous cytokinins, antioxidant activity, and delayed senescence in heat-stressed creeping bentgrass. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Senescence as an active developmental cellular process in the growth and functioning of a flowering plant, is indicated in 1. (neetprep.com)
Endogenous5
  • The aim is to obtain better understanding of the involvement of different endogenous and environmental factors in the process of xylogenesis, to elucidate the potential of pharmaceutical treatments for manipulation the dimensions of xylem vessels and to use the information obtained from the in vitro studies for in planta improvement of the post-harvest quality of cut flowers. (europa.eu)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of root cutting stress on the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content and growth characteristics of Quercus variabilis roots, and to explore the physiological role of endogenous hormones in regulating root-crown interactions in the short term. (techscience.com)
  • The morphological characteristics and endogenous hormone contents of normal roots (no root cutting, CK) and cut roots (cut by 1/3 of the length of the main root, RP) were determined by liquid chromatography, which was combined with mass spectrometry at different levels of different developmental stages. (techscience.com)
  • The results showed that the root growth indexes and root endogenous hormones in the RP group were superior to those in the CK group. (techscience.com)
  • Through comprehensive analysis of endogenous hormones, it was found that the crosstalk of IAA, JA, ABA and SA could activate the root growth defense. (techscience.com)
Natural cytokinins1
  • Concurrent with Dr. Huang's research on root-injected cytokinins, my research group developed the hypothesis that the relatively high background levels of natural cytokinins in seaweed extracts (SWE) would most likely also boost creeping bentgrass tissue cytokinin levels and have similar positive stress-protective effects. (golfdom.com)
Gibberellins4
  • Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi , which produces excessive growth and poor yield in rice plants. (britannica.com)
  • Evidence suggests that gibberellins promote the growth of main stems , especially when applied to the whole plant. (britannica.com)
  • Gibberellins promote the growth of dwarf peas and are involved in the bolting (elongation) of rosette plants such as the carrot . (britannica.com)
  • Gibberellins are a group of about 125 closely-related plant hormones that stimulate shoot elongation, seed germination, and fruit and flower maturation. (driftlessprairies.org)
Biosynthesis3
  • The objective of this study was to determined content and, where possible, associated expression of genes limiting biosynthesis and catabolism of some of these hormones in potato tuber for coordination with established wound-healing processes. (usda.gov)
  • Wound-induced activation of cytokinin biosynthesis was suggested by the appearance of precursors (trans) zeatin riboside and (cis) zeatin riboside (t-ZR and c-ZR respectively) at 0.5 d and large increases in IPA and c-ZR by 3 d and throughout 7 d after wounding. (usda.gov)
  • High soil temperature may damage roots, a primary site of cytokinin biosynthesis. (bioagservicescorp.com)
Gibberellin content1
  • Elongation of rosette plants occurs after exposure to certain environmental stimulation (e.g., cold, or long periods of daylight), which is accompanied by an increase in the gibberellin content of the affected plant. (britannica.com)
Classical hormones3
  • Consequently, the coordination and possible networking of these classical hormones in the regulation of wound-healing processes are poorly understood. (usda.gov)
  • Some do not elevate these to the status of one of the five classical hormones, so often they are called elicitors . (tamu.edu)
  • All the classical hormones have application in horticultural practices. (tamu.edu)
Elongation1
  • Formation and fusion of TEs into a xylem vessel involves a cascade of processes, including cell division, cell elongation, cell wall synthesis, cell wall material deposition and lignification and, a final step of programmed cell death (PCD). (europa.eu)
Phytohormones1
Photosynthesis2
  • The results were quite positive, showing that greater maintenance of chlorophyll and photosynthesis was related to increased leaf tissue cytokinin content. (golfdom.com)
  • Most plants using C 3 photosynthesis are also shade tolerant and most of the unwanted woodies exhibit apical dominance. (driftlessprairies.org)
Zeatin1
  • This study was designed to determine whether SWE-based cytokinins affect creeping bentgrass heat tolerance, and to compare effects of SWE-based cytokinins to those of a trans -zeatin riboside ( t -ZR)-standard. (bioagservicescorp.com)
Concentrations2
  • Plant hormones are chemical substances produced by plants and found in low concentrations in plants. (edumarz.com)
  • We are especially interested in the study of pathways and mechanisms down-regulating cytokinin concentrations in plant cells. (cas.cz)
20021
Exogenous1
Lateral4
  • The growth and development of compensatory lateral roots contribute to the increase the total root length of plants, thus promoting the absorption of water and nutrients. (techscience.com)
  • Cytokinin promotes the lateral growth of shoots. (edumarz.com)
  • Made in the roots and also in the seeds and fruits, cytokinins travel up the xylem and promote lateral growth. (driftlessprairies.org)
  • Once the tip is removed, damaged, or destroyed, cytokinin is released and the lateral buds begin to grow. (driftlessprairies.org)
Roots2
  • Roots are the principal organ for water and nutrient absorption and the location for synthesizing different hormones, organic acids, and amino acids. (techscience.com)
  • Cytokinin is promoted for growth and is produced in the roots or top of the stem. (driftlessprairies.org)
Regulates2
Metabolism1
  • We research how the transport and metabolism of cytokinins affect their dynamic distribution in plants and what plant responses they trigger. (cas.cz)
Differentiation1
Dormancy3
Regulate1
  • Despite the large economic and nutritional importance of tuber wound-healing, little is known about the induction of hormones that regulate molecular mechanisms and related genes controlling these processes and how they are expressed during the two major stages of wound-induced suberization, i.e. closing layer formation followed by wound periderm formation. (usda.gov)
Apical dominance1
  • The stages of apical dominance or the "push-me-pull-me" process of resprouting behavior. (driftlessprairies.org)
Physiology3
  • Knowing the potential stress-protective effects of cytokinins from the plant physiology literature, in the early 2000s Bingru Huang, Ph.D., of Rutgers University investigated whether root injection of synthetic cytokinin would alleviate heat stress decline of creeping bentgrass (Figure 1). (golfdom.com)
  • Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. (tamu.edu)
  • Growth Substance - all naturally-occurring or synthetically produced compounds that affect the physiology, growth and development of plants. (tamu.edu)
Genes1
  • Another challenge to using transgenic plant technology in citrus is the long juvenile phase of immature tissues that ranges from 5 to 20 years, which greatly delays analysis of the effects of candidate genes. (springer.com)
Physiological1
  • The character of the individual responses depends on the type of stress, its strength, and duration, as well as on the physiological state of the plant, its developmental stage, and the strategy to cope with the particular stress. (cas.cz)
Leaf6
  • High natural leaf cytokinin content under no stress correlates closely with high root viability. (golfdom.com)
  • Under 95°F heat stress, root zone injection of a synthetic cytokinin translates into greater subsequent leaf cytokinin content and root viability when compared to not applying cytokinin. (golfdom.com)
  • Cytokinin levels must remain elevated in leaf tissues to slow the summer decline process. (golfdom.com)
  • Consequently, as summer root decline proceeds, leaf tissue cytokinin levels drop. (golfdom.com)
  • These data show that repeated (14-day) foliar applications of SWE over 42 days of heat stress resulted in leaf cytokinin contents that were just below that of non-heat stressed creeping bentgrass and 42 percent higher than heat-stressed creeping bentgrass that had not received SWE applications. (golfdom.com)
  • Boosted leaf tissue cytokinins due to SWE foliar application translated into 15 percent less root decline over the 42-day heat stress trial. (golfdom.com)
Xylem2
  • Xylem vascular system serves the plant to establish soil-plant-atmosphere continuum for water transport and supports the mechanical strength of the stems. (europa.eu)
  • It is expected that modulations of the initiation and development of xylogenesis may alter the anatomy of the TEs, resulting in different properties of the xylem vessels and finally influencing the quality and vase life of the plants. (europa.eu)
Compounds1
Regulators2
Bentgrass3
  • Dr. Huang's subsequent research has shown that creeping bentgrass can be genetically modified to "turn on" more cytokinin production in the early stages of stress detection, resulting in transformed lines that retained 50 percent or more root mass under drought stress than the comparable commercial cultivar. (golfdom.com)
  • Seaweed extract (SWE)-based cytokinins have been used to improve stress tolerance, but their specific effects on creeping bentgrass under supraoptimal temperatures are lacking. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Proper application of SWE-based cytokinins may be an effective approach to improve summer performance of creeping bentgrass. (bioagservicescorp.com)
Promotes2
Quantitative1
  • The re-establishment of the two hormone quantitative ratios (hormonal homeostasis) is essential for the further development of induced events. (cas.cz)
Synthetic1
Tissues1
  • Process of change in cells, tissues or organs in order to carry out different functions. (newfeatureblog.com)
Synthesis2
  • These processes include formation of the protective closing layer (the first stage where existing cells at the wound surface are suberized) and wound periderm formation (the second stage where new protective cells are formed and suberization beneath the closing layer) as well as associated supporting processes such as the defined period of wound-induced DNA synthesis. (usda.gov)
  • The process permits the cells to be irreversibly deformed and is accompanied by the entry of water and the synthesis of new cell-wall material. (britannica.com)
Tissue1
  • On the other hand, transgenic plants produced from mature tissue via genetic transformation can drastically shorten flowering and fruiting time and thus speed up field evaluation studies. (springer.com)
Fruits1
  • Question: Fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants is triggered by which of the following substance? (dkgoelsolutions.com)
Content2
  • Polyploidy plants induced by colchicine in vitro result in an increase in DNA content and affect epidermal surface cells [ 11 ]. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • It is speculated that plant hormones may be the key factors affecting their development, but this is not only related to the content of a single hormone, but more importantly, it is the interaction between various hormones. (techscience.com)
Ratio1
Interaction1
  • The movement of the hormone downward from the tip of the coleoptile depends upon an interaction between the hormone and the cells through which the movement normally takes place. (britannica.com)
Mechanisms1
  • We focus on the elucidation of plant defense mechanisms, with the aim to contribute to the development of effective strategies to enhance the stress tolerance of plants. (cas.cz)
Development5
  • Potato tuber wounds incurred during harvest, handling into and out of storage and upon seed cutting require rapid suberization as a major part of the wound-healing processes that prevent infection, desiccation, defect development and loss of nutritional value. (usda.gov)
  • Studies on the relationship between transplanting or root cutting and plant root growth and development have gradually attracted the attention of researchers [ 3 , 4 ]. (techscience.com)
  • What role does it play in plant growth and development? (newfeatureblog.com)
  • If you have any problem in understanding - Growth and Development in Plants : 12th Class Biology Question Answer Lesson 20 - NIOS , then write in the comment box below. (newfeatureblog.com)
  • The elicitors and photoreceptions have little horticultural application, but they do explain many very important development processes. (tamu.edu)
Cell division1
  • Cytokinins increase cell division by stimulating the production of proteins needed for mitosis. (driftlessprairies.org)
Movement2
  • What is meant by plant movement? (newfeatureblog.com)
  • The Power of Movement in Plants " marks the beginning of the modern study of plant growth", including signals and growth stimuli, later shown to be plant hormones. (tamu.edu)
Important2
  • One major limitation associated with existing protocols when used on economically important citrus species is likely low plant regeneration frequencies. (springer.com)
  • This push-me-pull-me aspect of woody resprouting growth is maintained by certain plant hormones and is an important concept. (driftlessprairies.org)
Stages1
Cells4
  • It has also been shown that the kn1 mRNA can be transported bidirectionally via phloem cells in plants (Duan et al. (springer.com)
  • Plant antioxidant enzymes [such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and other metabolites protect plant cells by scavenging ROS. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Process by which precursor cells become distinct celltypes to perform a specific function. (newfeatureblog.com)
  • Process by which the plant cells while undergoing dedifferentiation lose their capacity to divide once again but mature to perform specific functions. (newfeatureblog.com)
Effects2
  • They are vital in establishing rhizosphere effects as the interface between plants and soil. (techscience.com)
  • Beneficial effects of SWE on heat tolerance appear to be associated with their organic, especially cytokinin, components and not the mineral (ashed) fraction. (bioagservicescorp.com)
Defense2
  • Elicitors - Signaling molecules that may be involved in morphological changes, resistance to pests, and defense against herbivores, and other hormone-like activity. (tamu.edu)
  • Due to their sessile character, plants had to evolve complex systems of defense against and adaption to variable and often unfavorable environmental conditions. (cas.cz)
Affect1
Role1