AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
CytokininsZeatinIndoleacetic AcidsPlant Growth RegulatorsKinetinIsopentenyladenosinePlant RootsArabidopsisGene Expression Regulation, PlantPlant ShootsArabidopsis ProteinsMeristemPlants, Genetically ModifiedNaphthaleneacetic AcidsPlant LeavesSeedlingPlant ProteinsGenes, PlantEthylenesHypocotylAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesXylemGravitropismPhthalimidesAdenineTobaccoPlant StemsAbscisic AcidSeedsPlant TumorsRNA, PlantZea maysHelleborusFlowersGibberellinsPlant Development2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic AcidBryopsidaSignal TransductionMutationOxidoreductasesPlants, ToxicPlant Vascular BundleLycopersicon esculentumPlantsPlant StructuresScopoletinPhenotypeCrassulaceaeChlorophyllCotyledonOvuleOryza sativaRoot Nodules, PlantMolecular Sequence DataPlant ImmunityBenzyl CompoundsPhotoreceptors, PlantReceptors, Cell SurfaceBiological TransportColeusGene Expression ProfilingGlucosidesFruitAmino Acids, CyclicSophoraPlant EpidermisMembrane Transport ProteinsPlant Physiological PhenomenaTranscription FactorsModels, BiologicalProtein Kinases
Induces root formationEthyleneApical budKinetinZeatinSenescenceGibberellinsXylemProtein synthesisParenchymaSignaling lateral budDifferentiationPhytohormonesSyntheticRegulatePolarHorticultureCallusPhototropismCompoundsRootQuantitiesInhibitionVascularBudsConcentrationTissueStructuresDiseasesSubstancesMechanismOrganicRootsPlantsDevelopmentGrowthPlantFormationAPPLICATIONSTransportImportantLargeCellsProductionResponse
Induces root formation2
  • A higher ratio of cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while a higher ratio of auxin induces root formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A transient enhancement of auxin in relation to cytokinin levels induces root formation while the opposite shift results in shoot formation. (cas.cz)
Ethylene1
Apical bud1
  • determined by correlative inhibition of apical bud, high auxin produced by shoot tip. (tamu.edu)
Kinetin2
  • There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). (wikipedia.org)
  • This active compound was named as Kinetin because of its ability to promote cell division and was the first cytokinin to be named. (wikipedia.org)
Zeatin3
  • The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated and crystallised simultaneously by Miller and D.S. Lethum (1963-65) from the milky endosperm of corn (Zea mays) and named Zeatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is very rich in 'Ca, Mg & Zn' and zeatin (a cytokinin), other cytokinin and auxins which are natural hormones are found in excess quantities in this plant. (com.pk)
  • 4. Its leaves also have hormones like zeatin, cytokinins and auxins in excess so it can be used as a natural growth enhancer for crops. (com.pk)
Senescence1
Gibberellins2
  • Unlike the auxins, gibberellins have little effect upon pieces of coleoptile in tissue culture . (britannica.com)
  • Gibberellic Acid, also called Gibberellin A3, is a plant hormone in the family of gibberellins, a large class of naturally ocuring tetracyclic diterpene acids which promote cell growth and development. (goldbio.com)
Xylem2
Protein synthesis4
  • Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many animal hormones may exert their effects by influencing protein synthesis , and evidence suggests that auxins may act in a similar way. (britannica.com)
  • In experimental conditions, auxins tend to inhibit the progress of plant aging, perhaps because of their stimulating effect upon protein synthesis. (britannica.com)
Parenchyma2
  • Moreover, it has been shown that cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. (wikipedia.org)
Signaling lateral bud1
  • Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. (wikipedia.org)
Differentiation2
  • This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins are naturally occurring phytohormones that act in concert with auxins to regulate cell division and differentiation and thus efficiently control plant growth and development. (cas.cz)
Phytohormones1
  • Our research is focused on the metabolic regulation of intra- and extracellular levels of cytokinins and their cooperation with auxins and other phytohormones to understand cytokinin's physiological role in plants. (cas.cz)
Synthetic2
  • Many other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds called auxins also have growth-promoting properties, but they are not always as active as IAA. (britannica.com)
  • PGRs can be naturally occurring or synthetic, and they can be applied to plants through foliar spray, seed treatment, or soil drench. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Regulate1
  • The reason why PAT plays a very important role in plant development is that it helps to establish auxin concentration gradients that subsequently regulate gene expression and also many other post-translational processes. (cas.cz)
Polar3
  • We focus on the molecular mechanism of polar auxin transport and on the ways of its regulation. (cas.cz)
  • Polar auxin transport (PAT) is the process, in which plant hormone auxin is transported in a cell-to-cell manner. (cas.cz)
  • By combining live-cell imaging with proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics we compare the distribution of plasma-membrane integrated auxin transporter at tissue to sub-cellular level with changes in polar auxin transport flux and free auxin availability depending on abiotic stress stimuli. (cas.cz)
Horticulture1
  • this feature is of great value in research and in horticulture , because auxin action can be prolonged. (britannica.com)
Callus2
  • Auxins helps in establishing contact between vascular tissues of the callus and that of the bud and makes it possible for the bud to grow properly in callus. (agrilearner.com)
  • By adding auxin and sugar continued growth of callus may be obtained and new shoots and even new plant can be produced. (agrilearner.com)
Phototropism1
  • In addition to promoting normal growth in plant length, auxins influence the growth of stems toward the light ( phototropism ) and against the force of gravity ( geotropism ). (britannica.com)
Compounds3
  • Other auxin-like compounds are used as selective weed killers (e.g., to disturb the leaf growth of dicotyledonous plants either in fields containing monocotyledonous cereal crops or on lawns) and as agents that remove leaves from dicotyledonous plants (defoliating agents). (britannica.com)
  • Cytokinins are compounds derived from a nitrogen-containing compound ( adenine ). (britannica.com)
  • Growth Substance - all naturally-occurring or synthetically produced compounds that affect the physiology, growth and development of plants. (tamu.edu)
Root3
  • Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This effect, which is the opposite to that found in coleoptiles, is attributed to an inhibitory action of auxins on root growth, but this aspect of auxin action is not yet fully understood. (britannica.com)
  • Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis. (goldbio.com)
Quantities1
  • Phyto Hormones are organic substances which are naturally produced in plants, control the growth or other physiological functions, at a sight remote from its place of production and active in extreme minute quantities. (agrilearner.com)
Inhibition1
  • According to the "direct inhibition hypothesis", these effects result from the ratio of cytokinin to auxin. (wikipedia.org)
Vascular1
  • While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. (wikipedia.org)
Buds2
  • citation needed] This theory states that auxin from apical buds travels down shoots to inhibit axillary bud growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In normal case, self produced auxins inhibit the growth and development of lateral buds, and as a result apical buds, remains dormant. (agrilearner.com)
Concentration1
Tissue2
  • GA exerts its physiological effect on altering the Auxin status of tissue. (agrilearner.com)
  • Pheromone cytokinin is a potent growth hormone and is commonly used in plant tissue culture, induction of cell division and shoot proliferation, plant regeneration. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Structures1
  • Immediately, chemists began synthesizing similar structures and testing for auxin activity. (tamu.edu)
Diseases2
  • Also in context of biological control of plant diseases cytokinins seem to have potential functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also discovered through research that all part of Moringa tree can be used to cure a large number of diseases naturally. (com.pk)
Substances1
Mechanism1
  • Cytokinins participate in local and long-distance signalling, with the same transport mechanism as purines and nucleosides. (wikipedia.org)
Organic1
  • Pheromone cytokinin is an organic compound that belongs to the cytokinin family. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Roots3
  • Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most adenine-type cytokinins are synthesized in roots. (wikipedia.org)
  • The downward growth of roots is also associated with a greater quantity of auxin in their lower halves. (britannica.com)
Plants4
  • No phenylurea cytokinins have been found in plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • We research how the transport and metabolism of cytokinins affect their dynamic distribution in plants and what plant responses they trigger. (cas.cz)
  • We use a mathematical modelling approach to unravel mechanisms regulating the auxin and cytokinins' action in plants. (cas.cz)
  • The distribution of auxins, which promote the lengthwise growth of plants, is correlated with the distribution of the growth regions of the plant. (britannica.com)
Development1
  • One area where there has been a tremendous development in recent years is the discovery and application of pheromone auxins in the agricultural industry. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Growth1
  • Cytokinins act in concert with auxin, another plant growth hormone. (wikipedia.org)
Plant3
  • Cytokinins have recently been found to play a role in plant pathogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • We focus on the plant hormones auxins and cytokinins. (cas.cz)
  • We are especially interested in the study of pathways and mechanisms down-regulating cytokinin concentrations in plant cells. (cas.cz)
Formation1
  • Auxins inhibit lateral bud formation since they are synthesised in apex. (agrilearner.com)
APPLICATIONS1
  • This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what Pheromone Auxins are, their applications, and the advantages of using them. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Transport2
  • The directionality of PAT is maintained by the interplay of diffusion and carrier-mediated transport of auxin across the plasma membrane. (cas.cz)
  • auxin transport switches from basipetal to laterally to the dark side. (tamu.edu)
Important1
  • The most important auxin is β- indolylacetic acid (IAA), which is formed either from the amino acid tryptophan or from the breakdown of carbohydrates known as glycosides . (britannica.com)
Large1
  • When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. (wikipedia.org)
Cells2
  • When cytokinin and auxin are both added together, the cells expand and differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our recent research is focused on understanding how plasma membrane-located and endomembrane auxin transporters contribute to the overall auxin homeostasis within the cells. (cas.cz)
Production1
  • Production of cytokinins by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 has been identified as a key determinant to efficiently control the infection of A. thaliana with P. syringae. (wikipedia.org)
Response1
  • the geotropic response occurs because more auxin accumulates along the lower side of the coleoptile than along the upper side. (britannica.com)