AHK4, a cytokinin histidine kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a cytokinin sensor that allows binding of multiple types of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
AHK4 has been shown, through three-dimensional modeling, to completely surround bound cytokinin in the binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)
We used loss-of-function mutants to study three Arabidopsis thaliana sensor histidine kinases, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, known to be cytokinin receptors. (nih.gov)
Arabidopsis5
Research with maize and Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some cytokinin sensor kinases bind multiple types of cytokinins while other cytokinin sensor kinases are specific for distinct cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
In Arabidopsis thaliana, most histidine phosphotransfer proteins are redundant, positive regulators in cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
The type A cytokinin response regulator family in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 10 genes. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we have identified a role of the CK signaling components type-A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs) in HSR in Arabidopsis. (frontiersin.org)
Collectively, our results suggest that the type-A ARRs play an important role in heat stress response by affecting the redox homeostasis in Arabidopsis. (frontiersin.org)
Signaling pathway4
The cytokinin signaling pathway consists of sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Histidine phosphotransfer proteins transfer the phosphate in the multistep phosphorelay signaling pathway from cytokinin sensor kinases to their final target, cytokinin response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Type B cytokinin response regulators are the positive regulators that oppose the negative regulation of type A cytokinin response regulators in the two-component cytokinin signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Component of the cytokinin signaling pathway involved in cotyledons, leaves, and embryos development. (gao-lab.org)
Foliar application1
Boosted leaf tissue cytokinins due to SWE foliar application translated into 15 percent less root decline over the 42-day heat stress trial. (golfdom.com)
Regulators14
The response regulators can then serve as positive or negative regulators of the signaling mechanism and affect gene expression within the plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
This system is a called a two-step system because it involves two steps to transfer the phosphate to the final target, the response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin response regulators proteins are the final target of the two-step phosphorelay. (wikipedia.org)
These response regulators fall into three known classes: type A response regulators, type B response regulators, and type C response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators serve as negative regulators for cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin causes the rapid induction of type A response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Expression of type A cytokinin response regulators decreases sensitivity to cytokinins, and a lack of type-A cytokinin response regulators leads to increased sensitivity to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators can act as negative regulators of cytokinin signaling by either competing with type-B positive regulators or by regulating the pathway through direct and indirect interactions with other pathway mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators are also likely involved in other processes. (wikipedia.org)
These regulators play a critical role in early response to cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
Differing expression of type-B cytokinin response regulators likely play a role in controlling cellular response to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
The major family of type-B cytokinin response regulators are expressed in locations on the plant that are heavily influenced by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
Unchanged red light sensitivity of mutant hypocotyl elongation suggests that previously reported modulation of red light signaling by A-type response regulators may not depend on cytokinin. (nih.gov)
Kinases3
In this system, cytokinin sensor kinases are activated by the presence of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinins act in a restricted region of the root meristem, and their signaling and regulation of genes occurs through a multi-step phosphorelay mediate by cytokinin histidine sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and cytokinin response regulator proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin sensor kinases are the initial sensors that detect and are bound by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Leaf8
High natural leaf cytokinin content under no stress correlates closely with high root viability. (golfdom.com)
Under 95°F heat stress, root zone injection of a synthetic cytokinin translates into greater subsequent leaf cytokinin content and root viability when compared to not applying cytokinin. (golfdom.com)
Cytokinin levels must remain elevated in leaf tissues to slow the summer decline process. (golfdom.com)
The results were quite positive, showing that greater maintenance of chlorophyll and photosynthesis was related to increased leaf tissue cytokinin content. (golfdom.com)
These data show that repeated (14-day) foliar applications of SWE over 42 days of heat stress resulted in leaf cytokinin contents that were just below that of non-heat stressed creeping bentgrass and 42 percent higher than heat-stressed creeping bentgrass that had not received SWE applications. (golfdom.com)
Leaves of ahk2 ahk3 mutants formed fewer cells, had reduced chlorophyll content, and lacked the cytokinin-dependent inhibition of dark-induced chlorophyll loss, indicating a prominent role of AHK2 and, particularly, AHK3 in the control of leaf development. (nih.gov)
The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen × cytokinin on plant height, number of branches, leaf, stem and whole plant dry weights, essential oil percentage and yield was significant (p ≤0.01). (ac.ir)
Concentrations2
MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins, Kn (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) and BA (0.1-1.0 mg L-1), individually and in combination was used to study the bud proliferation and shoot induction responses in ivy gourd. (kau.in)
Factors included nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 μM). (ac.ir)
These receptors activate dehydration tolerance response within one hour of dehydration and continue activation through eight hours. (wikipedia.org)
Together, the analyses reveal partially redundant functions of the cytokinin receptors and prominent roles for the AHK2/AHK3 receptor combination in quantitative control of organ growth in plants, with opposite regulatory functions in roots and shoots. (nih.gov)
Phytohormones1
Cytokinin cause a rapid increase in the expression of response regulator genes Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Photosynthetic2
For stress response, they act to inhibit the action of senescence-inducing enzymes, slowing the degradation of chlorophyll and maintaining photosynthetic rates and root viability. (golfdom.com)
Ontogenetic changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and effects of cytokinins 36: 527-528. (ac.ir)
Maternal2
Genetic analysis indicated a cytokinin-dependent endospermal and/or maternal control of embryo size. (nih.gov)
This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
Physiological2
The mutants of multiple type-A ARR genes exhibit improved basal and acquired thermotolerance and, altered response to oxidative stress in our physiological analyses. (frontiersin.org)
A low number of saplings stunted root growth, thicker stems, and physiological responses such as enlargement of stomata, lower number of stomata and increased chromosome number compared to the control. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
Temperature1
Plant responses to ambient temperature fluctuations and water-limiting conditions: a proteome-wide perspective. (muni.cz)
Mutants1
Increased cytokinin content of receptor mutants indicates a homeostatic control of steady state cytokinin levels through signaling. (nih.gov)
Regulation3
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system. (wikipedia.org)
This result supports a negative regulatory role for cytokinin in root growth regulation. (nih.gov)
Cellular1
Responses to abiotic and biotic stresses - from the cellular level to fruit development - contributions of the Czech Centre for Experimental Plant Biology. (muni.cz)
Levels2
A general trend is that the CK levels rise transiently in response to stress stimuli and decline over time if the stress condition is mild or moderate. (frontiersin.org)
Concurrent with Dr. Huang's research on root-injected cytokinins, my research group developed the hypothesis that the relatively high background levels of natural cytokinins in seaweed extracts (SWE) would most likely also boost creeping bentgrass tissue cytokinin levels and have similar positive stress-protective effects. (golfdom.com)
Plant3
Cytokinins control the differentiation of meristem cells in plant development, particularly in shoots and roots where plants undergo growth. (wikipedia.org)
Knowing the potential stress-protective effects of cytokinins from the plant physiology literature, in the early 2000s Bingru Huang, Ph.D., of Rutgers University investigated whether root injection of synthetic cytokinin would alleviate heat stress decline of creeping bentgrass (Figure 1). (golfdom.com)
The highest plant height and number of branches were obtained in the treatment of 100 kg N/ha × 400 μM cytokinin. (ac.ir)
Growth2
quiescence, paradormancy) in response to intrinsic and environmental factors in diverse species is linked to enhanced growth of the main shoot and reduced sugar level in the buds. (frontiersin.org)
Cytokinins are a type of phyto-hormone that direct a number of growth and stress-response processes. (golfdom.com)
Role2
AHP4, however, might play a negative role in cytokinin responses. (wikipedia.org)
The current evidence suggests the notion that CKs are involved in heat stress response (HSR), however, the role of CK signaling components is still elusive. (frontiersin.org)
Short1
Cytokinins participate in short and long-distance signaling and are transported for this signaling through the xylem of plants. (wikipedia.org)
Research1
Dr. Huang's subsequent research has shown that creeping bentgrass can be genetically modified to "turn on" more cytokinin production in the early stages of stress detection, resulting in transformed lines that retained 50 percent or more root mass under drought stress than the comparable commercial cultivar. (golfdom.com)
Negative1
Colchicine treatment of 0.5% for 12 hours and 24 hours resulted in a negative response, i.e. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
Type1
The type-B cytokinin response regulator family consists of two subfamilies and one major subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
Control2
Mutant seeds had more rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity, unraveling cytokinin functions in seed germination control. (nih.gov)
With increasing the amount of nitrogen and cytokinin, all the studied traits (except harvest index) increased significantly compared to the control. (ac.ir)
Important1
Application of appropriate concentration of cytokinin was very important. (ac.ir)
Years1
The effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on Thymus vulgaris was evaluated on the farm whitin 3 years. (ac.ir)
Turn1
For the immediate future, superintendents will not have access to "cytokinin-overproducing" genetically modified varieties, so let's turn our attention back to the more natural approach of supplementing with SWE. (golfdom.com)
In general, the results of this experiment showed that the quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme can be increased by consuming the appropriate amount of nitrogen and cytokinin. (ac.ir)