Overall, the Met ligand helps organize the active site for the enzyme reaction by reducing fluctuations and shifting protonation states and conformational populations. (bvsalud.org)
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) is an enzyme that catalyses the irreversible breakdown of active CKs and hence reduce the cytokinin content. (trentu.ca)
One of the natural variations, A159G, in the gene GmCKX16 occurred close to the active site of the protein and was predicted to affect the activity of enzyme leading to higher accumulation of CKs and hence increased seed weight. (trentu.ca)
Based on the acetylcholinesterase/choline oxidase dual enzyme-mediated cascade catalytic reactions of Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) transformation, a ratiometric fluorescence sensing scheme is developed. (inra.fr)
Important2
O-Glycosylation plays an important role in regulating the levels of cytokinins. (usda.gov)
O-glucosides are likely to be important in cytokinin storage and transport since they are resistant to dehydrogenases (oxidases) and can be converted back to free bases. (usda.gov)
Plays1
Cytokinin (CK) plays a fundamental role in promoting growth of sink organ (flowers and seeds) by increasing the assimilate demand. (trentu.ca)
Growth2
Cytokinins are a group of plant hormones that are essential for plant development, but little is known about how a plant maintains the proper level of cytokinins necessary for normal plant growth. (usda.gov)
Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)
Development1
These results suggest that increased O-glycosylation of zeatin leads to complex changes in plant development and cytokinin composition. (usda.gov)
Site2
The Met ligand also stabilizes the correct orientation of the Schiff base, more strongly than in simulations without Met, and in agreement with structures in the Protein Data Bank, where the Schiff base orientation correlates with the presence or absence of a co-bound anion or substrate analogue in the active site. (bvsalud.org)
The PLP force field and the simulation methods can be applied to all PLP enzymes and used, as here, to reveal fine details of structure and dynamics in the active site. (bvsalud.org)
Isoprenoid4
The most common class of cytokinins have isoprenoid side chains, including the most abundant cytokinin in Arabidopsis, trans-zeatin. (bioone.org)
The isoprenoid cytokinins ( t Z- or iP-types) showed similar distribution patterns in different cell type populations within the root apex 10 . (nature.com)
For example in rice the isoprenoid cytokinin cis-zeatin is the major form, whereas in Arabidopsis it is the trans-zeatin and iP forms that predominate. (plant-biology.com)
It is thought that the structural variation of cytokinin isoprenoid and aromatic side chains affect how cytokinins interact with their receptors, and therefore play are involved in both the specificity and activity of cytokinin function. (plant-biology.com)
Trans-zeatin1
Cytokinin groups a collection of N 6 -substituted adenine derivatives, including trans -zeatin ( t Z) and isopentenyladenine (iP). (nature.com)
Adenine derivatives1
Naturally occurring cytokinins are adenine derivatives with distinct substitutions attached to the N6position of the adenine ring ( Figure 1 ). (bioone.org)
Developmental processes2
The plant hormone cytokinin regulates various cell and developmental processes, including cell division and differentiation, embryogenesis, activity of shoot and root apical meristems, formation of shoot and root lateral organs and others 1 . (nature.com)
There are many growth and developmental processes that cytokinins influence in addition to it being one of the major regulators of plant cell proliferation and differentiation. (plant-biology.com)
Receptors3
Subcellular localization of the receptors proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as a principal cytokinin perception site, while study of cytokinin transport pointed to the plasma membrane (PM)-mediated cytokinin signalling. (nature.com)
Here, by detailed monitoring of subcellular localizations of the fluorescently labelled natural cytokinin probe and the receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 4 (CRE1/AHK4) fused to GFP reporter, we show that pools of the ER-located cytokinin receptors can enter the secretory pathway and reach the PM in cells of the root apical meristem, and the cell plate of dividing meristematic cells. (nature.com)
To adopt this tool for mapping subcellular localization of cytokinin receptors, using docking experiments and cytokinin activity screening bioassays, we selected a fluorescently labelled bioactive compound that interacts with the binding site of a cytokinin receptor. (nature.com)
Moiety3
In addition to the free base forms, cytokinins can also be present in the plant as a riboside (in which a ribose sugar is attached to the 9 nitrogen of the purine ring) or a ribotide (in which the ribose moiety contains a phosphate group). (bioone.org)
Alterations of cytokinin moiety and side chains by glycosylation play a major role in the metabolism of cytokinins. (plant-biology.com)
Glycosylation has been shown to affect the moiety of cytokinins by interacting at the N 3 , N 7 and N 9 positions. (plant-biology.com)
Compound1
They identified an adenine derivative, 6-furfurylaminopurine, as the active compound and named it kinetin. (bioone.org)
Play a role2
Since their discovery, cytokinins have been implicated to play a role in almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, and photomorphogenic development ( Mok and Mok, 1994 ). (bioone.org)
Once synthesized cytokinins are able to play a role in both long distance signalling (acting as a long distance hormone) and local signalling. (plant-biology.com)
Plant6
Plant hormone cytokinins are perceived by a subfamily of sensor histidine kinases (HKs), which via a two-component phosphorelay cascade activate transcriptional responses in the nucleus. (nature.com)
this is because Cytokinins are now known to be created in many different parts of a plant . (plant-biology.com)
This is supported by the fact that applying cytokinins exogenously to plants results in their incorporation into into plant nucleotides and nucleosides. (plant-biology.com)
Seheem, A. A. (2013): Effect of cytokinin type and concentration, and source of explant on shoot multiplication of pineapple plant ( Ananas comosus ‚Queen') in vitro. (nutzpflanze.org)
Addition1
This is thought to be because many isoenzymes that are encoded by genes in the purine salvage pathway are able to recognise and interact with cytokinins in addition to adenine. (plant-biology.com)
Natural2
The natural occurring active cytokinins tend to be derived from adenine and have either an aromatic or isoprene derived side chain on the N 6 terminus. (plant-biology.com)
Natural cytokinins are derived from adenine and carry either a isoprene or aromatic side chain on their N6 terminal. (plant-biology.com)
Discovery2
This has led to the discovery that cytokinins themselves are under fine control by internal factors such as phytohormones and exogenous substances such as inorganic nitrogen supply. (plant-biology.com)
Our results provide a revised view on cytokinin signalling and the possibility of multiple sites of perception at both PM and ER, which may determine specific outputs of cytokinin signalling. (nature.com)
Cell division1
Cytokinins were first discovered in 1955 as promoters of cell division in the DNA of Herring sperm. (plant-biology.com)