Cytokinesis measures cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

In many eukaryotes, cytokinesis requires an actomyosin contractile ring that is crucial for cell constriction and new membrane organization. (silverchair.com)
How the later steps of cytokinesis (such as membrane/cell wall assembly and abscission) are coordinated with the earlier steps of cytokinesis (such as actomyosin ring maturation and contraction) remains poorly understood. (silverchair.com)
In this work, lycorine hydrochloride (LH) and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a colorectal cancer (CRC) cell membrane (LH-Fe3O4@M) were prepared, for homologous targeting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and chemotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
Results showed that the LH-Fe3O4@M and Fe3O4@M intensity at HT29 tumor was significantly higher than that Fe3O4@PEG, proving the superior selectivity of cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanomedicine for homologous tumors and the MRI effect of darkening contrast enhancement were remarkable at HT29 tumor. (bvsalud.org)
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. (lookformedical.com)
We also studied the roles of other classes of protein kinases (Cla4) and additional post-translational modifications (SUMOylation) in septin complex assembly, formation of different septin-based supramolecular ensembles, disassembly of septin-containing structures, and the function of septin organization in the events required for cell division and membrane septation during cytokinesis. (berkeley.edu)
I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
In addition to maintenance of membrane integrity, apoptotic cells can be discriminated from viable counterparts based on several morphological hallmarks, including cell contraction, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and actomyosin contraction-dependent membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. (nature.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI staining, and transwell assay were employed to test the proliferation, apoptosis, migration ability, and invasiveness of COAD cells. (hindawi.com)
Upregulating the level of miR-323a-3p impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells and promoted apoptosis, whereas supplementing NEK6 alleviated the damage of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells caused by miR-323a-3p and inhibited miR-323a-3p-induced apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
These findings indicate that miR-323a-3p regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of COAD cells by targeting NEK6. (hindawi.com)
OPC architecture, proliferation and oligodendro-/myelino-genesis are finely regulated by the interplay of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. (nature.com)
Our results unveil a novel player in the complex regulation of OPC biology, on the one hand showing that JNK1 ablation cell-autonomously determines alterations of OPC proliferation and branching architecture and, on the other hand, suggesting that JNK1 signaling in OLs participates in myelination in vivo. (nature.com)
Both a cell-intrinsic program and environmental factors participate in the regulation of OPC architecture, proliferation and oligodendro-/myelino-genesis. (nature.com)
In the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum , loss of the CLN5 homolog, cln5 , impacts various cellular and developmental processes including cell proliferation, cytokinesis, aggregation, cell adhesion, and terminal differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
More than a decade later, sustained proliferation was still considered as, arguably, the main feature of cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, high NEK2 expression promoted proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of HCC cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
Pharmacological USP7 inhibition by P5091 retarded cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
By overexpressing PLK1, USP7 that had been depleted by RNAi ceased to induce chromosome misalignment in mitosis and again supported cell proliferation and cell survival. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, cln5 - cells displayed increased intracellular and extracellular amounts of discoidin, which is involved in cell-substrate adhesion and migration. (frontiersin.org)
Transmembrane and intracellular signal transduction mechanisms are the focus of our group, especially understanding how extracellular stimuli control cell growth and division, cell morphology, and gene expression at the biochemical level. (berkeley.edu)
Modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) may be part of the signaling pathway by which both local environmental factors and cell autonomous developmental programs influence corticogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
An additional study has shown that liposomes made of single lipids (G3PE, lipid 6 in S1 Table, with phosphoethanolamine instead of the mean CF fluorescence in individual Escherichia coli Cells Have a Lower Intracellular pH than Susceptible Cells but Maintain Their pH in Response to Antibiotic Treatment. (itwontfailbecauseofme.com)

Another reason synchrony is important is the control for amount of DNA content, which varies at different parts of the cell cycle based on whether DNA replication has occurred since the last round of completed mitosis and cytokinesis. (wikipedia.org)
Malaria parasites replicate inside the cells of their human host via 'schizogony', which is fundamentally different from conventional binary fission - the replication mode used by most cells from human cells to yeast cells. (europa.eu)
In schizogony a single parasite first generates many nuclei via independent, asynchronous rounds of genome replication, prior to cytokinesis which is the physical division of the cell. (europa.eu)
Thus, schizogony challenges some basic paradigms about DNA replication control, while gametogenesis demands a speed of DNA replication and cell division that is unprecedented in eukaryotic gametogenesis. (europa.eu)
This project is elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of DNA replication in these contrasting cell cycles. (europa.eu)
Aim 1: detailed characterisation, at the whole-cell level, of the asynchronous genome replication that occurs in schizogony and gametogenesis. (europa.eu)
Both of these involve the division and replication of cells. (studyinnovations.com)
We propose a model where caspase-2 regulates the cell cycle and protects DNA replication forks to prevent DNA damage accrual in a pathway distinct from its apoptotic role. (nature.com)
In our paper published in Oncogene [6], we show that caspase-2 plays an essential role in regulating normal cell division by protecting DNA replication forks from replication stress. (nature.com)
We show that caspase-2 protects cells from a range of S-phase-related defects, including delayed exit from S-phase, increased stalled replication forks, increased new replication origins, and decreased repair of S-phase-associated chromosomal aberrations [6]. (nature.com)
Thus, caspase-2 activation during replication stress engages a pathway distinct from that engaged by cytokinesis failure. (nature.com)
Consistent with this, we noted a caspase-2-dependent slowdown of the cell cycle following mild replication stress. (nature.com)
Consistent with our evidence that caspase-2 regulates a replication checkpoint, the chromosomal aberrations detected in caspase-2-deficient cells are not repaired before metaphase. (nature.com)

Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. (oncotarget.com)
Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN. (oncotarget.com)
These cells do not undergo apoptosis, and the primary outcome of caspase-2 activation is continued, cell division. (nature.com)
This indicates a role distinct from caspase-2's reported role in inducing apoptosis to remove damaged or aneuploid cells [7][8]. (nature.com)
therefore, we overexpressed Bcl-X L to distinguish caspase-2's role in cell division and DNA protection from its role in apoptosis. (nature.com)
While other groups have demonstrated non-apoptotic roles for caspase-2 in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest [2], this is the first demonstration that these roles are regulated by a distinct pathway to apoptosis. (nature.com)
If apoptosis is not an essential mechanism for its tumor suppression function, then a role in regulating the cell cycle may be. (nature.com)
Apoptosis allows for efficient and immunologically silent removal of damaged or superfluous cells in multicellular organisms. (nature.com)
Cell apoptosis or cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, and chromosome misalignment was observed by a fluorescent microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
USP7 inhibition induces cell apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M arrest, and overcomes taxane resistance by inducing the protein degradation of PLK1, resulting in chromosome misalignment in mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
USP7 specifically dequbiquitinates and stabilizes both p53 and MDM2 to various degrees, and USP7 inhibition is expected to inactivate MDM2 and activate p53, thereby leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in cancer cells with functional p53 signaling [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The available data suggest that USP7 inhibitors induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells through the p53 pathway, and sensitize cancer cells to PARP inhibitor-induced cell death [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While in G1 the cell synthesizes messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps of interphase leading to mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
LV: Plant cells only have two classes of myosin proteins, whereas animal cells have several more classes, the most abundant one is myosin II, (Which explains why animal muscle contraction may be the first thing to come to mind when one hears of myosin. (bowdoin.edu)
We identified 231 proteins released from actomyosin contraction-dependent blebs and apoptotic bodies by adapted SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) combined with mass spectrometry analysis. (nature.com)
Protein kinases and their substrates regulate essentially all cellular processes through complex regulatory networks, in which phosphorylated proteins act as switches that tune the response of the cell to environmental stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
Preeminent among these proteins are the cyclin dependent kinases, which upon binding to cyclins, phosphorylate numerous targets to trigger cell cycle progression. (smadpathway.com)
These proteins, including Aurora A and B, are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell division activities such as spindle construction, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. (smadpathway.com)

One appeal of studying cytokinesis as a model for cellular morphogenesis is its relatively simple geometry during normal mitotic cell divisions, which produce equal sized daughter cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The activity of NEK6 plays important roles in mitotic spindle kinetochore fiber formation, metaphase-anaphase transition, cytokinesis, and checkpoint regulation [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Fig : Different stages of cell cycle (Mitotic cycle). (studyinnovations.com)
LV: Conserved structures in all eukaryotic cells include the separation of chromosomes by the microtubules in the mitotic spindle, and the polarized transport of vesicles mediated by actin. (bowdoin.edu)

Cellular processes like genome duplication and cell division stop. (wikipedia.org)
Identifying the mechanical properties of cells that allow them to undergo shape changes and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that cells use to generate the mechanical forces remains the ultimate challenge of understanding cellular morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
0. Apparently, as the four rates are all assumed to be constants, the transcription described by the model is independent of many important cellular processes such as cell growth and cell division. (cckn-ia.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Dying cells have been defined as apoptotic by distinguishing features, including cell contraction, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing, apoptotic body formation and maintenance of intact cellular membranes to prevent massive protein release and consequent inflammation. (nature.com)
Cellular morphology, time-lapse imaging, and nuclear staining demonstrated that this activity occurred in mitotically active cells. (jneurosci.org)

It has long been noted that caspase-2-deficient cells proliferate faster [2], and elegant studies have shown that caspase-2 induces cell cycle arrest following cytokinesis failure [5]. (nature.com)

An estimate of the minimal amount of this motor needed to produce the required force for cell cleavage fits well with this 10% value. (biomedcentral.com)
Prevost and Dumas (1824) first to study cell division during the cleavage of zygote of Nagelli (1846) first to propose that new cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells. (studyinnovations.com)
In response to cytokinesis failure, caspase-2-mediated cleavage of MDM2 stabilizes p53, leading to p21-induced G1 arrest [5]. (nature.com)
At the onset of anaphase, the CPC redistributes to the central spindle and cleavage furrow to manage the end of cytokinesis. (smadpathway.com)

In an academic research context, cell cycle arrest is typically performed in model organisms and cell extracts, such as Saccharomyces cervisiae (yeast) or Xenopus oocytes (frog eggs). (wikipedia.org)
In unicellular organisms, cell division is the means of reproduction by which the mother cell produces two or more new cells. (studyinnovations.com)
Cycles can be observed in various natural phenomena, such as the water cycle, the carbon cycle, and the life cycle of organisms. (jamiefosterscience.com)
For example, the circadian rhythm governs the daily cycles of various biological processes in living organisms. (jamiefosterscience.com)

Additionally, plants have a reproduction cycle that consists of alternation of generations, where the gametophyte is haploid (has one copy of each chromosome in its cells) and the sporophyte is diploid (has double the number of chromosomes in its cells). (bowdoin.edu)
Further studies showed that P5091 induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and particularly induced chromosome misalignment, indicating the key roles of USP7 in mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)

The cell may, therefore, regulate the amount of myosin-II sent to the furrow cortex in accordance with the amount needed there. (biomedcentral.com)
However, during standard mitosis, the mother cell may be modeled as a simple sphere, which is deformed in the region of its equator to mimic the ingression of the furrow. (biomedcentral.com)
In their model, the minimal contractile force required for stabilizing each of these intermediate shapes is proportional to the global steady state stiffness of the cell and is dependent on the extent of furrow ingression. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate that SCAR activity is essential to drive myosin-II-independent cytokinesis, and stabilises the furrow, ensuring symmetrical division. (biologists.com)

The cytoskeleton is the protein fibers found within the liquid cytoplasm of plant cells that maintain and modify their physical structure. (bowdoin.edu)

From these studies, a picture emerges of exquisite and previously unappreciated temporal regulation of Rho1/A and Cdc42 family GTPases ( Fig. 1 ) that is important for successful completion of cytokinesis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (silverchair.com)
These results demonstrate distinct patterns of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i change in cortical precursor cells and raise the possibility that these dynamics may contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)

The cytokinetic-actomyosin ring generates constrictive force as well as guides the assembly of new membranes and the cell wall (in yeasts and fungi). (silverchair.com)

The LH-Fe3O4@M exhibited excellent chemotherapy effect in CRC models as well as LH alone and achieved a high tumor ablation rate but no damage to normal tissues and cells. (bvsalud.org)
miRNAs expressed in a wide variety of human cancers can regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNAs and act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate cell signaling pathways, affecting tumorigenesis and tumor progression [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. (lookformedical.com)
Tumor xenograft data from Balb/c nude mice demonstrated that HCC cells with high NEK2 expression formed larger tumors than those with low NEK2 expression. (oncotarget.com)
Both USP7 and PLK1 were overexpressed in taxane-resistant cancer cells, and negatively correlated with the MP scores in tumor tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

During cell division processes, genome duplication involves DNA dosage increase at discrete times in phase, and introduces considerable variations in gene copies [13C15]. (cckn-ia.org)
Two processes take place during cell reproduction. (studyinnovations.com)
In addition, these drugs are known to induce serious side effects due to inhibition of mitosis in other proliferating cells (mainly bone marrow and gut) as well as inhibition of other microtubules-dependent functions, such as neuronal processes [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
7 The goal of these processes is detection and removal of dead cells and associated debris to limit potential further damage. (nature.com)
Understanding cycles is crucial for scientists as it helps them comprehend the interconnectedness and interdependencies of different processes in nature. (jamiefosterscience.com)

Induced cell cycle arrest is the use of a chemical or genetic manipulation to artificially halt progression through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)

It is an artificial activation of naturally occurring cell cycle checkpoints, induced by exogenous stimuli controlled by an experimenter. (wikipedia.org)
d) investigation of cell-cycle checkpoints and replicative responses to the changing environment in the human host and to antimalarial drugs. (europa.eu)

Their independent variables are time \(t\) and one or more dimensional variable \(x\ ,\) which usually represents position in space but may also represent relative DNA content, size of cells, or their maturation level, or other values. (scholarpedia.org)

The best understood of these involves myosin-II-dependent constriction around the cell equator, but both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells also use a parallel, adhesion-dependent mechanism to generate furrows. (biologists.com)

To achieve this goal, the distribution and flux of the cell division machinery must be quantified. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell division can then be thought of as a series of intermediate cell shapes (sphere, cylinder and dumbbell) that are produced along this pathway of cleaving the mother cell. (biomedcentral.com)
The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
In this work, we initiate a mathematical approach by coupling the classical two-state model with cell division cycles to delineate the combined contribution of transcription activities and cell divisions in the variability of transcript counts [4, 6, 20]. (cckn-ia.org)
Actively dividing eukaryote cells go through several stages known collectively as the cell division cycle, including Gap 1 phase (phase, each gene is duplicated into two copies that are transcribed independently in the same cell [15]. (cckn-ia.org)
Cell division cycle has global effects on mRNA and protein synthesis, and is also an important source of gene expression noise [10C13]. (cckn-ia.org)
In particular, it pursues a complex lifecycle with modes of cell division that differ at different lifecycle stages. (europa.eu)
Cell division requires the tight coordination of multiple cytoskeletal pathways. (biologists.com)
This continues for 10 minutes after division before the daughter cells revert to normal random motility, indicating that this is a tightly regulated process. (biologists.com)
The zygote, by the cell division. (studyinnovations.com)
Cell division is central to life of all cell and is essential for the perpetuation of the species. (studyinnovations.com)
Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described The sequence of events which occur during cell growth and cell division are collectively called cell cycle. (studyinnovations.com)
It is the period between the end of one cell division to the beginning of next cell It is also called resting phase or not dividing phase. (studyinnovations.com)
But, it is actually highly metabolic active phase, in which cell prepares itself for next cell division. (studyinnovations.com)
Vickermania has an odd cell cycle, in which shortly after the division the uniflagellate cell starts growing a new flagellum attached to the old one and preserves their contact until the late cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
During normal cell division, we show that caspase-2 is activated in G1 in dividing cells [6]. (nature.com)
If caspase-2 regulates cell division through the same pathway, it would be expected to phenocopy the cell cycle results of caspase-2 null cells. (nature.com)
We investigated control mechanisms that regulate the activity, localization, and stability of Wee1, especially the bud neck-localized protein kinase Hsl1 and its more distant paralogs (Gin4 and Kcc4), in particular their recruitment to septin filaments, which assemble at the presumptive site of cell division. (berkeley.edu)
In evolution, cell division divergence includes the use of the phragmoplast exclusively in some green algae and plants. (bowdoin.edu)

G1 phase is the first of the four phases of the cell cycle, and is part of interphase. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)

However, the precise function of CLN5 in the cell and the pathway(s) regulating its function are not well understood. (frontiersin.org)
Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)

α-factor is a pheromone secreted by Saccharomyces cervisiae that arrests the yeast cells in G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)

In contrast, fungi and animal cells use actin and myosin to make the contractile ring, which squeezes the two daughter cells apart. (bowdoin.edu)

Tapon and Hall, 1997 ), regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling and function during cell polarization and cytokinesis. (silverchair.com)
We show that the actin nucleation factor SCAR/WAVE is strongly activated during Dictyostelium cytokinesis. (biologists.com)
The phragmoplast is a complex including microtubules and actin which mediates the production of the cell plate during cytokinesis of the plant cell. (bowdoin.edu)
Fluorescent staining of actin filaments in fixed tissue sections and tissue culture cells preparations.Note: Unlike many actin antibodies, Acti-stain™ 555 phalloidin binds only to F-actin resulting in low background fluorescence. (cytoskeleton.com)
Actin staining is very useful in determining the structure and function of the cytoskeleton in living a nd fixed cells. (cytoskeleton.com)
The actin cytoskeleton is a very dynamic and labile structure in the living cell, but it can be fixed with paraformaldehyde prior to probing or staining for actin structures. (cytoskeleton.com)
Phalloidin has been labeled with a proprietary red fluorescent dye which allows it to be used to stain actin filaments in tissue cultured cells and tissue sections (1, see Figure 1) and cell-free preparations. (cytoskeleton.com)
Actin Stress Fibers stained with Acti-stain™ 555 in a Swiss 3T3 cell. (cytoskeleton.com)
Swiss 3T3 cell with activated Rho, nucleus is stained with Dapi (blue) and F-actin is stained with Acti-stain™ 555 (red F-actin, Cat. (cytoskeleton.com)

Dendrite pruning requires the developmentally regulated degradation of the cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian , and loss of Rab11 causes defects in the developmental degradation of Neuroglian and another target, the ion channel Ppk26 . (sdbonline.org)

But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
A cell divides when it has grown to a certain maximum size which disturb the karyoplasmic index (KI)/Nucleoplasmic ratio (NP)/Kernplasm connection. (studyinnovations.com)
Mature cell divides into two cells). (studyinnovations.com)

Morphogenesis depends on the interactions of steady state and dynamic physical properties that allow a cell to deform and reform into different shapes, such as neuronal growth cones and columnar epithelia. (biomedcentral.com)
The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
Even the growth and development of every living organism depends on the growth and multiplication of its cells. (studyinnovations.com)

Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
Eukaryotes have evolved complex regulatory systems to ensure the cell cycle continues in a timely and appropriate way. (smadpathway.com)

significantly clarify the molecular controls that coordinate the terminal steps of cytokinesis. (silverchair.com)
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. (lookformedical.com)
Cell surface sensors on immune cells that ordinarily recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns produced by infectious agents may also interact with DAMPs, leading to the activation of signaling pathways resulting in a nonpathogen-induced 'sterile' inflammatory response. (nature.com)

Contact inhibition is a method of arresting cells when neighboring cells come into contact with each other. (wikipedia.org)

Clonogenic assays were performed to determine the ability of PC3 and HeLa cells to form colonies upon PI3K-C2β downregulation in the absence or presence of docetaxel. (biomedcentral.com)
Downregulation of PI3K-C2β delays mitosis progression in PC3 and HeLa cells, resulting in reduced ability to form colonies in clonogenic assays in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods of slide preparation and staining technique used including the stain used (for cytogenetic assays): The cells are transferred into tubes, centrifugated at 900 g for 5 min and washed with HBSS. (europa.eu)

Transwell cell migration experiments were performed to verify that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly enhanced the migration capability of granulocytes inhibited by NA. (bvsalud.org)
During this time, precursor cells undergo interkinetic nuclear migration ( Seymour and Berry, 1975 ) in which cells in the DNA synthetic S phase have their nuclei in the upper third of the VZ. (jneurosci.org)

Given that some of the mechanisms below of inducing cell cycle arrest involve damaging the DNA, this allows investigation into how the cell responds to damage of its genetic material. (wikipedia.org)

In view of these considerations, this study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of geraniol, in an in vitro protocol, using two types of human cells: one without the ability to metabolize (peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMC), and the other with this capability (human hepatoma cell line - HepG2) through the comet assay and the micronucleus test. (geneticsmr.org)
Compared to control cells, PC3 cells lacking PI3K-C2β form smaller and more compact colonies in vitro and they form tumours more slowly in vivo in the first weeks after cells implant. (biomedcentral.com)

This natural process can be mimicked in a lab through the overexpression of p27Kip1, which results in induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)

In human somatic cells, the cell cycle lasts about 18 hours, and the G1 phase makes up about 1/3 of that time. (wikipedia.org)
Introduction Every somatic cell undergoes a phase called mitosis. (schoolworkhelper.net)

It remains an essential and widely open question to quantify how the transition of cell cycle phases, the variation of DNA content and transcription kinetics in different phases, and the random partition of mRNAs in daughter cells affect the dynamics and noise of gene transcription. (cckn-ia.org)

Frog egg cell extracts have been used extensively in cell cycle research because they are relatively large, reaching a diameter of 1mm, and so contain large amounts of protein, making protein levels more easily measurable. (wikipedia.org)
p27Kip1 protein levels are elevated in arresting cells. (wikipedia.org)
During growth, genes associated with protein ubiquitination/deubiquitination, cell cycle progression, and proteasomal degradation were affected, while genes linked to protein and carbohydrate catabolism were affected during early development. (frontiersin.org)
The Wee1 class of protein-tyrosine kinase has an important role in cell cycle control. (berkeley.edu)
USP7 was originally identified as a binding partner for the herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cell protein and named herpes-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Key components supplier CX-4945 of these paths are protein kinases that are critical for the appropriate time of each cell cycle stage. (smadpathway.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)

Some cells replicate faster and others slower, and the entire process can be interrupted. (visionlearning.com)

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. (lookformedical.com)
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. (lookformedical.com)
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)

The cell was induced to undergo transcription of its entire DNA. (flashcardmachine.com)

The morphological characteristics of these cells and immunohistochemical staining suggested that the coordinated events occurred in gap junction-coupled precursor cells. (jneurosci.org)

The class II PI3K isoform PI3K-C2β was downregulated in prostate cancer PC3 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells using selective siRNAs and the effect on cell growth was determined in the absence or presence of the microtubule-stabilizing agent/anti-cancer drug docetaxel. (biomedcentral.com)

Using calibrated needles, Rappaport directly measured the force that the contractile ring produced [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

When cells pass from S to G 2 , the nuclei migrate toward the VZ surface where mitosis occurs. (jneurosci.org)

One dramatic example of a process in which a cell reshapes itself is during the mechanical separation of a mother cell into two daughter cells during cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The intercellular bridge is severed or resolved, resulting in separation of the two daughter cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This activation localises to large polar protrusions, driving separation of the daughter cells. (biologists.com)
The connection between the flagella ensures their coordinate movement until the separation of the daughter cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Timecourses have been conducted to quantify the number and type of replicating nuclei, together with other cell-biological features, in P. falciparum parasites across the course of both erythrocytic schizogony and gametogenesis. (europa.eu)

Although spontaneous changes of [Ca 2+ ] i have been examined in immature cortical neurons, the calcium dynamics of cortical precursor cells have received less attention. (jneurosci.org)
Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that these events occurred primarily in precursor cells rather than in postmitotic neurons. (jneurosci.org)

During Central Nervous System ontogenesis, myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) arise from highly ramified and proliferative precursors called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). (nature.com)
The ability of cancer cells to sustain proliferative signals was the first of six hallmarks of cancer that were described in a seminal review attempting to rationalise the complexity of neoplastic disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
After mitosis, daughter cells can either remain proliferative and re-enter the cell cycle or become terminally postmitotic and migrate out of the VZ ( McConnell, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals are likely to influence the proliferative potential and eventual fates of precursor cells within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)

e.g. 20 minutes for bacterial cel l, 8-10 hours for intestiona l epithelial cell, and onion root tip cells may take 20 hours. (studyinnovations.com)
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA . (lookformedical.com)

Genetic engineering of cells with specific gene knockouts can also result in cells that arrest at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In view of gene dosage, a cell cycle is divided into an early stage and a late stage to measured in a mouse embryonic stem cell line. (cckn-ia.org)
In view of gene dosage, a cell cycle is divided into and stages. (cckn-ia.org)
Open in a separate window Fig FASLG 1 Coupling gene 21-Deacetoxy Deflazacort transcription with cell cycle.Actively dividing eukaryote cells go through phases in one cell. (cckn-ia.org)

It remains largely unexplored how these random events govern mRNA outputs and their fluctuation among individual cells [1]. (cckn-ia.org)
During phase, a cell is divided into two daughter cells and residual mRNA molecules are randomly partitioned. (cckn-ia.org)
In recent years, many real-time monitoring methods, such as single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH), have been developed to estimate mRNA copy numbers in different cell cycle stages. (cckn-ia.org)
It was found that the ratio of the average number of mRNA copies in phase and are degraded almost completely before cytokinesis [12]. (cckn-ia.org)

However, caution is advised in the use of this substance by humans, since a significant reduction in viability of HepG2 and a marked decrease in cell viability on normal PBMC were verified. (geneticsmr.org)
Identity of cytokinesis blocking substance: cytoB, 20h exposure. (europa.eu)

The cells can be induced to arrest as they arrive (at different time points) at a certain phase, so that when the arrest is lifted (for instance, rescuing cell cycle progression by introducing another chemical) all the cells resume cell cycle progression at the same time. (wikipedia.org)
The use of serum deprivation - partially or completely removing the serum and its nutrients - has been shown to arrest and synchronize cell cycle progression in G0 phase, for example in neonatal mammalian astrocytes and human foreskin fibroblasts. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, while caspase-2-deficiency led to an increased proportion of S-phase cells and a progressive decrease in the proportion of G1-phase cells following treatment with arresting concentrations of the DNA damaging agent camptothecin and increased DNA damage following S-phase arrest, overexpression of Bcl-X L did not change the cell cycle profiles or the amount of DNA damage. (nature.com)

Alteration of signalling pathways regulating cell cycle progression is a common feature of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Glial cells are primarily produced in a second germinal zone, the subventricular zone that is located superficially to the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
Glial cell production increases as neurogenesis declines, peaking during the early postnatal period ( Bayer and Altman, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)

In mouse embryonic stem cells, nascent Oct4 and Nanog mRNAs were measured in different phases using smFISH method [15]. (cckn-ia.org)
Several drugs targeting distinct phases of the cell cycle have been developed but the inability of many of them to discriminate between normal and cancer cells has strongly limited their clinical potential because of their reduced efficacy at the concentrations used to limit adverse side effects. (biomedcentral.com)

Mimosine is a plant amino acid that has been shown to reversibly inhibit progression beyond G1 phase in some human cells, including lymphoblastoid cells. (wikipedia.org)
Remarkably little is known about Plasmodium cell cycles, despite a wealth of knowledge on the subject in human cells. (europa.eu)
This takes a period of ~24 hours when the parasite is inside human red blood cells. (europa.eu)
Notably, cln5 - cells displayed reduced β-hexosaminidase activity, which aligns with previous work showing that D. discoideum Cln5 and human CLN5 can cleave the substrate acted upon by β-hexosaminidase. (frontiersin.org)
10 9 apoptotic events occurring per day in human adult tissues, it is surprisingly difficult to histologically detect apoptotic cells due to the rapid recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells. (nature.com)
Patterns that repeat consistently underpin many natural and human-created systems, from the smallest scales of crystals to the largest cycles of astronomy. (jamiefosterscience.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms13

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care2

Membrane10

Proliferation11

Intracellular4

Replication13

Apoptosis12

Proteins7

Mitotic4

Cellular6

Induces1

Cleavage4

Organisms4

Chromosome2

Furrow4

Cytoplasm1

Regulation2

Actomyosin1

Tumor6

Processes5

Progression through the cell cycle1

Checkpoints2

Maturation1

Constriction1

Division20

Interphase2

Pathway2

Saccharomyces1

Fungi1

Actin9

Developmental1

Divides3

Depends3

Eukaryotes2

Molecular3

Inhibition1

Assays3

Migration2

Mechanisms1

Vitro2

Induced cell cycle arrest1

Somatic2

Transition1

Protein7

Replicate1

Malignant4

Undergo1

Morphological1

Cervical Cancer1

Contractile1

Mitosis occurs1

Separation4

Nuclei1

Neurons2

Proliferative4

Epithelial3

Gene4

MRNA4

Substance2

Arrest3

Pathways1

Glial2

Phases2

Human6