AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemCytochrome c GroupCytochromesChromosome MappingChromosomesCytochrome b GroupCytochromes cCytochromes b5Cytochrome P-450 CYP3ACytochrome P-450 CYP2E1Aryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesMicrosomes, LiverCytochrome P-450 CYP1A2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein ReductaseGenetic LinkageMolecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1Mixed Function OxygenasesChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Electron Transport Complex IVChromosome BandingCytochromes c1Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7Base SequenceCytochrome P-450 CYP2D6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9X ChromosomeChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10HydroxylationChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Cytochromes fChromosome AberrationsOxidation-ReductionGenetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosome DeletionLod ScoreAmino Acid SequenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, HumanPedigreeOxidoreductases, N-DemethylatingCytochromes bChromosomes, Human, Pair 15Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18HemeMutationSex ChromosomesCytochrome ReductasesAllelesChromosomes, MammalianBiotransformationCytochrome b6f ComplexElectron TransportCytochromes c2KineticsCamphor 5-MonooxygenaseTranslocation, GeneticCloning, MolecularSpectrophotometryPhenotypeGenotypeChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, PlantMicrosatellite RepeatsChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceEnzyme InductionChromosomes, BacterialOxidoreductasesChromosome SegregationMicrosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 3LiverSteroid 16-alpha-HydroxylaseChromosome DisordersCytochrome P-450 CYP2B1IsoenzymesChromosomes, FungalPolymerase Chain ReactionPhenobarbitalMitochondriaChromosomes, Human, XKaryotypingPolymorphism, GeneticHaplotypesRNA, MessengerGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseChromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
Long arm of chromosome 19MetabolismMitochondrialRegulationTranscriptionalProteinsPhenobarbitalHemeEncodesCYP1B1LiverSubstancesExogenousHumansSynthesisVariantsCatalyticMutationsBiosynthesisFunctionsTranscriptionNuclearCellsSynthetaseDeficiencyMultigene FamilyPolymorphismCompoundsHumanMethodsTissuesExonsNucleusCatalyzePathwayBovineFamilyExpressionMajorTumorsSequencesRegulatoryExposureCascadeGeneticGenomeRoleVitroNormalTypesFound
Long arm of chromosome 192
  • In humans, the CYP2A genes are found as a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 19 with the CYP2B and CYP2F genes. (nih.gov)
  • Analysis of human metaphase chromosomes by in situ hybridization localizes this cytochrome P‐450 gene family further to the long arm of chromosome 19 in the region q13.1→qter. (elsevierpure.com)
Metabolism8
  • The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
  • on Suncus Murinus: New experimental animal, its specificity and usefulness (ed. by C.-Y. Chen) Kamatakizawa T., Nakura H., Itoh S. Characters of house musk shrew (Suncus murinus): focusing on enzymes involved in drug metabolism. (shoyaku.ac.jp)
  • Certain variants of enzymes involved in (pro)carcinogen metabolism have been found to be associated with an increased risk of astrocytomas and meningiomas , e.g. (familialcancerdatabase.nl)
  • Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is active in the metabolism of estrogens to reactive catechols and of different procarcinogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, differences in the distribution of polymorphisms in key candidate genes involved in estrogen/xenobiotic metabolism might contribute to variation in breast cancer susceptibility in different populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a multi-gene family of enzymes implicated in the metabolism of a diverse range of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the group, we investigate such recent evolutionary imprints in ADME genes that are of particular interest for clinicians because of their involvement in the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs. (unige.ch)
  • Variation in genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME) can influence individual response to therapeutic treatment. (unige.ch)
Mitochondrial6
  • Adrenodoxin reductase (Enzyme Nomenclature name: adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase, EC 1.18.1.6), was first isolated from bovine adrenal cortex where it functions as the first enzyme in the mitochondrial P450 systems that catalyze essential steps in steroid hormone biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme functions as the first electron transfer protein of mitochondrial P450 systems such as P450scc. (wikipedia.org)
  • ADXR gene is expressed in all tissues that have mitochondrial P450s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial-related gene expression changes are sensitive to agonal-pH state: implications for brain disorders. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Subcellular traffics of HO-1 to different organelles constitute a network of interactions compromising a variety of effectors such as pro-oxidants, ROS, mitochondrial enzymes, and nucleic transcription factors. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We investigated to what extent the cuticle inward barrier function depends on the genotype, comprising mitochondrial and nuclear genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and investigated the contribution of interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes (mito-nuclear interactions) on this function. (peerj.com)
Regulation6
  • Physiological Functions of Cytochrome P450 in Relation to Structure and Regulation (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcriptional regulation of human oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7B1) by Sp1. (omeka.net)
  • Promoter activity and regulation of the CYP4F2 leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase gene by peroxisomal proliferators and retinoic acid in HepG2 cells. (omeka.net)
  • encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and its flavonoid ingredients (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) could lessen the lipid accumulation associated with up-regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the tri6 gene, encoding a zinc finger protein involved in the regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis, from Fusarium sporotrichioides (Proctor et al. (justia.com)
Transcriptional1
  • The key steps in the A-factor regulatory cascade, including afsA , encoding the key enzyme for A-factor biosynthesis, arpA , encoding the A-factor receptor, and adpA , encoding a transcriptional activator, are elucidated. (go.jp)
Proteins4
  • With more proteins with a ferroxodin-reducing activity discovered in both families as well as novel families, this enzyme activity is now seen as an example of convergent evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
  • We discuss how these contrasted results highlight diverse evolutionary trajectories of ADME genes and proteins, consistent with the wide spectrum of both endogenous and exogenous molecules that are their substrates. (unige.ch)
Phenobarbital1
  • We have recently isolated a cloned cDNA coding for a cytochrome P‐450 of human liver microsomal membranes, which corresponds to a major phenobarbital‐inducible cytochrome P‐450 of rat liver. (elsevierpure.com)
Heme3
  • The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Porphyria is a predominantly inherited metabolic disorder resulting from a deficiency of an enzyme in the heme production pathway and overproduction of toxic heme precursors. (medscape.com)
  • HOs are the key-limiting enzymes in heme degradation leading to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin products. (encyclopedia.pub)
Encodes3
  • The human CYP4F2 gene encodes a LTB4 omega-hydroxylase P450 prominently expressed in liver and kidney that functions to metabolize and inactivate the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, LTB4 and arachidonic acid. (omeka.net)
  • The human liver CYP4F2 gene (Accession No. AF221943) encodes a leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase that metabolizes leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) to a less potent proinflammatory eicosanoid, 20-OH-LTB(4). (omeka.net)
  • [2] In humans, the gene CYP19, located on chromosome 15q 21.1, encodes the aromatase enzyme. (wikidoc.org)
CYP1B12
  • Our results suggest that the codon 432 polymorphism of the CYP1B1 gene is associated with increased risk of breast cancer and is particularly involved in breast cancer risk in premenopausal women of African descent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite high protein expression and enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) in renal cell cancer (RCC), its functional significance has not been elucidated. (oncotarget.com)
Liver1
Substances1
  • It is important to consider the degree to which the particular in vitro system replicates the biology of the human target cells and their responses to toxic substances, as discussed below. (nationalacademies.org)
Exogenous2
  • Induction of the P-450 system by exogenous agents causes ALA accumulation and predisposes patients to acute attacks of porphyria. (medscape.com)
  • When exogenous pancreatic enzymes are taken with a meal, CCK-releasing factors are degraded and CCK release in response to a meal is reduced. (medscape.com)
Humans1
  • Marked interindividual differences in expression of the CYP2A6 gene was found in livers analyzed in vitro and in humans phenotyped in vivo by using coumarin, a specific substrate for the enzyme. (nih.gov)
Synthesis1
  • The highest levels of the enzyme are found in the adrenal cortex, granulosa cells of the ovary and leydig cells of the testis that specialize in steroid hormone synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Variants4
  • Genetic testing has revealed that they have harbored variants of the ACAN gene, including p.Val2042Argfs*6, p.Val1597del, c.630-1G>A, c.23delT and c.2026+1G>A(previously reported). (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION@#Except for short stature, children harboring heterozygous variants of the ACAN gene may have no involvement of other systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gene expresses two transcript variants. (wikidoc.org)
  • GWAS evidenced that the variability of phenotypes measuring CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 activity was associated with genetic variants linked to the corresponding encoding genes, and to additional genes for the latter three. (unige.ch)
Catalytic2
  • Enzymes of various catalytic functions in Streptomyces are useful as members of an artificial gene cluster constructed in Escherichia coli for fermentative production of plant-specific flavonoids, including isoflavones and unnatural compounds. (go.jp)
  • the Leu allele display increased catalytic efficiency for 4-hydroxylation of estradiol in some experimental systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations2
  • ALAD deficiency porphyria (ADP) is an autosomal recessive porphyria that results from mutations in the ALAD gene on chromosome band 9q34. (medscape.com)
  • To the our best of knowledge, this is the first study to report the existence of homozygous and heterozygous mutations at positions 554, 555 and 559 in exon 4 of SLC35A3 gene in Indian Holstein cattle. (researchgate.net)
Biosynthesis2
  • The biosynthesis gene clusters for grixazone and hexahydroxyperylenequinone are examples. (go.jp)
  • Aromatase , also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase , is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens . (wikidoc.org)
Functions2
  • Structure and functions of human oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase cDNAs and gene CYP7B1. (omeka.net)
  • The target genes of the regulatory cascade include genes of various functions required for morphological development and secondary metabolite formation. (go.jp)
Transcription3
  • Nrf2 stabilization and increase in its half-life even to 200 min [ 9 ] allows nuclear translocation and activation of transcription of cytoprotective genes (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
  • P53 is a tumor suppressor gene that codes for a transcription factor that regulates the expression of other genes and arrests the cell cycle. (doctorlib.info)
  • It varies from species to species whether it is the aromatase protein that has different activity at different temperatures or whether the amount of transcription undergone by the aromatase gene is what is temperature-sensitive, but in either case, differential development is observed at different temperatures. (wikidoc.org)
Nuclear1
  • Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi. (lookformedical.com)
Cells2
  • These genes are deleted or inactivated in cancer cells, allowing unregulated proliferation. (doctorlib.info)
  • The present invention further relates to mutants cells comprising a marker-free modification of a gene, and methods for obtaining and using such mutant cells. (justia.com)
Synthetase1
  • ALA synthetase activity is also closely associated with cytochrome P-450 activity. (medscape.com)
Deficiency1
  • Deficiency of this enzyme produces ALAD deficiency porphyria (ADP), an extremely rare cause of acute porphyria . (medscape.com)
Multigene Family1
Polymorphism2
  • Our results show that one out of 60 bulls tested exhibited polymorphism (G→T) at position 559 in exon 4 of SLC35A3 gene. (researchgate.net)
  • Our main approaches involve the comparison, in large population samples, of diversity patterns analyzed at the genomic level and in specific genetic systems, such as the CYP2D6 polymorphism, examined with PacBio technology, or GWAS and genomic scan approaches to investigate population variability in pharmacogenomics traits. (unige.ch)
Compounds2
  • A range of in vitro experimental systems is used to gain insight into the risk of adverse effects of compounds. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We administered seven probe compounds devised to target six cytochrome P450 enzymes and the P-glycoprotein activity to assess phenotypic variation in four populations along a latitudinal transect spanning over Africa, the Middle East and Europe (349 healthy Ethiopian, Omani, Greek and Czech volunteers). (unige.ch)
Human7
  • In the human gene nomenclature, the standard name is ferredoxin reductase and the symbol is FDXR, with ADXR specified as a synonym. (wikipedia.org)
  • In both bovine and human genomes there is only a single copy of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Methodological considerations for gene expression profiling of human brain. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Methods: With this study, we've looked at the end results associated with geldanamycin for the regulating Hsp90-dependent oncogenic signaling walkways right implicated within mobile or portable cycle further advancement, tactical and motility involving human the urinary system kidney cancer malignancy cellular material. (vx-661modulator.com)
  • Bacteria found in yogurt that, when ingested, helps restore the normal bacterial populations in the human digestive system. (w8mdspa.com)
  • It is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. (doctorlib.info)
Methods1
  • METHODS@#The three children, who all featured short stature and DSD, were subjected to G banding chromosomal karyotyping, multiplex PCR for Y chromosomal microdeletion, sequencing of the whole SRY gene, SNP-array analysis for genomic copy number variations, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (bvsalud.org)
Tissues1
  • In-situ conjugation of this metabolite by phase II enzymes is relatively low in extrahepatic tissues, thus leading to its accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Exons1
  • [3] The gene has nine coding exons and a number of alternative non-coding first exons that regulate tissue specific expression. (wikidoc.org)
Nucleus2
  • Gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens of mood disorders subjects that committed suicide. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Nucleus- and cell-specific gene expression in monkey thalamus. (ucdavis.edu)
Catalyze1
  • It is CYP19A1 , a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily ( EC 1.14.14.1 ), which are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in steroidogenesis . (wikidoc.org)
Pathway2
  • Eight different enzymes are involved in the pathway, and deficiencies of the second to eighth enzyme result in a family of disorders with various, and often overlapping, clinical presentations. (medscape.com)
  • Other genes in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway have been cloned including the tri3 gene, encoding a 15-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides (McCormick et al. (justia.com)
Bovine1
  • It is caused by a point mutation (G→T) at nucleotide position 559 of the gene, bovine solute carrier family 35 member 3 (SLC35A3). (researchgate.net)
Family2
  • The results indicate that all components of this cytochrome P‐450 gene family are located on chromosome 19. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the Swedish Family-Cancer Database, which included 2060 childhood brain tumors, 1.3% of brain tumor patients had a parent with nervous system cancer Some studies conclude that a family history of brain tumors or cancer in general do not significantly contribute to glioma risk in adults and brain tumor risk in children[13-17]. (familialcancerdatabase.nl)
Expression2
  • Since CYP2A6 is able to metabolically-activate chemical carcinogens and is expressed in extrahepatic tissue, it will be of interest to determine whether genetic differences in expression of the gene is associated with cancer risk. (nih.gov)
  • Sample matching by inferred agonal stress in gene expression analyses of the brain. (ucdavis.edu)
Major1
  • The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a standardized milk thistle supplement on major P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes after a 14-day exposure period. (aspetjournals.org)
Tumors1
  • Others found that the occurrence of childhood brain tumor is associated with an increased risk of developing central-nervous-system tumors, leukemia and childhood tumors in relatives[18-20]. (familialcancerdatabase.nl)
Sequences2
  • Examination of complete genome sequences revealed that adrenodoxin reductase gene is present in most metazoans and prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene sequences from normal and carrier animals were compared using the software, codon code Aligner 4.0.4. (researchgate.net)
Regulatory1
  • It is believed that this local regulatory system plays an important role in the complex mechanisms governing the timing of folliculogenesis and whether a follicle becomes dominant or atretic. (glowm.com)
Exposure1
  • This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
Cascade1
  • At the endocrine level, folliculogenesis is regulated by a central nervous system, anterior pituitary, and ovary cascade mechanism. (glowm.com)
Genetic2
  • OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis of three children with disorders of sex development (DSD) in association with rare Y chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION@#Combined use of genetic techniques can delineate complex rearrangements involving Y chromosome in patients featuring short stature and DSD. (bvsalud.org)
Genome1
  • Genome scans of selection highlighted multiple candidate regions, a few of which included ADME genes, but none overlapped with the GWAS candidates. (unige.ch)
Role2
  • The two main types of genes that are now recognized as playing a role in cancer are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. (doctorlib.info)
  • There is scanty data on the role of polymorphisms in this gene in breast cancer susceptibility in populations of African descent. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitro1
  • In vitro studies have suggested that some milk thistle components may significantly inhibit specific cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. (aspetjournals.org)
Normal1
  • The protein products of tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, and tells when to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). (doctorlib.info)
Types1
Found1
  • A review of the disease progression among the eight reported cases found an elevation in circulating levels of the rate-limiting hepatic enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (ALAS1) and response to treatment with hemin. (medscape.com)