Gal/GalNAc lectin, cysteine proteinases, and amoebapores) and host factors (microbiota and immune response). (bvsalud.org)
The structure of the lectin has been defined, and the heavy subunit with its cysteine-rich region has been demonstrated in animal models to have some efficacy as a possible vaccine agent for prevention of amebic infection. (qxmd.com)
Many components of the ameba are immunogenic and may serve as targets for a future vaccine, including the galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine lectin, the serine-rich E. histolytica protein, cysteine proteinases, lipophosphoglycans, amebapores and the 29-kDa protein. (qxmd.com)
UG10 is a strain derived from E. histolytica virulent HM-1:IMSS strain that has lost its virulence in vitro and in vivo as determined by a decrease of hemolytic, cytopathic, and cytotoxic activities, increased susceptibility to human complement, and its inability to form liver abscesses in hamsters. (bvsalud.org)
Aspartic2
Proteases are classified on the basis of catalytic mechanism, and five known distinct classes are described: metallo, aspartic, cysteine, serine, and threonine. (blastocystis.net)
Present in multiple copies in prosaposin and in pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B. In plant aspartic proteinases, a saposin domain is circularly permuted. (embl.de)
Protozoan3
Preferential cleavage: Arg-Arg- in small molecule substrates including Z-Arg-Arg-!NHMec This enzyme is present in the protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica. (wikipedia.org)
Entamoeba histolytica is a eukaryotic protozoan parasite and is the causative agent of amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess. (qxmd.com)
Dispar2
Entamoeba histolytica expresses at least 5 types of cysteine proteases (ACP1, ACP2, ACP3, EhCP5, and EhCP112) and can invade host tissue (leading to amoebiasis), while Entamoeba dispar expresses at least three types of cysteine proteases (EdCP1, EdCP2, and EdCP3) without the ability to invade host tissue. (blastocystis.net)
Clinical isolates of E. histolytica release 10- to 1,000-fold more cysteine proteinase activity into the supernatant than E. dispar isolates, although significant day-to-day variability may be seen. (blastocystis.net)
Intestinal1
The first evidence of amoebic pathology is local depletion of intestinal mucus and disruption of the epithelial barrier as a result of degradation of the extracellular matrix, which occurs in part from the action of cysteine proteases. (blastocystis.net)
Neutral1
Warner T, Jalilehvand F. Formation of Hg(II) Tetrathiolate Complexes with Cysteine at Neutral pH. (chinafooding.com)
Immune2
Extracellular cysteine proteases cleave immune secretory IgA (facilitating adhesion of the organism (pathogen) to mucosal surfaces), degrade the extracellular matrix, activate complement, and degrade IgG to circumvent the host immune response. (blastocystis.net)
Many insights into the innate and acquired immune responses to infection with E. histolytica have been made in recent years. (qxmd.com)
Species1
E histolytica is a pseudopod-forming, nonflagellated protozoal parasite that causes proteolysis and tissue lysis (hence the species name) and can induce host-cell apoptosis. (medscape.com)
Ingestion of E histolytica cysts (see the first image below) from the environment is followed by excystation in the terminal ileum or colon to form highly motile trophozoites (see the second image below). (medscape.com)
Also found naturally in the human body, L-cysteine is available in many foods as well. (chinafooding.com)
Form2
E histolytica is transmitted via ingestion of the cystic form (infective stage) of the protozoa. (medscape.com)
L-Cysteine Hydrochloride Anhydrous , CAS# 52-90-4, is an amino acid commonly sold in dietary supplement form. (chinafooding.com)
Protozoan parasite3
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric dwelling human protozoan parasite that causes the disease amoebiasis, which is endemic in the developing world. (medscape.com)
In the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica , a DNA methyltransferase has been identified and treatment with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, has been reported to attenuate parasite virulence. (biomedcentral.com)
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscesses. (biomedcentral.com)
Cysts3
[ 81 , 82 ] This recommendation is based on two arguments: first, that invasive disease may develop, and second, that shedding of E histolytica cysts in the environment is a public health concern. (medscape.com)
E. histolytica is acquired by ingestion of viable cysts from fecally contaminated water, food, or hands. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Recently, the genome of E. histolytica has been sequenced, which has widened our scope to study additional virulence factors. (medscape.com)
E. histolytica genome-based approaches have now confirmed the presence of Golgi apparatus-like vesicles and the machinery for glycosylation, thus improving the chances of identifying potential drug targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. (medscape.com)
Thus, ongoing efforts mining the information made available with the sequencing of the E. histolytica genome will no doubt identify and characterize other important potential vaccine/drug targets and lead to effective immunologic strategies for the control of amoebiasis. (medscape.com)
Therefore, it is critical to find additional virulence factors as well as drug targets of E. histolytica through careful examination of the recently sequenced amoebic genome [ 2 ] and systematic research approaches in the fields of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions. (medscape.com)
In order to identify the genome-wide effects of DNA methylation in E. histolytica , we used a short oligonucleotide microarray representing 9,435 genes (~95% of all annotated amebic genes) and compared the expression profile of E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS parasites with those treated with 23 μM 5-AzaC for up to one week. (biomedcentral.com)
This work represents the first genome-wide analysis of DNA-methylation in Entamoeba histolytica and indicates that DNA methylation has relatively limited effects on gene expression in this parasite. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the decrease in parasite virulence was reversible upon removal of the drug, indicating that drug exposure likely did not cause significant permanent mutations in the E. histolytica genome sequence [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene2
The gene encoding a cysteine proteinase of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax has been identified and characterized. (nih.gov)
The sequence predicted by the proteinase gene shares several unique features with the sequences of two recently characterized cysteine proteinases of other malarial species. (nih.gov)
Amebic2
We identified among the genes down regulated by 5-AzaC treatment a cysteine proteinase (2.m00545) and lysozyme (52.m00148) both of which have known roles in amebic pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In another study, 10% of asymptomatic patients who were colonized with E. histolytica went on to develop amebic colitis, while the rest remained asymptomatic and cleared the infection within 1 year. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Classically, the triad of Gal-lectin, cysteine proteinases and amoebapores of the parasite were thought to be the major proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amoebiasis. (medscape.com)
Unique1
A Plasmodium vinckei cysteine proteinase shares unique features with its Plasmodium falciparum analogue. (nih.gov)
Present1
Preferential cleavage: Arg-Arg- in small molecule substrates including Z-Arg-Arg-!NHMec This enzyme is present in the protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica. (wikipedia.org)
Disease1
Amebiasis results from infection with E. histolytica and is the third most common cause of death from parasitic disease (after schistosomiasis and malaria). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Include2
These features include the conservation of a number of amino acids that are predicted, based on a recently devised model for the related Plasmodium falciparum cystine proteinase, to be located near the enzyme's active site. (nih.gov)
Areas of highest incidence of Entamoeba infection (due to inadequate sanitation and crowding) include most developing countries in the tropics, particularly Mexico, India, and nations of Central and South America, tropical Asia, and Africa. (basicmedicalkey.com)