Cyclooxygenases cyclooxygenase 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

The study, published in the August 1 issue of Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, suggests a potential role for COX-2 inhibitors in pancreatic cancer prevention among high-risk patients. (eurekalert.org)
With these results, I certainly wouldn't say everyone should be taking COX-2 inhibitors to protect against cancer," said Eibl. (eurekalert.org)
However, with additional studies, we may find COX-2 inhibitors could help prevent pancreatic cancer in high risk populations. (eurekalert.org)
In the future, Dr. Eibl and others plan to study the long-term effects of nimesulide and additional COX-2 inhibitors on the onset and progression of pancreatic cancer. (eurekalert.org)
Selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects. (medscape.com)
Although increased cost can be a negative factor, the incidence of costly and potentially fatal GI bleeds is clearly less with COX-2 inhibitors than with traditional NSAIDs. (medscape.com)
Ongoing analysis of cost avoidance of GI bleeds will further define the populations that will find COX-2 inhibitors the most beneficial. (medscape.com)
The global " non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs " market is set to gain momentum from the ever-increasing research activities by several prominent pharmaceutical companies on selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as they are still a grey area for these companies. (medgadget.com)
Häckel S, Häne S, Eglauf J, Ma J, Pfannkuche J, Hoppe S, Albers C, Grad S. Die modulierende Wirkung des Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Celecoxib auf diskogenen Schmerz - eine in vitro Studie mit humanen Annulus fibrosus Zellen. (aofoundation.org)
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 inhibitors: Increased risk of renal impairment. (nih.gov)
Both COX inhibitors are effective analgesics. (msdmanuals.com)
Studies suggest that inhibition of COX-2, which occurs with both nonselective COX inhibitors and coxibs, has a prothrombotic effect that can increase risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and claudication. (msdmanuals.com)

COX-2, an enzyme which causes inflammation, is no stranger to cancer researchers. (eurekalert.org)
One property shared by all of these drugs is their ability to inhibit COX, a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. (nih.gov)
Very interestingly, a vital insight of neuroinflammation research in ALS was generated by the evidence that both the mRNA and protein levels of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are upregulated in both transgenic mouse models and in human postmortem brain and spinal cord. (nature.com)
Dr. Dannenberg tried to delineate the means by which dietary rosemary and its major components, carnosol and ursolic acid, inhibit the expression of the gene for COX 2, an enzyme involved in the oxidative activation of some carcinogens. (aicr.org)
Regardless of the etiology, a deficiency of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key regulatory enzyme in the synthetic pathway of eicosanoid production, results in beneficial and detrimental physiologic conditions relative to imbalances of the eicosanoids. (medscape.com)
Upregulation of NOS was assessed by measuring enzyme levels in lung homogenates by Western blot analysis and enhancement of the COX-related pathway was judged from perfusate concentrations of 6‐ketoprostaglandin F 1α . (ersjournals.com)
They act by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which promotes the release of prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes, and activates phagocytes, which, in turn, promote the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to tissue trauma. (bvsalud.org)

PHILADELPHIA-- Nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, delays the progression of precancerous pancreatic lesions in mice, according to researchers at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. (eurekalert.org)
While inflammation has been shown to be a factor in many forms of cancer, the researchers say this is the first study to demonstrate the effect of an anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor on the development of pancreatic cancer. (eurekalert.org)
If a patient is at a high-risk for developing pancreatic cancer, a COX-2 inhibitor may offer some protection. (eurekalert.org)
Moreover, we find that administration of celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, greatly diminishes the neurotoxicity triggered by TDP-43-depleted microglia. (nature.com)
Treating Discogenic Pain by Reducing Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Sensitization using the COX-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib - An in vitro Study with Inflammatory Cytokine Treated Annulus Fibrosus Cells. (aofoundation.org)
January 5, 2010 - Meloxicam ( Mobic ), a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor drug used for arthritis, has shown promise as a treatment for extraabdominal desmoid tumors, according to the results of a small pilot study. (medscape.com)
bFGF treatment of I407 cells results in phosphorylation of p38, and the p38 inhibitor SB-203580 abrogates bFGF-induced PGE 2 synthesis. (utmb.edu)
bFGF treatment increased COX-2 mRNA stability, and the p38 inhibitor SB-203580 attenuated COX-2 mRNA stability in bFGF-treated I407 cells. (utmb.edu)

Inhibition of COX-1 may contribute to NSAID GI toxicity. (medscape.com)
Here we provide evidence that there may be a direct link between inhibition of intestinal cancer growth and selective inhibition of the COX-2 pathway. (nih.gov)
[ 1 ] Thus, tracing research of the COX pathway is essential to an understanding of COX deficiency, and examining the variable effects of COX inhibition are advantageous. (medscape.com)
Observations were made with and without inhibition of constitutive (endothelial constitutive NOS (ecNOS) and COX‐1) and inducible isoforms (iNOS and COX‐2) of NOS and COX. (ersjournals.com)
The nitric oxide produced by ecNOS attenuated COX‐1 activity in injured arterioles and venules, but carbon dioxide enhanced it, leading to paradoxical dilatation of these microvessels under hypercapnic conditions with ecNOS inhibition. (ersjournals.com)
Although a high hydrogen ion concentration was unnecessary for excitation of COX‐1, venule constriction in response to H + was enhanced by COX‐1 inhibition. (ersjournals.com)
In another study, it was found that this hypercapnia-associated venule dilatation in intact lungs is significantly attenuated in hyperoxia-injured lungs due to inhibition of COX activity by excessive NO 7 . (ersjournals.com)

Cyclooxygenase conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (medscape.com)

Taken together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized non-cell-autonomous mechanism in TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration, identifying COX-2-PGE2 as the molecular events of microglia- but not astrocyte-initiated neurotoxicity and identifying celecoxib as a novel potential therapy for TDP-43-linked ALS and possibly other types of ALS. (nature.com)
In pain-management of LBP, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and specific cyclooxygenase-2 blocker, like celecoxib, are often prescribed for an oral use and have many side effects. (aofoundation.org)

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pain control after open flap debridement. (bvsalud.org)

By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
By inhibiting the COX pathway, aspirin diverts arachidonic acid metabolites to the LO pathway. (medscape.com)

Except for the COX-2 NSAIDs, most have similar adverse effect profiles, and most have the same effect on prostaglandins. (medscape.com)
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that HA induces distinct venule dilatation closely associated with vasodilating prostaglandins generated by cyclo-oxygenase (COX), but not by nitric oxide (NO), in intact rat lung 4 . (ersjournals.com)
COX-2 responds to tissue trauma and produces prostaglandins involved in the inflammatory response and pain mediation 5 . (bvsalud.org)
They inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and thus decrease production of prostaglandins. (msdmanuals.com)

In this study, we show that depletion of TDP-43 in microglia, but not in astrocytes, strikingly upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production through the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling and initiates neurotoxicity. (nature.com)
Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
Prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) is a signaling molecule produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that is important in healthy brain development. (bvsalud.org)

Collectively, these landmark discoveries provided initial insight into the COX pathway of arachidonate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Advances in genomic analysis have led to a clearer understanding of the COX pathway. (medscape.com)
Wild-type p38α (p38αWT) and dominant-negative p38α (p38αDN) stable transfectant clones of I407 cells were used to examine the role of the p38 MAP kinase pathway in the events controlling PGE 2 synthesis after treatment with bFGF. (utmb.edu)
Anomalies in the COX-2/ PGE2 pathway due to genetic or environmental factors have been linked to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). (bvsalud.org)

The intestinal cell line I407 responds to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by upregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression and increasing PGE2 production. (utmb.edu)
Treatment of p38αWT clones with bFGF resulted in increased COX-2 protein levels and PGE2 synthesis similar to those seen in bFGF-treated control-transfected cells. (utmb.edu)

They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)

In the 1990's, NSAIDs that specifically inhibited COX-2 were introduced in the market to minimize gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with common NSAIDs. (bvsalud.org)

The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)

At therapeutic concentrations, COX-1 isoenzyme is not inhibited, thus GI toxicity may be decreased. (medscape.com)
The authors hypothesized, on the basis of previous studies, that COX-2 might be a potential therapeutic target. (medscape.com)

Two isoforms of COX have been characterized, COX-1 and COX-2. (nih.gov)
Initial investigations by Miyamoto and Simmons demonstrated that 2 isoforms exist: COX-1 (PTGS-1) and COX-2 (PTGS-2), respectively. (medscape.com)
However, these previous studies did not determine the relative contributions of COX (COX‐1 and COX‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (endothelial constitutive (ecNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS)) to the abnormal acinar microvessel response to HA 4 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
At least two COX isoforms have been identified: COX-1 is predominantly constitutive and expressed in different tissues, such as the stomach, intestine, kidneys and platelets. (bvsalud.org)

Studies of breast, colon, and pancreatic cancers have led researchers to believe COX-2 plays a key role in the development and growth of tumors. (eurekalert.org)
COX-2 is expressed at high levels in intestinal tumors in humans and rodents. (nih.gov)
Experimental in vitro and in vivo research demonstrated decreased cell proliferation in desmoid cell cultures and small tumors when COX-2 was blockaded with pharmacologic agents. (medscape.com)

Tough, Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs such as ibuprofen and diclofenac are nowadays used to hinder the activity of COX, but they have undesirable effect. (medgadget.com)

These compounds are synthesized in vivo through what can now be regarded as the "orthodox" cyclooxygenase pathways, which came to light largely through the work of Sune Bergström, who led a team then based at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. (jci.org)
Here, we focus on newly uncovered pathways, involving either the cyclooxygenases (COXs) or nonenzymatic chemical transformations, that lead to the formation of bioactive prostanoids and of previously unknown lipid mediators produced by COX-2. (jci.org)
The pathogenesis of AIA has implicated both the lipoxygenase (LO) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways. (medscape.com)

Furthermore, they indicate that p38 activity is required at a step distal to arachidonate release, most likely COX-2 upregulation, because exogenous arachidonate did not restore PGE 2 synthesis. (utmb.edu)

We evaluated HCA-7 cells which express high levels of COX-2 protein constitutively and HCT-116 cells which lack COX-2 protein. (nih.gov)
1 , 2 The discovery of the central role of the protein TDP-43, encoded by TARDBP , in ALS was a breakthrough in ALS research. (nature.com)
In contrast, the p38αDN clones failed to upregulate COX-2 protein or increase PGE 2 synthesis when treated with bFGF. (utmb.edu)

Their analyses revealed that the nimesulide diet greatly reduced the number of late-stage PanINs in KrasG12D (10 percent of pancreatic ducts had PanIN-2 or -3 in KrasG12D mice on nimesulide diet versus 40 percent of pancreatic ducts had PanIN-2 or -3 in KrasG12D mice on normal diet). (eurekalert.org)

and 3) whether the contributions of NOS‐ and COX-related products to abnormal microvessel reactions in IA differ qualitatively from those in HA. (ersjournals.com)
Nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients: The most common adverse reactions which were more frequent than placebo were hyperkalemia dizziness, orthostatic dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. (nih.gov)

COX-1 is expressed constitutively and is isolated throughout most cell lines in almost all mammalian tissues. (medscape.com)

American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology , 284 (2 47-2), G269-G279. (utmb.edu)
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology , Vol. 284, No. 2 47-2, 01.02.2003, p. (utmb.edu)

Overall, we show for the first time that the COX-2 deficiency in our ASD mouse model influences microglia morphology in a sex - and region- and stage-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, chronic diagnostic test for follow-up of patients cy and for biochemical determination inflammation associated with the infec- with H. pylori gastritis and were able of tissue COX-2 activity using COX tion leads to damage in proteins, the to predict the risk of development of Activity Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical production of reactive oxygen species stomach cancer. (who.int)

COX-2 is considered an inducible isoenzyme, induced during pain and inflammatory stimuli. (medscape.com)
The aim of the present study was to compare microvessel responses to hypercapnic and isocapnic acidosis in hyperoxia-injured lungs and to assess the role of constitutive and inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX). (ersjournals.com)

A considerable amount of evidence collected from several different experimental systems indicates that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may play a role in colorectal tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)

We use COX-2-KI male and female mice to evaluate microglia density, morphology, and branch length and number in five brain regions ( cerebellum , hippocampus , olfactory bulb , prefrontal cortex , and thalamus ) at the gestational day 19 (G19) and postnatal day 25 (PN25). (bvsalud.org)
Interestingly, while limited changes were found in G19 COX-2-KI males , at PN25 we found increased microglial density, higher percentages of ramified microglia , and increased branch counts, and length observed in nearly all brain regions tested. (bvsalud.org)

Inhibits primarily COX-2. (medscape.com)

Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)
In view of this, researchers hypothesize that COX-1 is a rapid responder to various physiologic conditions. (medscape.com)

Of this group of 22, 2 patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events and were not included in the final evaluation. (medscape.com)

Evidence suggests that COX-1 and COX-2 are similar in structure and function but that they exist as 2 distinct enzymatic entities. (medscape.com)

In this study, we selected two transformed human colon cancer cell lines for studies on the role of COX-2 in intestinal tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)
Our previous studies showed that COX-2 deficient (COX-2-KI) mice exhibit sex -dependent molecular changes in the brain and associated autism -related behaviors . (bvsalud.org)

To study the effects of COX-2 on PanIN progression, Dr. Eibl and colleagues focused on the KrasG12D mouse, an animal model that mimics the early stages of pancreatic cancer. (eurekalert.org)

Tay and colleagues then localized COX-2 to 1q25.2-q25.3 via fluorescein in situ hybridization. (medscape.com)

A goal of this Perspective is to provide a succinct view of salient findings and historical background in this area necessary for the reader to evaluate the potential importance of the newly uncovered "unorthodox" routes ( 2 - 4 ) initiated via cyclooxygenase (for detailed reviews see refs. (jci.org)

Treatment of diabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. (nih.gov)

The basic cancer-related chemical and biological sciences, pathology, and epidemiology have contributed to (1) the understanding that antimutagenesis and antiproliferation are the important general mechanisms of chemoprevention and (2) the development of antimutagenic and antiproliferative agents as potential chemopreventive drugs. (medscape.com)

Abnormal Microglial Density and Morphology in the Brain of Cyclooxygenase 2 Knockin Mice. (bvsalud.org)

Prostanoids, as they are known today, are a specific class of bioactive mediators generated via initial actions of cyclooxygenase. (jci.org)

Although the 2 patients who discontinued treatment were not included in the evaluation, they had stable disease at the time they stopped the therapy. (medscape.com)
Of the 2 patients who discontinued treatment, 1 did so because of mild gastritis, and the other was elderly with had a history of cerebral infarction and suffered from intermittent pneumonia and diarrhea . (medscape.com)

Here, we aim to determine the effect of COX-2-KI on microglial density and morphology in the developing brain . (bvsalud.org)

Funk and co-investigators localized COX-1 to 9q32-q33.3 via somatic hybrid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. (medscape.com)

The animals were housed in either a normoxic (21% oxygen, group N, n=15) or a hyperoxic (90% O 2 , group H, n=72) environment for 48 h. (ersjournals.com)

Most patients (77%) experience pain after scaling and root planing and the mean duration of moderate to intense pain is 6.1 hours 1-2 . (bvsalud.org)
The prevalence of AIA in the community is not certain, but patients with AIA constitute about 10 to 20% of the asthmatic population, [ 2 , 3 ] and AIA is more common in women. (medscape.com)
L'étude portait sur 20 patients atteints d'un carcinome gastrique, 20 patients souffrant d'une gastrite à H. pylori et 20 personnes en tant que groupe témoin. (who.int)

Anatomy12

Organisms6

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Inhibitors12

Enzyme7

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Inhibition7

Conversion of arachidonic acid1

Celecoxib2

Selective1

Arachidonic acid3

Prostaglandins4

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Pathway4

PGE22

Membrane Proteins1

NSAIDs1

MRNA2

Therapeutic2

Isoforms4

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Nimesulide1

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