• Cyclin C associates with Cdk8, forming a complex which can induce gene transcription of Cdc2 (Cdk1). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
  • Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2-Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5-Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. (nature.com)
  • Targets of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. (nature.com)
  • This may be due to compensation provided by CDK1 (also called Cdc2), which can also bind cyclin E and drive the G1 to S phase transition. (umbc.edu)
  • However, in recent years, new evidence proved that the presence of CDK6 is not essential for proliferation in every cell type, the cell cycle has a complex circuitry of regulation and the role of CDK6 might be more important in certain cell types than in others, where CDK4 or CDK2 can act as protein kinases compensating its role. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mRNA expression of G 1 cyclins (Cyclin C, D1, D2, D3) and histone H1-kinase activity by CDK2 increased 6 h after angiotensin II stimulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The mRNA expression of G1 cyclins (Cyclin C, D1, D2, D3) and histone H1-kinase activity by CDK2 increased 6 h after angiotensin II stimulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • CVT-313 treatment reduced cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) on T821, but did not affect cyclin D-cdk4/6-mediated Rb phosphorylation on S807/811. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK3 subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/3 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/cyclin A complex plays a role in regulating DNA replication. (umbc.edu)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 2 and 3. (umbc.edu)
  • Cyclin D1 regulates cellular migration through the inhibition of thrombospondin 1 and ROCK signaling. (jefferson.edu)
  • New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Because Cdc2 kinase is important for cell entry into mitosis, cyclin C's ability to regulate cell cycle progression may be attributed, in part, to modulation of Cdc2 protein expression.6 Cyclin C has a predicted molecular weight of 36 kD. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Stern, B. & Nurse, P. A quantitative model for the cdc2 control of S phase and mitosis in fission yeast. (nature.com)
  • Fisher, D. L. & Nurse, P. A single fission yeast mitotic cyclin B p34 cdc2 kinase promotes both S-phase and mitosis in the absence of G1 cyclins. (nature.com)
  • In this new work, radioactive labeling of echinoderm eggs undergoing mitosis demonstrates that despite high levels of p34 cdc2 activity, LC20 from cortical myosin is not phosphorylated on the inhibitory sites at any time during mitosis, but is phosphorylated on an activating site during anaphase and telophase. (silverchair.com)
  • Parallel to the phosphorylation by kinases, phosphatases present in the cellular volume dephosphorylates the phosphorylated kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The phosphatases P1, P2 and P3 dephosphorylate the kinases M3K, M2K and MK respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Although the importance of kinases in this process has long been recognized, an appreciation for the complex and fundamental role of phosphatases is more recent. (rupress.org)
  • Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)
  • Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
  • To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
  • A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Diminution of p53 by RNA interference induced necrosis instead of apoptosis in A549 cells following terpinen-4-ol treatment, indicating that terpinen-4-ol-elicited apoptosis is p53-dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent reports have indicated that terpinen-4-ol exerts its antitumor effects by triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells or by inducing necrotic cell death and cell-cycle arrest in mouse mesothelioma and melanoma cell lines without affecting normal cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our results indicated that terpinen-4-ol induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in NSCLC cells and that the apoptosis elicited by terpinen-4-ol was p53 dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors have the potential to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6) is an enzyme encoded by the CDK6 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase, (CDK) family, which includes CDK4. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression in the point of regulation named R or restriction point. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gene spans 231,706 base pairs and encodes a 326 amino acid protein with a kinase function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The identity of the higher molecular weight band (~ 45 kD) has not been determined, but may represent an alternative splice product of the cyclin C gene. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The identity of this protein has not been determined, but may represent an alternative splice product of the cyclin C gene, as has been identified in other species. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin C may play a dual role within the cell in its ability to regulate both cell cycle progression as well as gene transcription. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Protein kinases are critical to cellular signalling and post-translational gene regulation, but their biological substrates are difficult to identify. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein kinases are one of the largest and most influential of gene families: constituting some 2% of the proteome, they regulate almost all biochemical pathways and may phosphorylate up to 30% of the proteome. (wormbook.org)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Feedback loops, both positive and negative are embedded in the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Signal transduction pathways such as the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade responds to wide range of external stimuli to trigger growth, cell-division and proliferation[ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDC2 (Ab-161) antibody was raised against a peptide sequence around aa.159~163 (T-Y-T-H-E) derived from Human CDC2. (prosci-inc.com)
  • This antibody detects endogenous level of total CDC2 protein. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 55004-1-AP (Cyclin B1 Antibody) at a dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptgcn.com)
  • Western blot of Knockout validated Cyclin D1 antibody in HepG2, SW 1990, and NIH/3T3 cell lines with 60186-1-Ig at a dilution of 1:10000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptgcn.com)
  • p34 is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II. (prosci-inc.com)
  • CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. (umbc.edu)
  • Many of these pathways are highly conserved, and 53 distinct kinase functions and subfamilies appear to have been conserved between yeasts, nematodes, insects and vertebrates, with a further 91 subfamilies of kinases being seen throughout metazoan genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • A highly-conserved cyclin-dependent kinase that activates other CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES and plays a key role in regulation of the CELL CYCLE. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase activator, Spy1A, is targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Brown, N. R., Noble, M. E., Endicott, J. A. & Johnson, L. N. The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
  • Mammalian Cdc25 phosphatase is responsible for the dephosphorylation of Cdc2 and other cyclin-dependent kinases at Thr14 and Tyr15, thus activating the kinase and allowing cell cycle progression. (embl.de)
  • A further 91 subfamilies were found in all three metazoan kinomes, including the tyrosine kinase (TK) group and the TKL group, which mediate much of the complexity of intercellular signal transduction. (wormbook.org)
  • The polyclonal antiserum reacts with human and mouse cyclin C. A polypeptide fragment containing amino acids 290-303 (QGPNGSQNSSYSQS) at the C-terminus of human cyclin C, with the addition of a C-terminal cysteine (C) residue to facilitate conjugation to KLH, was used as immunogen. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • We herein demonstrated that CADM1 interacts with Hippo pathway core kinases and enhances the phosphorylation of YAP1, and also that the membranous co-expression of CADM1 and LATS2 predicts a favorable prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. (cancerindex.org)
  • Histone H1-kinase activity by cdc2 was also increased by angiotensin II, and peaked at 24-36 h, indicating that these changes were cell cycle dependent. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma protein making CDK6 an important protein in cancer development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we examine co-clustering of the CDK consensus motifs with the 'cy' or RXL motif [ 17 ], which is known to be important in determining which CDK-cyclin complex will phosphorylate a given substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biochemical studies have shown that the cyclin-dependent kinase p34 cdc2 can phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein LC20 on two residues, inhibiting myosin activity. (silverchair.com)
  • Miller, M. E. & Cross, F. R. Cyclin specificity: how many wheels do you need on a unicycle? (nature.com)
  • Protein kinases are ubiquitous components of cellular signalling networks [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since kinases perform such a variety of distinct basic cellular functions, it is not surprising to see that 53 subfamilies and functions are present in all four kinomes ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • In addition, numerous monoterpenes have been proposed to exert potent antitumor action, and some have shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers in tumor model systems [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The first miRNA was discovered in 1993 by Lee, Freinbaum and Ambros ( 6 , 7 ), and since then an increasing load of literature data have pointed that they can act as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Putative target residues can be predicted by searching for matches to the consensus for a particular kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors was profoundly affected with early activation and then repression of p21 cip1/waf1 and persistent activation of both p27 kip1 and p57 kip2 , whereas genes involved in cell survival and proliferation were suppressed. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Subcellular localisation of cyclin B, Cdc2 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) in breast cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we have examined the subcellular localisation of Cdc2, cyclin B and p21(WAF1/CIP1) by immunohistochemistry in a well characterised series of primary breast cancers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • cytoplasmic p21(WAF1/CIP1) and high cyclin B levels were also significant predictors of poor prognosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Protein kinases constitute one of the largest and most important of protein families, accounting for ~2% of genes in a variety of eukaryotic genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • Most protein kinases share a common ePK (eukaryotic protein kinase) catalytic domain, and can be identified by sequence similarity with Blast or profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). (wormbook.org)
  • CDK9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. (thermofisher.com)
  • CDK9 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex. (thermofisher.com)
  • The CDK9/cyclin-K complex also has kinase activity towards CTD of RNAPII and can substitute for CDK9/cyclin-T P-TEFb in vitro. (thermofisher.com)
  • This protein also contains an ATP-binding pocket, inhibitory and activating phosphorylation sites, a PSTAIRE-like cyclin-binding domain and an activating T-loop motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because p34 cdc2 activity declines during anaphase, the in vitro data supported a model in which a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation led to an increase in myosin activity and the start of cytokinesis. (silverchair.com)
  • After binding the Cyclin in the PSTAIRE helix, the protein changes its conformational structure to expose the phosphorylation motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such radiations include genes involved in spermatogenesis, chemosensation, Wnt signaling and FGF receptor-like kinases. (wormbook.org)
  • Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (jefferson.edu)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cyclin C has been identified in both human and chicken species. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • hCDC4 interacts with cyclin E. This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interaction between human CDC4 and cyclin E from an unspecified species. (uth.edu)
  • Schindler K, Benjamin KR, Martin A, Boglioli A, Herskowitz I, Winter E. The Cdk-activating kinase Cak1p promotes meiotic S phase through Ime2p. (jefferson.edu)