Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase cyclin dependent kinase cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

The structure of CDKs in complex with a cyclin subunits (CDKC) has long been a goal of structural and cellular biologists starting in the 1990s when the structure of unbound cyclin A was solved by Brown et al. (wikipedia.org)
These cyclin binding sites are the regions of highest variability in CDKs despite relatively high sequence homology surrounding the αL-12 Helix motif of this structural component. (wikipedia.org)
Passage through the cell cycle requires the successive activation of different cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). (unibas.ch)
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate several substrates such as transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins, which leads to the transition of the cell into the next cell cycle phase. (onkoview.com)
CDKs are activated by cyclins, which are expressed in distinct phases during the cell cycle. (onkoview.com)
Importantly, CDKs are inhibited by specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. (onkoview.com)
By default, CDKs are always present in a cell in an inactivated form. (jove.com)
Thus, levels of the four different cyclins vary in predictable patterns and combine with consistent CDKs at specific points to achieve forward momentum. (jove.com)
Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (rcsb.org)
The profiling of compound 51 against a panel of 339 kinases revealed high selectivity for CDKs, with preference for CDK2 and CDK5 over CDK9, CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6. (rcsb.org)
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
As a biologically important example we have studied the complex formed by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play an essential role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (lu.se)

Dr. Pryciak studies how protein kinases regulate cell signaling and the cell cycle. (umassmed.edu)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)

A screen of 72 inhibitors against 456 human kinases. (guidetopharmacology.org)
2018) Discovery of 3-Benzyl-1-( trans-4-((5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)-1-arylurea Derivatives as Novel and Selective Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 12 (CDK12) Inhibitors. (guidetopharmacology.org)
2010) Activation state-dependent binding of small molecule kinase inhibitors: structural insights from biochemistry. (guidetopharmacology.org)
They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
[ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
Polo-like kinase (PLK) inhibitors targets the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)

It is at this essential residue (T160 in CDK2 complexes, T177 in CDK6 complexes) that enzymatic ATP-phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes by CAK (cyclin activating kinase, referring to the CDK7-Cyclin H complex in human cells) takes place. (wikipedia.org)
The regulatory region is subject to differential phosphorylation at non-glycine residues within this motif, making this site subject to Wee1 and/or Myt1 inhibitory kinase phosphorylation and Cdc25 de-phosphorylation in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Study of this residue has shown that phosphorylation promotes a conformational change that prevents ATP and substrate binding by steric interference with these necessary binding sites in the activation loop of the CDK-cyclin complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, this hinge region, which can vary in length slightly between CDK type and CDK-cyclin complex, connects essential regulatory regions of the CDK by connecting these lobes, and plays key roles in the resulting structure of CDK-cyclin complexes by properly orienting ATP for easy catalysis of phosphorylation reactions by the assembled complex. (wikipedia.org)
These enzymes are controlled by transient associations with cyclin regulatory subunits, binding of inhibitory polypeptides and reversible phosphorylation reactions. (unibas.ch)
Subsequently, a different set of CDK/cyclin complexes triggers the phosphorylation of numerous proteins to promote the profound structural reorganizations that accompany the entry of cells into mitosis. (unibas.ch)
G 2 /M arrest was associated with DNA damage as indicated by phosphorylation of H 2 A.X at Ser139 and activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 μM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (rcsb.org)
At present, it remains poorly understood how DDK docks onto the helicase and how the kinase targets distal Mcm subunits for phosphorylation. (imperial.ac.uk)

To promote progression towards DNA replication, CDK/cyclin complexes phosphorylate proteins required for the activation of genes involved in DNA synthesis, as well as components of the DNA replication machinery. (unibas.ch)
When this complex forms the CDK can phosphorylate a target protein which alters it's function and initiates the cell to advance to the next phase. (jove.com)
This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associating protein 1 commits murine embryonic stem cell differentiation through retinoblastoma protein regulation. (nih.gov)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)

Open form structures correspond most often to those complexes involved in transcriptional regulation (CDK 8, 9, 12, and 13), while closed form CDK-cyclin complex are most often involved in cell cycle progression and regulation (CDK 1, 2, 6). (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle through interactions with several cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
Cyclin dependent kinases are a key family of kinases involved in cell cycle regulation and are an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy. (rcsb.org)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

Diagnostic subsets of coexpressed genes reflected signaling activity, cross talk, and overlap of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. (nih.gov)

Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)
At these checkpoints, positive and negative regulators promote or inhibit a cell's continuation through the cell cycle. (jove.com)

They must bind to a specific cyclin to be activated. (jove.com)

However, binding of p16(INK4A) blocks CDK4's or CDK6's ability to stimulate cell cycle progression. (medlineplus.gov)
In this way, p16(INK4A) controls cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
Cells begin to produce p16(INK4A) when they are no longer able to undergo cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
Without p16(INK4A) to regulate cell growth and division (proliferation), cells can continue to grow and divide without control, which can lead to tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)
CDKN2A gene mutations involved in cancer impair production of functional p16(INK4A) or, less commonly, p14(ARF), which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)

Our studies show that after being secreted into the extracellular matrix, CCN5 binds to the α6β1 integrins of the cells leading to inhibition of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. (ku.edu)

During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Polo-like kinases play critical roles during multiple stages of cell cycle progression. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)

At present, much research is focused on elucidating the links between CDK/cyclin complexes and signal transduction pathways controlling cell growth, differentiation and death. (unibas.ch)
Is the Subject Area "Cell differentiation" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Depletion of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 ( Xic1 ) impairs neuronal differentiation and increases the number of ElrC (+) progenitor cells in Xenopus tropicalis. (xenbase.org)
To investigate whether p27(Xic1) is necessary for cell cycle exit and/or neuronal differentiation, we used antisense morpholino oligos (MO) to knockdown the protein levels in vivo. (xenbase.org)
At the same time, we found an increase in the expression of ElrC, a marker of cells as they undergo a transition from proliferation to differentiation. (xenbase.org)
Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)

Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
The p53 protein is an important tumor suppressor that is essential for regulating cell division, senescence, and self-destruction (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
Blocking ROS generation by N -acetyl cysteine protects the cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
Biochemical and molecular aspects of cellular function, interactions and communication including cell cycle, apoptosis, cancer, neuronal transmission and the signal transduction pathways that integrate them. (sfu.ca)
JAM3 knockdown additionally inhibited trophoblast proliferation and increased the number of trophoblasts in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, indicating cell-cycle disturbance and apoptosis. (bioone.org)
The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)

In CDK-cyclin complexes, this activation region is composed of a conserved αL-12 Helix and contains a key phosphorylatable residue (usually Threonine for CDK-cyclin partners, but also includes Serine and Tyrosine) that mediates the enzymatic activity of the CDK. (wikipedia.org)

A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin. (wikipedia.org)

E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
In my own field, membrane trafficking, the premier example was the pancreatic acinar cell from guinea pigs ( Fig. 1 ), which is responsible for secreting (in a regulated fashion) those digestive enzymes needed after food digested in the stomach enters the small intestine. (rupress.org)
This cell devotes up to 70% of its total protein synthetic capacity to producing these enzymes. (rupress.org)
Furthermore, this is an architecturally elegant cell, with the ER at the base (beneath and around the nucleus), the Golgi just above the nucleus, and the maturing secretory granules just above that, providing a clear map that could be used to plot the movement of newly synthesized enzymes ( Fig. 1 ). (rupress.org)

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 expression and interaction with other cell cycle-associated proteins in mammary carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
This leads to stabilization and nuclear localization of FOXO3A resulting in transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P27KIP1. (ku.edu)
Also, we found that the CCN5-induced PI3K-AKT inactivation leads to stabilization and nuclear accumulation of P27KIP1 resulting in cell cycle arrest of TNBC cells. (ku.edu)
MEN 4 is caused by an inactivating mutation of the CDKN1B gene, which codes for the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B protein, also known as p27 or p27KIP1. (msdmanuals.com)

One study (PMID: 16177568) reported aberrant splicing of transcripts from this gene which results in removal of the cyclin binding domain only in human cancer cells, and reduction in gene expression was shown in colorectal cancers (PMID: 17982127).Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. (nih.gov)

Activation of the MCM complex at origins by cyclin-dependent kinases and the CDC7 protein kinase (P06243) leads to initiation of DNA synthesis. (yeastgenome.org)
The Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase (DDK) initiates replisome assembly by phosphorylating the MCM2-7 replicative helicase at the N-terminal tails of Mcm2, Mcm4 and Mcm6. (imperial.ac.uk)

In future, a better understanding of the cell cycle machinery and its deregulation during oncogenesis may provide novel opportunities for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer and other proliferation-related diseases. (unibas.ch)
Previous researches completed by our team have also demonstrated that resveratrol inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
The bioactive compound of Kencur ginger, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, reduces cancer cell proliferation in mice. (technologynetworks.com)
In mice, this compound reduced cancer cell proliferation at low doses. (technologynetworks.com)
It was thought to decrease the expression of a protein called mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a key player in cancer cell proliferation. (technologynetworks.com)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)

Assay of the mutants with a cyclin-dependent kinase 4-selective bisanilinopyrimidine shows that the K89T mutation is primarily responsible for the selectivity of this compound. (rcsb.org)
Use of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2-selective 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-(4'-sulfamoylanilino)purine (NU6102) shows that K89T has no role in the selectivity, while the remaining three mutations have a cumulative influence. (rcsb.org)

The Xenopus p27(Xic1) gene encodes a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor of the Cip/Kip family. (xenbase.org)

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells to eliminate infected or cancerous cells. (researchgate.net)

Growth-inhibitory effects of DIM were mediated by cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)

Generally, levels of a given cyclin are low during most of the cell cycle but abruptly increase at the checkpoint they most contribute to (G 1 cyclins are an exception, as they are required throughout the cell cycle). (jove.com)
Cell-cycle arrest was associated with the engagement of checkpoint kinase 2-cell division cycle 25C-cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B1 signaling. (bioone.org)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)

A re-evaluation of parameters of cell kinetics in view of our increasing knowledge of the molecular pathways of cell cycle control may provide more prognostic information for the management of patients with malignant lymphomas. (bmj.com)

A cells cycle is positively regulated promoting progress through the stages via the interaction of two classes of proteins found in the cytoplasm. (jove.com)

Some treatments target specific characteristics of cancer cells, so they only work on those particular cancers. (healthline.com)
Lack of ER-α expression in TNBC cells or loss of ER-α activation after endocrine treatment of luminal cancers makes these breast cancer cells resistant to tamoxifen and other endocrine therapies. (ku.edu)

For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)

CDK4 and CDK6 normally stimulate the cell to continue through the cycle and divide. (medlineplus.gov)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)

High resolution structures exist for approximately 25 CDK-cyclin complexes in total within the Protein Data Bank. (wikipedia.org)
The difference between the forms lies within the binding of cyclin partners where closed form complexes have CDK-cyclin binding at both the C and N-termini of the activation loop of the CDK, whereas the open form partners bind only at the N-terminus. (wikipedia.org)

it was frequently categorized as diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (by the International Working Formulation) or centrocytic lymphoma (by the Kiel classification). (medscape.com)
Plogosertib is under clinical development by Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals and currently in Phase II for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma have a 40% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase III. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

Cyclin dependent-kinase 2 (CDK2) plays important functions during the mitotic cell cycle and also facilitates several key events during germ cell development. (lu.se)

The company develops small molecule drugs that target various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

solved the structure of human cyclin A-CDK2 complex to 2.3 Angstrom resolution. (wikipedia.org)
Expression of cell-cycle regulator CDK2-associating protein 1 (p12CDK2AP1) in transgenic mice induces testicular and ovarian atrophy in vivo. (nih.gov)
A better understanding of the CDK2 substrates will help us to gain deeper insight into the functions of this universal kinase. (lu.se)

Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are found in up to one-quarter of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are also associated with melanoma, a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)

Molecular Biology of the Cell , 7th edition. (sfu.ca)
This is particularly true of The Journal of Cell Biology (or The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology , as it was titled back then). (rupress.org)
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. (lu.se)

There was a statistically significant association between the expression of p27 and both cyclin D1 and the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), corresponding to their close interactions in regulating the G1/S transition in the cell cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
When the combined expression of p27 and cyclin D1 was related to survival, patients with high levels of p27, regardless of their cyclin D1 status, did well, whilst those with low p27 had a poor outcome. (ox.ac.uk)

In many types of cancer, proteins that regulate the cell cycle are deregulated by genetic or epigenetic changes in the corresponding genes. (onkoview.com)
Somatic mutations in other genes involved in cell growth are also needed for a melanoma to develop. (medlineplus.gov)
Approximately 20 genes consistently associated with T2DM mainly implicate pancreatic β-cell function in the pathogenesis of T2DM. (scialert.net)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)

To further establish the involvement of Chk2 in DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest, cells were transfected with dominant-negative Chk2 (DN-Chk2). (aspetjournals.org)
Blocking Chk2 activation by DN-Chk2 completely protected cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
These results were further confirmed in Chk2 knockout DT40 lymphoma cells, in which DIM failed to cause cell cycle arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
These results clearly indicate the requirement of Chk2 activation to cause G 2 /M arrest by DIM in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Here, we have shown that Cysteine-rich 61-Connective Tissue Growth Factor-nephroblastoma-overexpressed 5 (CCN5) induces growth arrest of TNBC cells in-vitro and in xenograft tumors. (ku.edu)
Initial observations indicate that CCN5 induces expression of P16INK4A and P19ARF, resulting in cell cycle arrest of the tumor cells. (ku.edu)
Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)

The interest in p27 expression in mammary carcinoma lies in its behaviour when examined in combination with other G1 cell cycle regulators. (ox.ac.uk)

In most cases, when a cyclin is degraded, the CDK is inactivated, signaling the end of a particular phase. (jove.com)
After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
Cyclins can be categorized as G 1 , G 1 /S, S, or M cyclins based on the cell cycle phase or transition they are most involved in. (jove.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. (bvsalud.org)
As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)

The neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y is commonly employed to study neuronal function and disease. (researchgate.net)
Nissl staining identified, prominently in the caudate nucleus, developmentally persistent discrete cell islands with neuronal densities greater than the surrounding striatal parenchyma (matrix). (stanford.edu)
Losses in neuronal density were observed in island and matrix regions during maturation, and differential developmental programmed cell death was observed in islands and matrix regions. (stanford.edu)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 4 (MEN 4) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by adenomas and sometimes hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands and tumors of the pancreatic islet cells and/or pituitary gland. (msdmanuals.com)

It is important to note that in CDK 1, 2 and 6, the T-loop and a separate C-terminal region are the major sites of cyclin binding in the CDK, and which cyclins are bound to each of these CDK is mediated by the particular sequence of the activation site T-loop. (wikipedia.org)
This activity is aided by the notable flexibility that the Gly-rich loop has within the structure of most CDK allowing for its rotation toward the activation loop to have a significant effect on reducing substrate affinity without major changes in the overall CDK-cyclin complex structure. (wikipedia.org)
The conserved hinge region of CDK within eukaryotic cells acts as an essential bridge between the Gly-rich loop and the activation loop. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of the VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling and expression of blood vascular endothelial cell (BEC) markers, such as NRP1 and EphrinB2, further differentiate these precursor cells into BECs, which then form the hierarchical network of blood vessels 4 . (nature.com)

During development, the blood vascular system arises from endothelial cell progenitors that differentiate from mesodermal cells, mostly through the expression of the transcription factor (TF) ETV2. (nature.com)
The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)

Our results establish Chk2 as a potent molecular target of DIM in ovarian cancer cells and provide the rationale for further clinical investigation of DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)

Together, the germline and somatic mutations impair the function of proteins that regulate division and senescence, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a melanoma. (medlineplus.gov)

02:14 progenitors that make red blood cells. (yale.edu)

Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), where the cancer cells do not express nuclear hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), have worse survival rate compared to the patients with luminal subtypes of cancer. (ku.edu)

Anatomy14

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs156

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

CDKs15

Protein kinases2

Inhibitors9

Phosphorylation9

Phosphorylate3

Retinoblastoma protein2

Regulation4

Mitogen-activa1

Checkpoints2

Specific cyclin1

INK4A5

Signaling pathway1

Progression3

Differentiation6

Apoptosis6

Serine1

Catalytic subunit1

Enzymes5

P27Kip14

PMID1

CDC72

Proliferation8

Selectivity2

Gene encodes1

Peptides1

Inhibitory1

Checkpoint3

Pathways1

Cytoplasm1

Cancers2

Binds2

CDK42

Complexes2

Diffuse3

Mitotic cell cycle1

Small molecule1

CDK23

CDKN2A2

Biology3

Expression of p272

Genes4

Arrest8

Regulators1

Phase5

Neuronal3

Pancreatic1

Activation4

Transcription2

Molecular2

Proteins that regulate1

Progenitors1

Negative1