• Enables retrospective ovulation estimates and advanced cycle tracking features. (prestigioplaza.com)
  • With an18-hour battery life, the Apple Watch Series 8 introduces temperature-sensing capabilities, retrospective ovulation estimates, crash detection, and international roaming. (dubainews.tv)
  • Menstrual cycles end at menopause, which is usually between 45 and 55 years of age. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, many women today are turning to so-called "fertility awareness method" (FAM) apps to support them in tracking their menstrual cycles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The scientists tracked more than 30 million days of observations from over 2.7 million menstrual cycles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Analyzing the data, the scientists found that women who were seeking pregnancy recorded Sympto-Thermal measurements every single day for up to 40% of their menstrual cycles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Yu J, Su Y, Zhang C, Jin L, Lin X, Chen L, Huang H, Wu Y. Tracking of menstrual cycles and prediction of the fertile window via measurements of basal body temperature and heart rate as well as machine-learning algorithms. (jmir.org)
  • RESULTS: All recipients reinitiated ovulatory menstrual cycles and normal Day 3 serum FSH levels by 77-142 days. (infertile.com)
  • Menstrual cycles between 25 and 35 days are generally ovulatory. (medilib.ir)
  • Women had various motivations for tracking their menstrual cycles. (duq.edu)
  • Prior to the onset of menopause (10-15 y), menstrual cycles shorten and rapid follicular loss occurs because more oocytes are being recruited. (medscape.com)
  • Her menstrual cycles were regular with menarche at the age of 12 years. (who.int)
  • Quickly record information about your menstrual cycle with Huawei Health APP, including dates, flow levels, and results from ovulation predictor kits. (huawei.com)
  • Ovulation detection can be accomplished in many different ways, including using one's own menstrual cycle interval predictability, ovulation predictor kits, and serial ultrasound examinations with administration of hCG (to trigger ovulation). (ericdaiter.com)
  • What is the best ovulation predictor kit? (storkmama.com)
  • An ovulation predictor kit or OPK can indicate precisely or give an estimation of a few days. (storkmama.com)
  • The Lady-Comp Fertility Monitor is the most accurate ovulation predictor on the market. (storkmama.com)
  • The most accurate way to time the insemination is by using ovulation predictor kits (OPK), or by administration of an HCG injection to trigger the ovulation event. (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • Ovulation predictor kits have been evaluated and the kit we recommend is the Clear Blue Easy ovulation kit. (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • The best timing for an intrauterine insemination using frozen sperm is within 24-48 hours after a positive LH surge as detected by an Ovulation Predictor kit. (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • Both apps support the "Sympto-Thermal Method" and facilitate the identification of the fertile and infertile times of a woman's menstrual cycle by taking into account recordings of cervical fluid, body temperature at wake-up, and other biological signs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Using two sensors on the Apple Watch Series 8, the built-in menstrual cycle tracking app will check users' temperature at the wrist every five seconds overnight. (theverge.com)
  • This should allow for ovulation tracking since body temperature changes over the course of the menstrual cycle and rises in response to ovulation. (theverge.com)
  • This type of temperature-based cycle tracking and ovulation detection is also often used as a way to prevent pregnancy. (theverge.com)
  • It uses body temperature and cycle tracking information to predict the times of a month when someone is most likely to become pregnant and lets them know to use condoms or abstain from sex. (theverge.com)
  • This watch also features crash detection and a new temperature sensor that can monitor your temperature at all times. (staples.ca)
  • Tracking temperature overnight is especially helpful for women as it can give insight into one's ovulation cycle. (staples.ca)
  • Maijala A, Kinnunen H, Koskimäki H, Jämsä T, Kangas M. Nocturnal finger skin temperature in menstrual cycle tracking: ambulatory pilot study using a wearable Oura ring. (jmir.org)
  • Baker F, Siboza F, Fuller A. Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle. (jmir.org)
  • Zhu T, Rothenbühler M, Hamvas G, Hofmann A, Welter J, Kahr M, Kimmich N, Shilaih M, Leeners B. The Accuracy of Wrist Skin Temperature in Detecting Ovulation Compared to Basal Body Temperature: Prospective Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Study. (jmir.org)
  • B. S. H, K. D, R. C. M, T. G. K, A. P. Novel Technique for Confirmation of the Day of Ovulation and Prediction of Ovulation in Subsequent Cycles Using a Skin-Worn Sensor in a Population With Ovulatory Dysfunction: A Side-by-Side Comparison With Existing Basal Body Temperature Algorithm and Vaginal Core Body Temperature Algorithm. (jmir.org)
  • Overall, the Apple Watch Series 8 is a very minor upgrade over the Series 7, with the body temperature sensor and Crash Detection being the only significant changes, meaning that it is difficult to recommend upgrading. (macrumors.com)
  • Menstrual cycle charting, basal body temperature monitoring, and measurement of the serum progesterone concentration can be used to answer whether ovulation has occurred, while measurement of follicle size and the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in serum or urine kits, along with other technologies, can be used to detect the timing of ovulation. (medilib.ir)
  • Basal body temperature monitoring - Progesterone released from the corpus luteum after ovulation ( figure 1 ) has potent effects on the hypothalamus, one of which is to increase body temperature. (medilib.ir)
  • As a result, daily temperature monitoring can be used to document progesterone production and, therefore, ovulation. (medilib.ir)
  • In our experience, current electronic thermometers are not sufficiently accurate for detection of the postovulatory temperature rise. (medilib.ir)
  • Although there is an expected amount of variability with daily use of the thermometer, an approximately 0.5°F rise in body temperature can be detected in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle compared with the follicular phase. (medilib.ir)
  • In a normal cycle, the temperature rise begins one or two days after the LH surge and persists for at least 10 days. (medilib.ir)
  • Thus, temperature changes are sufficient to retrospectively identify ovulation, but they occur too late to be useful for timing sexual intercourse to conceive. (medilib.ir)
  • On the other hand the increase of body temperature in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, possible cardiovascular strain in this phase, influence of progesterone on the respiratory center, the rise of breathing frequency and volume can have negative influence on long-term intensive sport activities. (eqoljournal.com)
  • Basal body temperature: unreliable method of ovulation detection. (eqoljournal.com)
  • Basal body temperature thermometers are specifically designed to track ovulation. (storkmama.com)
  • Apple Watch Series 8 features advanced health sensors and apps, so you can take an ECG, measure heart rate and blood oxygen, and track temperature changes for advanced insights into your menstrual cycle. (techmonklabs.com)
  • Users can document their menstrual cycle data in a variety of ways, including smartphone applications (apps), temperature tracking devices, and at-home urine hormone tests. (duq.edu)
  • Basal Body Temperature Charting, aka "BBT" charting can be helpful for both fertility and cycle tracking. (naturalharmonyhealth.com)
  • Our study shows that users voluntarily track their menstrual cycle and fertility-related body signs very frequently, and what they track is aligned with what is expected in the vast majority of cases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Galaxy Watch4 Classic helps women build a deeper connection with their bodies and their health by helping to log and track fertility windows, ovulation cycles and periods. (bestbuy.com)
  • The company has created its OvuSense™ platform, which is currently the only fertility monitoring product in the world which predicts the onset of ovulation up to one day in advance and provides 99% accuracy for detection of the exact date of ovulation in real-time. (warwicksciencepark.co.uk)
  • Rob Milnes and the team at Fertility Focus are driven by a commitment to help women understand their reproductive cycles in order to better inform why they may be experiencing difficulty in conceiving. (warwicksciencepark.co.uk)
  • There is no foolproof method to predict the fertility window and ovulation day, as it is unique to each woman. (momjunction.com)
  • The momjunction ovulation calculator gives you the tentative dates of your fertility window when you type in your LMP (last menstrual period) and average cycle length. (momjunction.com)
  • It will help you know the most fertile days, ovulation date and fertility calendar for 6 consecutive months. (momjunction.com)
  • Three hundred and fifty-six participants (96.7%) reported using a fertility awareness-based method to track and interpret their menstrual cycle data. (duq.edu)
  • Given that most women in this study reported using a fertility awareness-based method, the results cannot be generalized to all users of menstrual cycle tracking technologies. (duq.edu)
  • Our favorite apps for tracking the cycle and charting are Kindara or Fertility Friend . (naturalharmonyhealth.com)
  • While most ovulation predictors only give you a fertile window of up to 2 days, these can show 6-7 days of potential fertility for each cycle. (webmd.com)
  • Fertility monitors give you more days to try to conceive, and they give a more accurate day of ovulation. (webmd.com)
  • Fertility monitors collect data from your body and your cycle. (webmd.com)
  • Crash Detection and Fall Detection can automatically connect you with emergency services. (rogers.com)
  • Furthermore, the new SE 2 has fall detection as well. (techboilers.com)
  • In an average 28-day cycle, there are six days (referred to as fertile window) when you have the highest chances of getting pregnant. (momjunction.com)
  • During an average 28-day cycle, ovulation generally occurs during days 9-20 ( 20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Each cycle occurs in phases based on events either in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). (wikipedia.org)
  • This results in errors as to when ovulation actually occurs leading to missed cycles and increased labor and animal costs. (thepigsite.com)
  • Intrauterine insemination is performed the day following the detection of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, which is the day on which ovulation presumably occurs. (txfertility.com)
  • Shorter cycles may occur owing to a shortening of the follicular phase, as occurs in aging. (medilib.ir)
  • Although ovulation (release of the egg from the follicle on the ovary) usually occurs 23--48 hours after the onset of estrus, this event is extremely variable. (missouri.edu)
  • usually occurs shortly after ovulation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Then, by modeling the data, they found that the average duration and range of the follicular phase, which begins the menstrual cycle and ends at ovulation, were larger than previously reported. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chance for pregnancy with natural cycle/IUI typically ranges from 6% to 10% per cycle. (txfertility.com)
  • Pregnancy rates following clomiphene/IUI typically range from 8% to 12% per cycle. (txfertility.com)
  • Ovulation is the most fertile stage of a menstrual cycle and is therefore essential for you to know about the ovulation days to conceive or avoid pregnancy. (momjunction.com)
  • ASSESSMENT OF OVULATION - Ovulation assessment/prediction is important to time intercourse for pregnancy, especially in females who are having trouble conceiving. (medilib.ir)
  • Similar to a pregnancy test that detect ovulation hormones in your urine. (storkmama.com)
  • Performing 2 intracervical inseminations in one cycle (9% chance of pregnancy) did not bring success rates close to what one intrauterine insemination achieved (15% monthly chance of pregnancy) (2). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • Two studies have addressed this best, and indicate that the critical components that will provide comparable pregnancy rates are the performance of an intrauterine insemination (IUI), accurate timing of the insemination (relative to the ovulation event), and adequate concentration of sperm inseminated (called total motile count=TMC) (3, 4). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • The last consideration is: would one IUI per cycle reach adequate pregnancy rates, or would 2 IUI's be better? (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • Many studies have been done evaluating this question, and while individual studies may show different results, the majority of studies indicate that one IUI/cycle is adequate, and 2 IUI's does not improve pregnancy rates, as long as the IUI is well timed, and the TMC inseminated is adequate (2, 8, 9, 10, 11). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • Conclusions: Women in our study reported avoiding pregnancy as their primary motivation for using menstrual cycle tracking technologies, with the most frequently used being a urine hormone test or monitor. (duq.edu)
  • After a spontaneous or an induced abortion, ovulation can occur within 2-3 weeks and has been found to occur as early as 8-13 days after the end of the pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • However, pregnancy detection rates can vary widely because of differences in test sensitivity and the timing of testing relative to missed menses ( 30 , 32 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cycle fecundability is the probability that a single menstrual cycle will result in pregnancy (see Table 1 above). (medscape.com)
  • The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary, whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, the modeling showed that only 24% of ovulations occur at days 14 to 15 of the cycle. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If you have had problems in the past using or interpreting ovulation prediction kits, or if you do not typically have an LH surge, we may monitor your follicular development with ultrasound and recommend a single injection of Ovidrel® or hCG when your largest follicle is mature in order to cause ovulation to occur. (txfertility.com)
  • First detection of an LH surge is most likely to occur in the morning, and our recommendation is to do one test/day, in the morning (5). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • About mid-cycle, some 10-12 hours after the increase in luteinizing hormone, known as the LH surge, the dominant follicle releases an oocyte, in an event called ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • IUI will be performed on the day following the detection of the LH surge. (txfertility.com)
  • Ovulation is triggered by the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH). (momjunction.com)
  • Serum progesterone concentration - Another simple test is measurement of the serum progesterone level in the mid-luteal phase, 18 to 24 days after the onset of menses or seven days before the next menses are expected (see "Normal menstrual cycle", section on 'Midcycle surge and ovulation' ). (medilib.ir)
  • Towards the middle of the cycle, estradiol levels peak, which causes the LH surge. (ada.com)
  • Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ovulation lasts for 12 to 24 hours, the time when the egg is available for fertilization. (momjunction.com)
  • It begins up to 5 days before ovulation, and lasts for around a week. (ada.com)
  • Take note of when your period begins and ends and know how long your cycle lasts. (webmd.com)
  • If your menstrual cycle lasts 28 days and your period arrives like clockwork, it's likely that you'll ovulate on day 14. (webmd.com)
  • The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heifers have reached puberty if they have resumed normal estrus function (cycling) after calving (typically 40 days or more postcalving), are free of reproductive disorders or reproductive tract infections, and are open. (msucares.com)
  • The patient should also note molimina symptoms, which can be a useful clinical indicator of normal reproductive hormone cycling. (medilib.ir)
  • This is a crucial element of the female reproductive cycle, as it directly results in ovulation - the release of an egg from the now mature follicle. (ada.com)
  • Data collected included participant demographics, menstrual cycle characteristics, reproductive health history, and menstrual cycle tracking behavior. (duq.edu)
  • Mean ± SD serum progesterone concentration for 13 mares at 5 and 12 days after ovulation following administration of flunixin meglumine or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) during 33 estrus cycles in which they became pregnant (gray bars) and 10 estrus cycles in which they did not become pregnant (black bars). (avma.org)
  • Dot plots of maximum follicular diameter and number of days from treatment until ovulation (A) and serum progesterone concentration 5 days after ovulation and maximum follicular diameter (B) for 45 estrus cycles of 13 mares that received flunixin meglumine or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) at the time of estrus. (avma.org)
  • On top of that, estrus detection is a very labor-intensive and time-consuming procedure, resulting in people checking for heat detection only once a day. (thepigsite.com)
  • If you're trying to conceive an ovulation kit can help you pinpoint your fertile window. (storkmama.com)
  • The Clearblue Digital Ovulation Test is the best option if you struggle to interpret urine test results. (storkmama.com)
  • LH urine tests are commonly known as ovulation tests, and can often be bought over the counter. (ada.com)
  • Hart said Fertile-Eyez is a cloud-based mHealth, or mobile health, technology that can provide immediate animal-side testing by rapidly analyzing semen for morphology, motility and concentration along with saliva ferning for ovulation detection. (thepigsite.com)
  • It was remarkable, therefore, to identify a MZ twin pair in which one sister had undergone menopause for unexplained reasons at age 14 years, whereas the other, aged 24, was still fertile with three naturally conceived children, as well as normal ovulatory cycles and ovarian reserve (Silber et al. (infertile.com)
  • By using our ovulation calculator, know your fertile window based on the last menstrual period and average cycle length. (momjunction.com)
  • You are most fertile three days before ovulation, and on the ovulation day itself. (momjunction.com)
  • In addition to motion data, Crash Detection uses the barometre, GPS, and the microphone on the iPhone as inputs to detect the unique patterns that can indicate whether a severe crash has taken place. (dubainews.tv)
  • In this type of treatment cycle, the woman monitors her follicular development and impending ovulation, typically using an ovulation prediction kit. (txfertility.com)
  • Once we determine that you are responding to the dose of clomiphene that has been selected, we will ask you to use an ovulation prediction kit daily. (txfertility.com)
  • Improvements in sperm analysis and ovulation detection for animal breeding are two of the most important ways to meet the critical need for more edible protein. (thepigsite.com)
  • It is counted from five days before ovulation because sperm can survive in the woman's body for three to five days. (momjunction.com)
  • Because sperm will survive for some time inside of you, they'll be ready to join the egg during ovulation. (webmd.com)
  • Heat detection can also be used to monitor onset of puberty in heifers, regularity of estrous cycles in breeding age females, and breeding effectiveness of natural service sires via returns to heat in the cow herd. (msucares.com)
  • After the onset of puberty and menses, the female human ovary recruits at least 30-50 oocytes during each menstrual cycle. (medscape.com)
  • The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heat detection is critical to heat synchronization and breeding programs, particularly artificial insemination and embryo transfer programs. (msucares.com)
  • For a very affordable option we highly recommend the Easy@Home Ovulation Test Strips . (storkmama.com)
  • The kits have enough test strips to let you check your LH levels several times during your menstrual cycle. (webmd.com)
  • The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The menstrual cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ovarian cycle consists of alternating follicular and luteal phases, and the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2005). After the sterile twin received a graft of ovarian tissue from her sibling, she conceived naturally during the second menstrual cycle, and delivered a healthy baby at full-term. (infertile.com)
  • They lie on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament and, as a consequence of their location, can often enlarge during pathologic states, such as ovarian cancer, without early detection. (medscape.com)
  • watchOS 9 and iOS 16 will also include changes to the cycle tracking app that flag any abnormalities in a user's menstrual cycle based on the data they input about their periods. (theverge.com)
  • With iOS 16 and watchOS 9, all Cycle Tracking users can now receive a notification if their logged cycle history shows a possible deviation, such as irregular, infrequent, or prolonged periods and persistent spotting, which can be symptoms of underlying health conditions. (dubainews.tv)
  • These tests also have several strips to allow you to check your progesterone levels throughout your cycle. (webmd.com)
  • Knowing exactly when you ovulate in your cycle will greatly increase your chances of getting pregnant quickly. (storkmama.com)
  • Between menarche and menopause the ovaries regularly alternate between luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience premenstrual syndrome with symptoms that may include tender breasts, and tiredness. (wikipedia.org)
  • You can either use a calculator or look for signs and symptoms of ovulation . (momjunction.com)
  • Females with irregular cycles or heavy, painful menses are appropriate candidates for evaluation/detection of ovulation (eg, is anovulation the underlying cause of their symptoms? (medilib.ir)
  • These symptoms include an increase in thin cervical mucus secretions noted at mid-cycle and typical premenstrual symptoms, such as menstrual cramps, breast tenderness, fluid retention, and appetite or mood changes. (medilib.ir)
  • What Are Ovulation Symptoms? (webmd.com)
  • Apple is pitching its ovulation detection feature as a way to help people who are trying to get pregnant. (theverge.com)
  • It's also notable that Apple is adding cycle tracking features - which could theoretically be used to tell if someone is or has been pregnant - in the few months after the Supreme Court ended federal protection for abortion. (theverge.com)
  • You're more likely to get pregnant if you have sex at least every other day between days 10 and 14 of a 28-day cycle. (webmd.com)
  • These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a median length of 28 days, and continue for about 30-45 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measured from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a median length of 28 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • This medication comes in a pill form and the typical starting dose is one pill per day for five days, starting on day 3, 4, or 5 of your menstrual cycle. (txfertility.com)
  • Patients will typically start these injections on the second or third day of their cycle and we will see them in the office every two to three days for a blood estrogen level, as well as a vaginal ultrasound to monitor their progress. (txfertility.com)
  • These are five days before ovulation, and the ovulation day itself. (momjunction.com)
  • The estrous cycle in the pig averages 21 days but can range from 17 to 25 days. (missouri.edu)
  • In addition, the likelihood of ovulation is low from days 1-7 of the menstrual cycle ( 21 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the likelihood of ovulation is low ≤7 days after an abortion ( 22 - 24 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A systematic review reported that the mean day of first ovulation among postpartum nonlactating women occurred 45-94 days after delivery ( 25 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In one study, the earliest ovulation was reported at 25 days after delivery. (cdc.gov)
  • LH allows ovulation to happen in the female ovaries, and facilitates the production of testosterone in the male testes. (ada.com)
  • On the other hand, the data showed that the duration and range of the luteal phase -- the latter part of the menstrual cycle -- matched previous studies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To obtain a high conception rate and litter size, estrous detection (heat checking) must be done carefully and without fail. (missouri.edu)
  • The importance of estrous detection in an AI system cannot be overemphasized. (missouri.edu)
  • Twice-daily estrous detection is more effective than once-daily detection, although it is also more time- and labor-consuming. (missouri.edu)
  • For example, the app Natural Cycles was controversially cleared by the FDA in 2018 as a birth control. (theverge.com)
  • Natural Cycles also has FDA clearance to use information from wearable devices to make its predictions. (theverge.com)
  • It can work well if it's done correctly, but it's tricky to get right and isn't a good method for people with irregular cycles. (theverge.com)
  • More frequent observation of cattle for heat improves detection accuracy and increases the likelihood of recognizing the optimal time for breeding cattle, particularly in cattle in which heat is less intense or shorter in duration. (msucares.com)
  • What is Already Known cffDNA testing, which analyses circulating cffDNA in maternal blood, has very high accuracy for detection of trisomy 21 in the general obstetric population. (medscape.com)
  • The menstrual cycle can be modified by hormonal birth control. (wikipedia.org)
  • While these measurements and observations are noisy and not perfectly regular, they provide valuable information for inferring the underlying hormonal changes and timing of ovulation in a way that is scalable both in time and in number of participants. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Several methods of heat detection can be implemented. (msucares.com)
  • Several different methods can be combined to improve heat detection rates and accuracy. (msucares.com)
  • Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study evaluating menstrual cycle tracking technology use. (duq.edu)
  • Explore new features like faster charging time, crash detection, faster reaction speed, and IP6X dust resistance. (staples.ca)
  • Verility, a woman-owned, high-tech startup, is commercializing technology that provides rapid, low-cost and accurate assessment of livestock semen and ovulation samples. (thepigsite.com)
  • Verility LLC develops and markets patented technologies that use proprietary machine learning frameworks for rapid, low-cost and accurate assessment of livestock semen and ovulation samples. (thepigsite.com)
  • In a well-designed study, using first positive OPK results to time insemination, 5% of total pregnancies resulted in cycles where the IUI was done within 24 hours of the positive OPK result, 90% of total pregnancies if within 24-48 hours, and 5% of total pregnancies if past 48 hours (5). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • A better way to track your ovulation is through a calculator. (momjunction.com)