ProgressionCyclinsInterphaseArrestDifferentiationKnown as binary fissionMonoclonalInhibitorsSpindleGlioblastomaMetabolically activeEukaryoticOccursTransitionProliferationRegulationProteinsMitosisEukaryotesTranscriptionNucleiCellularChromosomesCancerMembraneDividesLiving organismsGeneReplicationUndergoGenesMainImmuneProcessTumorRoleBiologyComplexesApoptosisPopulationsProcessesDivisionsDivisionSurvivalInternalOccurSecretoryStudyGrowthMolecular levelEffects
Progression12
- Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
- Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
- Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
- As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
- The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
- Positive feedback plays an essential role in regulating the progression from G1 to S phase, particularly involving the phosphorylation of Rb by a Cyclin/CDK protein complex. (wikipedia.org)
- Treatment effects were assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, western blot, cell viability, and cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
- We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
- The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
- The role of cell cycle checkpoint proteins is to integrate internal and external factors to determine whether the cell is prepared for progression of the cell cycle. (ptgcn.com)
- Here, we demonstrate that the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by acetylation, which promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
Cyclins3
- The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- The transition of one phase to the other in the Go/G1, S, and G2/M phases of the cell cycle in malignancy cells occurs only after passing through the checkpoints, regulated by cyclins and CDKs, which is usually impaired in malignancy. (globaltechbiz.com)
Interphase5
- Throughout interphase, the cell undergoes growth and metabolic activities. (studymode.com)
- The first stage involved in the eukaryotic cell cycle is called interphase. (studymode.com)
- Interphase is the period between divisions that has 3 separate phases. (studymode.com)
- Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)
- In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Arrest8
- The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, LY2835219 has additional anti-proliferative effects on cell cycling, including induction of an RB-associated G (1) arrest via suppression of cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb pathway. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
- Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
- Forced expression of NBPF1 in HEK293T cells resulted in a G1 cell cycle arrest that was accompanied by upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 CIP1/WAF1 in a p53-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
- Additionally, forced expression of NBPF1 in two p53-mutant neuroblastoma cell lines also resulted in a G1 cell cycle arrest and CDKN1A upregulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation3
- The cAMP Calcitriol (Rocaltrol) levels also increase in the beginning during differentiation but then get back to normal levels observed in the growth phase. (globaltechbiz.com)
- Different studies statement that cells in the late G2 phase undergo the process Calcitriol (Rocaltrol) of differentiation into cysts when faced with harsh environmental conditions [60,61,62,63]. (globaltechbiz.com)
- It is interesting to study the initiation and regulation of differentiation in cells having no G1 phase, Mouse monoclonal to Ractopamine as typically, cell differentiation occurs from your G1 phase of the cell cycle. (globaltechbiz.com)
Known as binary fission2
- Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
- Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Monoclonal2
- SAN FRANCISCO ― An experimental monoclonal antibody combined with chemotherapy could offer a new standard of care for patients with claudin-18.2+ (CLDN18.2+) / HER2− advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (mG/GEJ) adenocarcinoma, say researchers in reporting a phase 3 trial. (medscape.com)
- Zolbetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the cell surface molecule CLDN18.2, which is expressed in normal gastric mucosa cells and is retained in mG/GEJ tumor cells. (medscape.com)
Inhibitors2
- Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
- In a discussion of the paper, David H. Wang, MD, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, pointed out that "zolbetuximab is the first molecularly targeted therapy, exclusive of immune checkpoint inhibitors, to demonstrate a statistically significant survival benefit in first-line treatment of advance gastric cancer since trastuzumab. (medscape.com)
Spindle1
- and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Glioblastoma1
- 2013) exhibited the elevated expression of cysteine protease (cathepsin B alone or with uPAR) in glioblastomas, which in turn was responsible of self-renewal of malignant glioblastoma stem cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
Metabolically active1
- Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
Eukaryotic4
- Most eukaryotic cells follow this process, which includes a growth stage, mitosis or nuclear division, and cytokinesis. (studymode.com)
- The eukaryotic cell cycle is the process that starts just as a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell and then carried on until its own cell division (Simon, Dickey, Reece, page 125). (studymode.com)
- The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
- Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
Occurs3
- The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
- The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
- Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
Transition3
- Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
- Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
- K405R mutant expressing cancer cells have reduced G1/S transition and slower proliferation compared to wildtype. (oncotarget.com)
Proliferation5
- Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
- In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
- However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
- Collectively, these findings suggest that SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity and promotes cancer cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
Regulation2
- Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- We investigated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR the expression profile of a panel of genes important in cell cycle regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins6
- During early G1, there are three transcriptional repressors, known as pocket proteins, that bind to E2F transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
- The passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by proteins in the cytoplasm. (ptgcn.com)
- Cyclin-dependent kinases and tumor suppressor proteins are stimulators and modulators of cell division. (ptgcn.com)
- The key role of checkpoint proteins is to detect DNA damage and send a signal to delay cell cycle advance until the damaged chromosomes are repaired (Figure 1). (ptgcn.com)
- In addition, proteome analysis of NBPF1-overexpressing DLD1 cells identified 32 differentially expressed proteins, of which several are implicated in carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- We demonstrated that NBPF1 exerts different tumor suppressive effects, depending on the cell line analyzed, and provide new clues into the molecular mechanism of the enigmatic NBPF proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitosis7
- and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Examples of biological cycles at a cellular level include the cell cycle , mitosis and meiosis. (studymode.com)
- But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
- a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
- In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)
- The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
- After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)
Eukaryotes1
- Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
Transcription2
- P107 and p130 act as co-repressors for E2F 4 and E2F 5, which work to repress transcription of G1-to-S promoting factors. (wikipedia.org)
- LY2157299 enhances anti-tumor effect by disrupting TGF-β-dependent HIF-1α signaling and by activating both Smad and PI3K-AKT pathways towards transcription of S/G2 checkpoints. (nih.gov)
Nuclei1
Cellular3
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- Cell Cycle The cell cycle is an integral part of cellular processes. (globaltechbiz.com)
- which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
Chromosomes4
- In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
- Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
- Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
- In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Cancer3
- Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Recent studies have examined the consequences of epigenetic marks and cell cycle control, which has led to more research regarding cell division cancer, emphasizing the fact that the cell division process requires accurate checkpoints to avoid genetic damage. (ptgcn.com)
- LC-MS/MS analysis was used to investigate the proteome of DLD1 colon cancer cells with induced NBPF1 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane2
- LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- When the cell membrane is at its resting potential, the sodium potassium pump is turned off. (studymode.com)
Divides2
- During this process, known as the cell cycle, a cell duplicates its contents and then divides in two. (wikipedia.org)
- Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Living organisms1
- All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)
Gene1
- By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
Replication4
- The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) to produce two daughter cells. (ptgcn.com)
- Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) are the precursors of DNA synthesis, and their strict balance is critical for proper DNA replication and repair in cells [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. (mathisfunforum.com)
- All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication. (mathisfunforum.com)
Undergo1
- During EMT, cells will undergo transformation from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype ( 14 ) and many characteristics of cells will change including loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of aggressive and metastatic ability ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Genes1
- Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
Main3
- DNA damage is the main indication for a cell to "restrict" and not enter the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- What are the main cell cycle checkpoints? (ptgcn.com)
- One of the main checkpoint modulator of the cell cycle, p38, has been found to be greatly associated with dormant phase in several tumour types [58]. (globaltechbiz.com)
Immune1
- Although SAMHD1 is expressed ubiquitously throughout the human body, the molecular mechanisms regulating its enzymatic activity and function in non-immune cells are relatively unexplored. (oncotarget.com)
Process4
- This is a cycle because this process repeats every time a nerve impulse is passed down the axon, and is important as it allows the action potential to be passed along the axon. (studymode.com)
- A Cycle Is a Biological Pathway or Process in Which the End Product of One Cycle Becomes the Starting Point for the Next Cycles: Write an Essay About Cycles. (studymode.com)
- Some cells replicate faster and others slower, and the entire process can be interrupted. (visionlearning.com)
- Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
Tumor1
- Decreased expression of NBPF1 in neuroblastoma cell lines with loss of 1p36 heterozygosity and the marked decrease of anchorage-independent clonal growth of DLD1 colorectal carcinoma cells with induced NBPF1 expression further suggest that NBPF1 functions as tumor suppressor. (biomedcentral.com)
Role3
- SAMHD1 acetylation levels are strongest during the G1 phase, indicating a role during G1 phase. (oncotarget.com)
- Cycles in biology play a fundamental role in the world that we live in. (studymode.com)
- A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
Biology2
- This essay will give examples of cycles in biology from different scales of magnification, ranging from molecular level to populations and ecosystems. (studymode.com)
- Write an Essay About Cycles in Biology. (studymode.com)
Complexes1
- Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
Apoptosis1
- In contrast, no significant alteration of apoptosis in the BCa cells with downregulated LAPTM5 was noticed. (spandidos-publications.com)
Populations1
- Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)
Processes1
- This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell to spend in each phase of the cell cycle, while at the same time it also responds to information received from the processes it controls. (wikipedia.org)
Divisions1
- The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime. (mathisfunforum.com)
Division10
- Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
- For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction - an entire new organism is created. (mathisfunforum.com)
- On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
- Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
- The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. (mathisfunforum.com)
- Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or budding. (mathisfunforum.com)
- The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
- Cell division in eukaryote is much more complicated than prokaryote. (mathisfunforum.com)
- A primitive form of cell division is also found which is called amitosis. (mathisfunforum.com)
- The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)
Survival2
- This is one of the longest median overall survival outcomes for patients with locally advanced mG/GEJ adenocarcinoma in phase 3 trials, Shitera emphasized. (medscape.com)
- As previously reported by Medscape Medical News, zolbetuximab improved survival in the phase 2 FAST trial, which was conducted in a similar patient cohort. (medscape.com)
Internal2
- As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. (wikipedia.org)
- Knowing what he wanted to find, Flemming set out to do a better job of staining the internal details of cells . (visionlearning.com)
Occur1
- Cycles occur all around and inside of us in many different forms, from the Krebs to the Calvin cycle. (studymode.com)
Secretory1
- Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)
Study4
- In this study, cultured human temozolomide resistance GB (43RG) cells were introduced to the MGMT inhibitor O 6 -benzylguanine combined with temozolomide and either LY2835219 (CDK 4/6 inhibitor) or LY2157299 (TGF-βRI inhibitor) seeking to overcome GB treatment resistance. (nih.gov)
- Our in vitro study demonstrated that sequential treatment of O 6 -Benzylguanine with either LY2385219 or LY2157299-enhanced temozolomide enhanced sensitivity in MGMT+ 43RG cells. (nih.gov)
- This study establishes the groundwork for the development of a combinatorial pharmacologic approach by using either LY2385219 or LY2157299 inhibitor plus O 6 -Benzylguanine to augment temozolomide response in temozolomide-resistant GB cells. (nih.gov)
- What are the best markers to study a certain cell cycle stage? (ptgcn.com)
Growth1
- Furthermore, we established a BCa cell model with downregulated LAPTM5, revealing a significantly delayed growth rate in the BCa cells with knockdown of LAPTM5. (spandidos-publications.com)
Molecular level1
- Cycles can be seen even at a molecular level in the body. (studymode.com)
Effects1
- The effects of NBPF1 on the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)