Cxcr4 hiv envelope protein gp120. Medical search. Frequent questions

In vivo, the different HIV-strains use either CCR5 or CXCR4 as coreceptor. (mpg.de)
Engagement … HIV-1 infects cells through connection with CD4 and chemokine receptors via transmembrane domains, such as CCR5 or CXCR4. (ecolowood.com)
These co-receptors are chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4 . (wikidoc.org)
It took a further 10 years before the coreceptor was identified to be one of two chemokine receptors, either CCR5 or CXCR4. (nature.com)

The first step is the interaction between envelope proteins of the virus (gp120, gp41) and specific host-cell surface receptors (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
The RNA is covered in an envelope known as capsid which has two glycoproteins (a kind of protein molecule that incorporates a sugar molecule), gp120 and gp41, embedded in its surface. (hdkino.org)
Keywords: HIV-1, gp120, gp41, bNAbs, Broadly neutralizing antibodies Intro A distinctive hallmark of modern-day medicine in the last decade has been the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies offering targeted therapeutic effects for a range of disorders. (ecolowood.com)
Each viral spike is definitely a trimeric heterodimer comprising the external glycoprotein gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, with about 70C79 trimers within the virion surface [5]. (ecolowood.com)
Of all viral proteins, only gp120 and gp41 have epitopes for antibody acknowledgement. (ecolowood.com)
The glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, which are encoded from the env gene, are called Env proteins and translate to a full-length gp160 polyprotein, followed by trimerization and cleavage by a furin-like protease inside a Golgi compartment. (ecolowood.com)
The crystallography on individual gp120 and gp41 parts, as well as with the context of trimeric gp120/gp41, has been obtained in recent years, alongside mapping of gp120 CD4 and co-receptor binding sites [6]. (ecolowood.com)
Following a structural change in another viral protein ( gp41 ), HIV inserts a fusion peptide into the host cell that allows the outer membrane of the virus to fuse with the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
The binding towards the co-receptor causes a conformational switch from the viral envelope protein and permits small envelope subunit gp41 to become inserted in to the sponsor membrane. (bioinbrief.com)
That is accompanied by condensation of two helical areas within gp41, leading to formation of the six helix package, facilitating close get in touch with from the viral and sponsor membranes and accompanied by fusion from the viral envelope using the cell membrane. (bioinbrief.com)
Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING. (lookformedical.com)
It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41 . (lookformedical.com)
Thymic pathogenicity of an HIV-1 envelope is associated with increased CXCR4 binding efficiency and V5-gp41-dependent activity, but not V1/V2-associated CD4 binding efficiency and viral entry. (musc.edu)
The envelope glycoproteins (Env), gp120 and gp41, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) play a central role in viral transmission and mediate attachment and incorporation of the virus into target cells through specific interactions with the CD4 receptor and chemokine co-receptors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The affected glycosylation sites were predominantly clustered in regions of gp120 that are not involved in the direct interaction with either CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, or gp41. (aspetjournals.org)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein gp120 presents conserved binding sites for binding to the primary virus receptor CD4 as well as the major HIV chemokine coreceptor. (biomedcentral.com)
Mapping the regions of the CD4 molecule that the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 recognised showed a common recognition site for HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency viruses 6 , indicating an ancient interaction between primate lentiviruses and CD4. (nature.com)
These mutant virus strains were devoid of up to seven or eight of 22 glycosylation sites in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 because of mutations at the Asn or Thr/Ser sites of the N -glycosylation motifs. (aspetjournals.org)

Higher rates of infection with HIV are exhibited among injection drug users mainly because of unsafe injecting behavior. (benthamscience.com)
Hence, inhibition of the HIV protease is one of the most important approaches for the therapeutic intervention in HIV infection and their development is regarded as major success of structure-based drug design. (wikipedia.org)
HIV infection was first described in 1981 in San Francisco and New York City. (wikipedia.org)
HIV-2 carries a slightly lower risk of transmission than HIV-1 and infection tends to progress more slowly to AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, as chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) are co-receptors for the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, they are also directly involved in HIV infection and neuropathology. (olimpiameuccilab.org)
Due to interdependence of drug abuse with HIV infection, a major area of investigation in our lab concerns the interaction between chemokine receptors and opiate receptors. (olimpiameuccilab.org)
What is antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? (hdkino.org)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a complete treatment regimen for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection, with a combination of three or more classes of drugs . (hdkino.org)
HIV infection has no cure but ART can contain the viral growth and keep the patient healthy and active for many years. (hdkino.org)
What is HIV infection? (hdkino.org)
HIV infection is caused by a virus that infects human immune cells known as T-cells. (hdkino.org)
HIV infection spreads through certain bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids or breast milk . (hdkino.org)
In its later stages, HIV infection can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ), when the immune system is so weakened that it is unable to fight even common infections. (hdkino.org)
The 12G5 antibody shows partial inhibition of chemotaxis and calcium influx induced by SDF-1 (the natural ligand of CD184), blocks CD4-independent HIV-2 infection, and blocks CD4-dependent infection by some T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. (thermofisher.com)
HIV-1 infection remains a major public health concern despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). (biomedcentral.com)
The virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in infection and continues to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). (biomedcentral.com)
GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. (mdpi.com)
Preferential susceptibility of Th9 and Th2 CD4+ T cells to X4-tropic HIV-1 infection. (harvard.edu)
If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight. (wikidoc.org)
HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of T cells expressing CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
Medical professionals refer to the CD4 count to decide when to begin treatment during HIV infection, although recent medical guidelines have changed to recommend treatment at all CD4 counts as soon as HIV is diagnosed. (wikidoc.org)
During 1995 and 1996, major clinical and laboratory discoveries regarding HIV pathogenesis provided new hope for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
We describe the role of allelic polymorphism in the gene coding for the CCR5 chemokine receptor with regard to susceptibility to and disease course of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
The World Health Organization has estimated count or the length of time between HIV infection that 22.6 million people are infected with human and AIDS (2-6). (cdc.gov)
Studies of the effect of host genes on sus- million people, including 300,000 children under ceptibility to HIV infection were facilitated by the 5 years of age. (cdc.gov)
Earlier HIV infec- receptor gene polymorphism in HIV infection, tion diagnosis, inhibition of ongoing HIV replica- only genes of the HLA system were thought to tion with antiretroviral therapy (in industrialized protect against HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
The role of genes ceptibility to HIV infection and the course of HIV of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in disease. (cdc.gov)
deletion (20-22), no cases of HIV infection had while others are selective in terms of ligand been reported in studies of more than 60 persons binding. (cdc.gov)
HIV infection (24-26). (cdc.gov)
Methods are provided for the treatment of a HIV infection. (justia.com)
The methods can include administering to a subject with an HIV infection a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that interferes with the interaction of gp120 and α4 integrin, such as a α4β1 or α4β7 integrin antagonist, thereby treating the HIV infection. (justia.com)
Methods are also provided to reduce HIV replication or infection. (justia.com)
The primary immunologic abnormality resulting from infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the progressive depletion and functional impairment of T lymphocytes expressing the CD4 cell surface glycoprotein. (justia.com)
Studies of HIV-1 infection of fractionated CD4 and CD8 T-cells from normal donors and AIDS patients have revealed that depletion of CD4 T-cells results from the ability of HIV-1 to selectively infect, replicate in, and ultimately destroy this T lymphocyte subset (Klatzmann et al. (justia.com)
Thus, a need remains for additional agents that can be used to study HIV infection in vitro, and is of use for treating or preventing HIV replication in vivo. (justia.com)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) display protective potentials against experimental animal infection and thus are believed to be a key component of an effective HIV vaccine. (plos.org)
Following HIV-1 infection, serum neutralizing antibody responses against the evolving autologous viral swarm are generated by the vast majority of infected subjects, usually within the first few months of infection [ 1 - 6 ]. (plos.org)
It is well established that HIV-1 infection typically involves an interaction between the viral envelope protein gp120/41 and the CD4 molecule followed by a second interaction with a chemokine receptor, usuall. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the discovery of CCR5 as a coreceptor for HIV entry, there has been interest in blockade of the receptor for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Originally described in South Africa in association with HIV infection, XDR tuberculosis has now been identified worldwide. (clinicalgate.com)
The current picture mirrors early reports of MDR tuberculosis in HIV infection in that mortality is very high among HIV-infected patients: In the original South African study from KwaZulu Natal, survival was less than 3 weeks from the time of receipt of the first sputum sample. (clinicalgate.com)
TROGARZO, a CD4-directed post-attachment HIV-1 inhibitor, in combination with other antiretroviral(s), is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection failing their current antiretroviral regimen. (nih.gov)
TROGARZO, in combination with other antiretroviral(s), is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection failing their current antiretroviral regimen. (nih.gov)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can cause infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of an infected individual and is responsible for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). (biomedcentral.com)
Does HIV-2 protect against HIV-1 infection? (microbiologyresearch.org)
Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 singly and dually infected individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in HIV-2 infection than in HIV-1 infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Does HIV-2 infection provide cross-protection against HIV-1 infection? (microbiologyresearch.org)
Diagnosis of HIV-1/2 dual infection using dilution analysis of type-specific antibody. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2-mediated inhibition of HIV type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of HIV-infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The detection of HIV-2 infection in southern India. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Low peripheral blood viral HIV-2 RNA in individuals with high CD4 percentage differentiates HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In HIV infection, the loss of CD4+ cells prevents the rest of the immune system functioning in a coordinated way, and to this day, CD4 cell counts are used as an indicator of the course of disease. (nature.com)
The discovery that HIV docks onto cellular CD4 provided insight on the first step of infection of immune cells by HIV. (nature.com)
Moreover, a proportion of T-helper cells are not directly destroyed by HIV but suffer collateral damage during aberrant signalling between cells in the immune system generated by HIV infection. (nature.com)
Paradoxically, although the end result of HIV infection, AIDS, is immune suppression, the pathway leading to this eventual collapse involves over-activation of components of the immune system, especially in the gut. (nature.com)
The additional importance of CD4 in HIV infection placed the CD4 molecule on centre stage for immunology and AIDS studies. (nature.com)
Genetically engineered soluble forms of CD4 powerfully neutralised HIV infection and showed initial promise as potential drugs 8 , although it later became apparent that they performed weakly against the majority of HIV strains in infected people. (nature.com)
Another important outcome of these studies was the realisation that, while CD4 was necessary for infection, it was not sufficient to let HIV penetrate the cell surface. (nature.com)
We found that human CD4 expressed on mouse cell lines bound gp120, but did not make the cells susceptible to pseudotype infection 9 . (nature.com)
Natural anti-CCR5 antibodies can be decisive in preventing HIV infection in mucosal tissues and offer prompt and effective protection just at major sites of virus entry. (biomedcentral.com)
The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. (hindawi.com)
The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. (hindawi.com)
The relationship between STDs and HIV infection has been widely studied. (hindawi.com)
HIV infection is efficiently controlled but not cured by Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) (Deeks et al. (europa.eu)
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)
The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
CDC guidelines recommend testing for HIV infection with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antigen/antibody immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and the HIV-1 p24 antigen, with supplemental testing after a reactive assay result to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
If supplemental testing for HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies shows nonreactive or indeterminant results (or if acute HIV infection or recent exposure is suspected or reported), an HIV-1 nucleic acid test is recommended to differentiate acute HIV-1 infection from a false-positive test result. (medscape.com)
1 false-positive result per 100 people diagnosed with HIV infection). (medscape.com)
Maraviroc tablet is a CCR5 co-receptor antagonist indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of only CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg. (drugs.com)
Prior to initiation of maraviroc tablets for treatment of HIV-1 infection, test all patients for CCR5 tropism using a highly sensitive tropism assay. (drugs.com)
This online resource, which is publicly available at http://www.HIVBrainSeqDB.org , will greatly facilitate analysis of the genetic aspects of HIV macrophage tropism, HIV compartmentalization and evolution within the brain and other tissue reservoirs, and the relationship of these findings to HIV-associated neurological disorders and other clinical consequences of HIV infection. (beds.ac.uk)
Since the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. (medscape.com)
Vertical HIV infection occurs before birth, during delivery, or after birth. (medscape.com)
Detection of antibody to HIV is the usual first step in diagnosing HIV infection. (medscape.com)
They inhibit HIV-1 infection at a 50% effective concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 μg/ml. (aspetjournals.org)
Identification of host genetic traits associated with transmission may more clearly explain the mechanisms of HIV MTCT and further the development of a vaccine to protect infants from infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes that regulate ligands for chemokine receptor genes have been associated with the risk of HIV infection, a notable example existing for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1 ( CCL3L1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

With this review, we will attempt to summarize the latest data on bNAbs against HIV-1 in terms of their relationships with the sites of vulnerability on HIV-1 glycoproteins. (ecolowood.com)
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Corporation OF HIV-1 SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS HIV-1 is definitely a spherical enveloped disease with a diameter of 140 nm. (ecolowood.com)
Griffithsin's antiviral activity stems from its ability to bind terminal mannoses present in high-mannose oligosaccharides and crosslink these glycans on the surface of the viral envelope glycoproteins. (mdpi.com)
Co-receptor Binding Site Antibodies Enable CD4-Mimetics to Expose Conserved Anti-cluster A ADCC Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. (harvard.edu)
Structures of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted and primary isolates. (openwetware.org)
They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)

CXCR4 is one of several chemokine receptors that HIV can use to infect CD4+ T cells . (wikidoc.org)
Until recently, SDF-1 and CXCR4 were believed to be a relatively monogamous ligand-receptor pair (other chemokines are promiscuous, tending to use several different chemokine receptors). (wikidoc.org)

Then the virus binds to the chemokine coreceptors CXCR4 or CCR5, resulting in conformational changes in the envelope proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The latest ART drug to be approved by FDA in 2018, the post-attachment inhibitor prevents the viral envelope fusion with the cell membrane after it binds to the cell. (hdkino.org)
The gp120 subunit binds to the CD4 receptors, triggering conformational rearrangements to unmask the coreceptor binding site originally hidden from the V3 and V1/V2 loops. (ecolowood.com)
It is disclosed herein that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds to α4β7 integrin on CD4+ T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T-cells. (justia.com)
Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. (lookformedical.com)
What HIV protein binds to the protein in the previous question? (scottsdalecc.edu)
The CCR5 co-receptor also binds with chemokines produced by CD8+ T cells, including RANTES (CCL5), and MIP (macrophage inflammatory protein) 1α (CCL3) and 1β (CCL4). (biomedcentral.com)

Developed in 2007, the chemokine receptor antagonist blocks entry of certain specific strains of HIV, which attach to a particular protein on the immune cell's surface known as chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). (hdkino.org)
CD184 is a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family with seven membrane-spanning domains, and functions as a coreceptor for X4 HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells. (thermofisher.com)
CXCR4 has been proved to be the co-receptor for HIV-2's binding to CD4 through envelope glycoprotein gp 120 and promotes Env-mediated fusion of the virus. (thermofisher.com)
In other cases, CXCR4 can even function as the only receptor for HIV-2's binding to the CD4 host cells. (thermofisher.com)
CXCR4 is the receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1 that transduces a signal by increasing intracellular calcium ion levels and enhancing MAPK1/MAPK3 activation. (thermofisher.com)
Since HIV-1 activates the type I interferon system, which signals via interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) 1 and 2, this study investigated the potential role of IFNAR1 in HIV-induced neurotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
Like additional Type 1 fusion proteins, these trimetric constructions undergo receptor- induced conformational changes to increase the exposure of the gp 41 ectodomain for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes ( Fig. 1 ). (ecolowood.com)
Humoral Immune Pressure Selects for HIV-1 CXC-chemokine Receptor 4-using Variants. (harvard.edu)
[12] The binding to CD4 creates a shift in the conformation of gp120 allowing HIV-1 to bind to a co-receptor expressed on the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
One major discovery was that members of the chemokine receptor family serve as cofactors for HIV entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
So that they can enhance the em in vivo /em pharmacokinetic properties a prototypic recombinant antibody-FI fusion proteins was generated, where two T-2635 fusion inhibitors had been covalently from the C-terminal ends of both heavy chains of the monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like development factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). (bioinbrief.com)
The strategy underlying these CD4 based therapies, i.e. blocking the interaction between gp120 and the CD4 receptor, encompasses advantages distinct from current HAART regimens. (justia.com)
In the case of HIV entry, for example, while the mechanisms of receptor binding, conformational changes and fusion appear to be relatively well defined, the involvement of attachment molecules and the importance of lipid rafts in fusion or in recruitment of coreceptors remain uncertain. (biomedcentral.com)
A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. (openwetware.org)
Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. (openwetware.org)
Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. (guidetopharmacology.org)
HIV-1-induced cell fusion is mediated by multiple regions within both the viral envelope and the CCR-5 co-receptor. (microbiologyresearch.org)
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 ( CXCR-4 ) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene . (wikidoc.org)
CXCR4 is upregulated during the implantation window in natural and hormone replacement therapy cycles in the endometrium, producing, in presence of a human blastocyst , a surface polarization of the CXCR4 receptors suggesting that this receptor is implicated in the adhesion phase of human implantation . (wikidoc.org)
Drugs that block the CXCR4 receptor appear to be capable of "mobilizing" hematopoietic stem cells into the bloodstream as peripheral blood stem cells . (wikidoc.org)
Plerixafor (AMD3100) is a drug, approved for routine clinical use, [7] which directly blocks the CXCR4 receptor. (wikidoc.org)
CXCL12 (over-)expressing cancers might not sense the CXCL12 gradient released from the metastasis target tissues since the receptor, CXCR4, is saturated with the ligand produced in an autocrine manner. (wikidoc.org)
Not long after the identification of CD4 as the high affinity cellular receptor for HIV, the cDNA encoding CD4 was cloned by Paul Maddon and Dan Littman then working with Richard Axel at Columbia University. (nature.com)
One mechanism of cell entry involves HIV-1 binding with the CD4 receptor and co-receptor chemokine (CC motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). (biomedcentral.com)
Genes regulating co-receptor availability are also involved in HIV susceptibility. (biomedcentral.com)

Even though mechanisms by which the humoral response is definitely induced and managed remain elusive, new insight into broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) offers expanded our understanding of the antibody response. (ecolowood.com)
In the 90s, it was found that sera of HIV-1-infected individuals contained antibodies that could recognize and neutralize different subtypes of HIV-1. (ecolowood.com)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from infected subjects display protective potential in animal models. (plos.org)
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole viral target of bnAbs, but is also targeted by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies. (plos.org)
We report that the variable domains of recombinant HIV-1 Env immunogens activate a large number of B cell clones that give rise to many non-neutralizing antibodies, and that removing the variable domains from the immunogen reduces the number of activated B cell lineages and leads to the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies, a step towards bNAb-production. (plos.org)
Discovery of O-Linked Carbohydrate on HIV-1 Envelope and Its Role in Shielding against One Category of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. (openwetware.org)
Interaction Analysis between HIV gp120 and the Antibodies by Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. (openwetware.org)
Human Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity Cloned from Humanized Mice Infected with HIV-1. (openwetware.org)
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS . (lookformedical.com)
McManus M, Henderson J, Gautam A, Brody R, Weiss ER, Persaud D, Mick E, Luzuriaga K, Investigators P. Quantitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Antibodies Correlate With Plasma HIV-1 RNA and Cell-associated DNA Levels in Children on Antiretroviral Therapy. (umassmed.edu)
the antibodies inhibited of cell-cell fusion and blocked the entry of a reporter virus or 'pseudotype' bearing the outer envelope of HIV. (nature.com)
Some of the most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies being exploited for HIV vaccines, therapeutics and prevention target the CD4 recognition site on gp120 7 . (nature.com)
Among natural anti-CCR5 antibodies, IgG and IgA to the ECL1 domain have been shown to block HIV effectively and durably without causing harm to the host. (biomedcentral.com)
The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120 is a functionally conserved, important target of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
We propose that the V2 and C2 regions of AE-Env gp120 contain the major determinants of viral resistance to CD4bs antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)

CCR5-using strains are named R5 viruses, while CXCR4-using strains are named X4. (mpg.de)
The Evolving HIV-1 Epidemic in Warao Amerindians Is Dominated by an Extremely High Frequency of CXCR4-Utilizing Strains. (harvard.edu)

Ongoing studies focus on the effects of selected chemokines, namely CXCL12 and CX3CL1, and their receptors (CXCR4/CXCR7 and CX3CR1) on neurons and glia with particular interest in the molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity, synaptic/dendritic damage, and repair processes. (olimpiameuccilab.org)
Receptors, HIV" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Receptors, HIV" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Receptors, HIV" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Receptors, HIV" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
The discovery of the gene sequences and predicted protein structures, role of CCR5 alleles has prompted studies of but their ligands have not been identified the possible role of many other host genes in (orphan receptors). (cdc.gov)
Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. (nih.gov)
[1] In humans, the CD4 protein is encoded by the CD4 gene . (wikidoc.org)
The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. (lookformedical.com)
The gene for what HIV protein would have to be mutated in an HIV strain that was resistant to Ritonavir? (scottsdalecc.edu)
In order to explore gene specificity, gp120-specific siRNAs were designed and IL-8 expression was monitored at both mRNA and protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
The primary determinant of HIV neurotropism is macrophage tropism, which is primarily determined by the viral envelope ( env ) gene. (beds.ac.uk)
Carriers of the rs8069770 variant allele were associated with a lower risk of HIV MTCT (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.14, 0.51), where rs8069770 is located within HS3ST3A1 , a gene involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Genes with that mutation produce a version of the CCR5 protein that cannot be inserted into the cell membrane and therefore will not be expressed on the cell surface. (scottsdalecc.edu)
This observation indicated that a second, unknown human-specific component, or coreceptor, is required for HIV to traverse the cell membrane. (nature.com)
Most animal viruses are also surrounded by a lipid envelope (a bilayered membrane analogous to a cell membrane). (unboundmedicine.com)

HIV primarily infects CD4 + cells of the immune system, such CD4 + T cells and monocytes/macrophages and microglia in the CNS [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune-activated, infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia can harbor HIV in the CNS and start producing neurotoxins, such as excitatory amino acids, arachidonic acid derivatives, free radicals, and pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120. (harvard.edu)
Explain why human helper T cells, monocytes and macrophages are the cells primarily in danger of being infected by HIV. (scottsdalecc.edu)
In addition to T-helper cells, HIV also infects macrophages (which express low levels of CD4). (nature.com)

These specific drugs block the CCR5 or the CXCR4 coreceptors. (mpg.de)

HIV infects target cells by binding of its envelope gp120 protein to CD4 and a coreceptor on the cell surface. (mpg.de)
HIV infects T cells that carry the CD4 antigen on their surface. (wikipedia.org)
When HIV infects its target cell it requires fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. (wikipedia.org)

have unique characteristics which include high levels of somatic mutations and unusually very long variable loops that penetrate through the glycan shield of HIV-1 Env to Dovitinib Dilactic acid contact the protein surface. (ecolowood.com)
The inclination of HIV-1 to rapidly accumulate mutations to escape sponsor immune reactions represents a major hurdle to the development of effective vaccines. (ecolowood.com)
[9] WHIM like mutations in CXCR4 were recently identified in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia , a B-cell malignancy. (wikidoc.org)
[10] The presence of CXCR4 WHIM mutations has been associated with clinical resistance to ibrutinib in patients with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. (wikidoc.org)

HIV belongs to the class of viruses called retroviruses, which carry genetic information in the form of RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
HIV viruses do not contain any DNA, yet HIV DNA ends up being incorporated into the nucleus of a host cell. (scottsdalecc.edu)
Viruses with lipid envelopes have a greater ability to adhere to cell membranes and to avoid destruction by the immune system. (unboundmedicine.com)
Our results showed that an amino acid substitution at position 185 in the V2 region of gp120 played a crucial role in regulating the b12 susceptibility of AE-Env-recombinant viruses by cooperating with 2 previously reported potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) sites at positions 186 (N186) and 197 (N197) in the V2 and C2 regions of Env gp120. (biomedcentral.com)

Several HLA genes or haplotypes immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as of mid-1996 (1). (cdc.gov)
In 1995, HIV- interactions with other host genes. (cdc.gov)
I and II alleles that may be associated with An Overview of Host Genes and HIV remaining uninfected have been identified (6). (cdc.gov)
What effect would such a drug have on transcription and translation of HIV genes? (scottsdalecc.edu)
The HIV genome has genes for viral envelope proteins-that is, proteins like GP 120 that are expressed on the envelope surface. (scottsdalecc.edu)
However, viral genes (for example gp120 and tat ) and their effect on cytokine/chemokine expressions have been linked with neuroinflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Associations between transmission and a selection of genes or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s may give an incomplete picture of HIV MTCT etiology. (biomedcentral.com)
Interesting associations for SNPs located within or near genes involved in pregnancy and development, innate immunological response, or HIV protein interactions were also observed. (biomedcentral.com)

The following product was used in this experiment: CD184 (CXCR4) Monoclonal Antibody (12G5), PE-Cyanine7, eBioscience™ from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 25-9999-42, RRID AB_1659706. (thermofisher.com)
Description: The 12G5 monoclonal antibody reacts with human CD184 (CXCR4), also termed Fusin, LESTR, or HUMSTR. (thermofisher.com)
Prior to 1990, it was regarded as that antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 in the sponsor was reduced and even abolished. (ecolowood.com)
Mouse monoclonal to RUNX1 Because of the multi-step character from the HIV access, you can rationalize that merging a coreceptor inhibitor, like a CCR5 antibody, having a fusion peptide, such as for example enfuvirtide (ENF), into one molecule may be an beneficial method of prevent access of HIV towards the sponsor cells at multiple methods. (bioinbrief.com)
Right here we describe some experiments utilizing a book HIV access inhibitor, comprising a CCR5 antibody that is covalently associated with a fusion peptide inhibitor. (bioinbrief.com)
Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 domain with broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. (openwetware.org)
Isolation and Structure of an Antibody that Fully Neutralizes Isolate SIVmac239 Reveals Functional Similarity of SIV and HIV Glycan Shields. (openwetware.org)

We describe a book strategy where two inhibitors of HIV viral access were incorporated right into a solitary molecule. (bioinbrief.com)
The anti-HIV drug AZT is structurally very similar to what type of molecule? (scottsdalecc.edu)
It comprises a significant physical barrier to small molecule forms of ingress, such as HIV, due to the thick multilayered structure [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
His main focus is investigating the role of West Nile and dengue virus proteins in abrogating the response to the antiviral innate immune molecule Interferon. (scitechnol.com)

Thirty years after the first description of AIDS, an estimated 35.0 million [33.2 million-37.2 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2013. (benthamscience.com)
They are highly effective against HIV and have, since the 1990s, been a key component of anti-retroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
In 1985, HIV was identified as the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its complete genome was immediately available. (wikipedia.org)
HIV-1 protease is one of the best known aspartic proteases, and an attractive target for the treatment of AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
The pathogenic mechanism of HAND and HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the most severe neurological complication of HIV/AIDS, remains incompletely understood, and there is no specific treatment available [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The human being immunodeficiency disease type 1 (HIV-1), which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was found out over 30 years ago. (ecolowood.com)
Since the late 1970s, 8.4 million people worldwide, including 1.7 million children, have died of AIDS, and an estimated 22 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(1). (cdc.gov)
For example, cer- countries), and prevention and treatment of tain distributions of HLA class I alleles were opportunistic infections and cancers delay the observed in uninfected female commercial sex onset of AIDS and increase the life expectancy workers in Africa (13,14) and Thailand (11), who of HIV-infected persons. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
The identification of phenotypically distinct HIV-1 variants with different prevalence during the progression of the disease has been one of the earliest discoveries in HIV-1 biology, but its relevance to AIDS. (biomedcentral.com)
Soon after the initial isolation of HIV, David Klatzmann and colleagues in Paris showed that HIV selectively grows in - and destroys - CD4+ cells in culture, thereby mimicking the loss of CD4+ cells seen in AIDS patient 2 . (nature.com)
The explanation of how HIV causes AIDS is, of course, more complex 5 . (nature.com)
Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)
Major advances in HIV/AIDS treatment regimens have fundamentally altered the natural history of the disease and sharply reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality in countries where such treatments are accessible. (europa.eu)
However, a larger wealth of research describes genetic associations with adult HIV transmission and progression to AIDS. (biomedcentral.com)

Different rules have been published based on the amino acid sequence of the Env-V3 region of HIV-gp120, which is known to be the major determinant of coreceptor usage. (mpg.de)
Structural basis of coreceptor recognition by HIV-1 envelope spike. (harvard.edu)
Adaptation of HIV-1 to cells with low expression of the CCR5 coreceptor. (harvard.edu)
Phenotypic Coreceptor Tropism in Perinatally HIV-infected Youth Failing Antiretroviral Therapy. (harvard.edu)
Entry coreceptor use by HIV-1 plays a pivotal role in viral transmission, pathogenesis and disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)
To enter target cells HIV-1 uses CD4 and a coreceptor. (biomedcentral.com)
In vivo the coreceptor function is provided either by CCR5 (for R5) or CXCR4 (for X4 HIV-1). (biomedcentral.com)

Our discovery that CD32a+ CD4 T lymphocytes harbor the elusive HIV-1 reservoir is a crucial step towards specific targeting and elimination of this HIV-1 reservoir. (europa.eu)

What is the difference between the viral capsid and the viral envelope? (scottsdalecc.edu)
Both the capsid and the envelope are antigenic. (unboundmedicine.com)

The methods include contacting a cell with an effective amount of an agent that interferes with the interaction of gp120 and α4 integrin, such as a α4β1 or α4β7 integrin antagonist. (justia.com)
[4] It is speculated this interaction may be through CXCR4 mediated signalling pathways. (wikidoc.org)

The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RABV G) is a major rabies virus antigen and contains neutralizing epitopes, which are primary candidates for subunit vaccines and diagnostic antigens. (bvsalud.org)

[3] Ubiquitin is a small (76-amino acid) protein highly conserved among eukaryotic cells. (wikidoc.org)

The initial answer turned out to be simple: both Klatzmann 3 and my colleagues 4 found that HIV docks onto the same cell surface antigen, CD4, that haematologists use to recognize this type of cell. (nature.com)

Recent evidence demonstrates ubiquitin is also a natural ligand of CXCR4. (wikidoc.org)

Among the problems inherent to sCD4 was its inability to efficiently neutralize primary isolates of HIV. (justia.com)
HIV isolates that use CXCR4 are traditionally known as T-cell tropic isolates. (wikidoc.org)

Much has been learned regarding nuclear entry, but the cellular proteins involved are still unknown and the exact role of each viral component remains controversial [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. (oncotarget.com)
Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous system of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cellular factors which play role in host defense mechanisms against HIV were identified and their role in HIV induced inflammation was established. (europa.eu)
HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)

In fact, when new combinations between different HIV-1 subtypes occurs, it results in different Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs), some developed into Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) as propagated in three or more epidemiologically unlinked individuals. (benthamscience.com)
HIV-1 has now been classified into 9 unique subtypes and their recombinant forms [3]. (ecolowood.com)
Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and -2 in individuals from Guinea-Bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct HIV-1 subtype A/G recombinant in West Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
CRF01_AE is a major circulating recombinant form of HIV-1 prevalent in Southeast Asia. (biomedcentral.com)

The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved the clinical course for many individuals infected with HIV (Berrey et al. (justia.com)
In a study of HIV-1-infected, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-naive children, Yin et al found that beginning HAART at younger ages and healthier CD4 levels results in better immune recovery. (medscape.com)

What ART Drugs Prevent HIV Entry into the Human Immune Cell? (hdkino.org)
What ART drug classes prevent entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the human immune cell? (hdkino.org)
Introduced in 2003, the fusion inhibitor stops the HIV from fusing with the immune cell's membrane, preventing entry. (hdkino.org)
Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts access of T and B cells to the brain, the burden of HIV control largely rests with local innate immune defense mechanisms [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has the ability to evade the adaptive immune response due to high mutation rates. (ecolowood.com)
Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)
The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)

A safe and potent vaccine against HIV-1 could limit the spread of HIV-1 and consequently eradicate the disease. (ecolowood.com)
Potent Cas9 Inhibition in Bacterial and Human Cells by AcrIIC4 and AcrIIC5 Anti-CRISPR Proteins. (umassmed.edu)

Finally, our previous discoveries related to the action of the chemokine CXCL12 on cell cycle proteins and survival have also prompted new studies in the field of cancer biology, which are conducted in collaboration with other groups. (olimpiameuccilab.org)
[12] [13] However, in breast cancer where SDF1/CXCL12 is also expressed by the cancer cells themselves along with CXCR4, CXCL12 expression is positively correlated with disease free (metastasis free) survival. (wikidoc.org)

The pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-associated brain injury remain incompletely understood. (biomedcentral.com)
The heptad repeat 2 domain is a major determinant for enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic HIV-1 Env. (musc.edu)
Fusion-induced apoptosis contributes to thymocyte depletion by a pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope in the human thymus. (musc.edu)

Introduction Enveloped infections, such as for example HIV-1, use membrane destined fusion proteins to mediate connection and access into specific focus on sponsor cells. (bioinbrief.com)

HIV has probably originated from multiple zoonotic transmissions of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans in West and Central Africa. (benthamscience.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that has two major species, HIV-1 which causes the majority of the epidemic, and HIV-2, a close relative whose distribution is concentrated in western Africa. (wikipedia.org)
Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Variants Selected for Resistance to a CD4-Mimetic Compound. (harvard.edu)
This relates to the field of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), specifically to the use of α4 integrin antagonists for the treatment of HIV infections. (justia.com)
The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
To what protein expressed on the surface of human cells does HIV bind? (scottsdalecc.edu)
Conversely, interlekin-8 (IL-8) is a known proinflammatory chemokine and is known to be over-expressed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to gp120. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore gp120 has also been shown to increase IL-6 production in mixed human brain cell culture [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, IL-8 has also been reported to be involved in a STAT1-dependent mechanism for gp120-mediated increased IL-8 production in human brain microvascular endothelial cells [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we sought to address the question as to whether gp120 would affect IL-8 expression in a human astrocytic cell line, SVGA. (biomedcentral.com)
In a small human clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fucoidan ingestion (brown seaweed extract), 3g daily of 75% w/w oral fucoidan for 12 days increased the proportion of CD34+CXCR4+ from 45 to 90% and the serum SDF-1 levels, which could be useful in CD34+ cells homing/mobilization via SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. (wikidoc.org)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and during the birth process or via human milk (vertical transmission). (medscape.com)
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. (medscape.com)
Genome layout of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. (medscape.com)

These proteins play an essential role in disease entry into sponsor cells. (ecolowood.com)
Since the early years of the HIV epidemic, cell function, have been suggested to explain significant differences in the rate of disease these findings (7,10,11,15). (cdc.gov)
Its prevalence has not been accurately determined, although with improved survival from both opportunistic infections and HIV disease, it can be expected to be increasingly common in clinical practice. (clinicalgate.com)
CD4 cells are the primary target of HIV and CD4 cell numbers decline during HIV disease. (ashm.org.au)
The following paragraphs note pertinent findings for various modes of HIV transmission and disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)

The population of HIV replicating within a host consists of independently evolving and interacting sub-populations, as demonstrated by the various degrees of phylogenetic compartmentalization seen across and within anatomical compartments and various rates of decay in viral load during HAART therapy [ 1 , 2 ]. (beds.ac.uk)

The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer derived from the plasma membrane of infected cells, with glycoprotein spikes anchored in it. (ecolowood.com)
The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)

Also, CXCR4 is involved in hematopoiesis and in cardiac ventricular septum formation, and plays an essential role in vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, probably by regulating vascular branching and/or remodeling processes in endothelial cells. (thermofisher.com)

A very critical step is the proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide precursors into mature enzymes and structural proteins catalyzed by HIV protease. (wikipedia.org)
These drugs prevent proteolytic cleavage of HIV Gag and Pol polyproteins that include essential structural and enzymatic components of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)
gp120: biologic aspects of structural features. (openwetware.org)
Cryo-EM structure of a CD4-bound open HIV-1 envelope trimer reveals structural rearrangements of the gp120 V1V2 loop. (openwetware.org)

There are several steps in the HIV life cycle that may be interfered with, thus stopping the replication of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
During the last two decades, the profusion of HIV research due to the urge to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a wealth of information on the retroviral replication cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
The partners in this collaborative research project consortium have long-term expertise in studying HIV-1/SIV replication and pathogenesis. (europa.eu)

HIV-1 uses CD4 to gain entry into host T-cells and achieves this through its viral envelope protein known as gp120 . (wikidoc.org)
Our findings shed new light into how HIV-1 evades detection from B cells that can produce bNAbs and also provides information that is relevant for the design of optimal immunization strategies. (plos.org)
The type II alveolar (ATII) cells produce pulmonary Rabbit polyclonal to PAI-3 surfactant that is required to prevent alveolar collapse and proteins that participate in innate defense of the lung (Mason, 2006). (cancercurehere.com)
The detection of GPR15 in the colon suggests it may be important for transmission of HIV and SIV, and the authors speculate that the high expression in the colon suggests it may be present in non-lymphoid cells [ 11 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
It has been also shown that CXCR4 signalling regulates the expression of CD20 on B cells. (wikidoc.org)
In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
For some, this is an impenetrable barrier for agents such as HIV, but Langerhans cells within the squamous layer have been shown to transmit the virus for target cells [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
The major breakthrough is the identification of a biomarker of HIV persistent cells in vivo. (europa.eu)

In 2009, ten protease inhibitors have reached the market for treatment against HIV but one protease inhibitor, amprenavir, was withdrawn from the market in 2004. (wikipedia.org)
HIV protease inhibitors are peptide-like chemicals that competitively inhibit the action of the virus aspartyl protease. (wikipedia.org)
Protease inhibitors can alter adipocyte metabolism causing lipodystrophy, a common side effect associated with the use of most HIV protease inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Decreased adiponectin secretion and induced expression of interleukin-6 associated with HIV protease inhibitors may also contribute to inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
We have also shown that the NF-κB pathway is involved in gp120-mediated IL-8 overexpression as IKK-2 and IKKβ inhibitors inhibited IL-8 expression by 63.5% and 57.5%, respectively at the mRNA level, and by 67.3% and 58.6% at the protein level. (biomedcentral.com)

The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. (openwetware.org)

The genome layouts of HIV-1 and HIV type 2 (HIV-2) are shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
Thus, this study employed a genome-wide association approach to identify novel variants associated with HIV MTCT. (biomedcentral.com)
This study used a genome-wide approach to identify novel variants associated with the risk of HIV MTCT in order to gain new insights into HIV MTCT etiology. (biomedcentral.com)

These studies have highlighted novel actions of opiate agonists on neurons, involving the protein ferritin heavy chain, which may explain some of the detrimental effects of opiate abuse in the brain. (olimpiameuccilab.org)
CXCR4 is present in newly generated neurons during embryogenesis and adult life where it plays a role in neuronal guidance. (wikidoc.org)

Thus, understanding HIV persistence and developing drugs able to flush out HIV, in order to achieve viral eradication or "sterilizing cure" remain outstanding challenges. (europa.eu)

Viral CCR5 usage is not a predictive marker of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
More than 300,000 children are newly infected with HIV each year, predominantly through mother-to-child transmission (HIV MTCT). (biomedcentral.com)
We conducted a nested case-control study of HIV MTCT using infants of HIV(+) mothers, drawn from a cohort study of malaria and HIV in pregnancy in Blantyre, Malawi. (biomedcentral.com)
Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between each SNP and HIV MTCT. (biomedcentral.com)
Much of the risk of HIV MTCT can be reduced by treatment with single dose nevirapine (NVP). (biomedcentral.com)
There is evidence for genetic variability in the mother and/or infant to be associated with susceptibility to HIV MTCT. (biomedcentral.com)

CXCR4 mutant mice have aberrant neuronal distribution. (wikidoc.org)

However, studies of genetic aspects of HIV replicating in the brain are hindered because existing repositories of HIV sequences are not focused on neurotropic virus nor annotated with neurocognitive and neuropathological status. (beds.ac.uk)
The HIV Brain Sequence Database is a public database of HIV envelope sequences, directly sequenced from brain and other tissues from the same patients. (beds.ac.uk)
Currently, the database contains 2517 envelope sequences from 90 patients, obtained from 22 published studies. (beds.ac.uk)

CXCR4-using HIV variants in a cohort of Black men who have sex with men: HIV Prevention Trials Network 061. (harvard.edu)
Selective transmission of R5 HIV-1 variants: where is the gatekeeper? (biomedcentral.com)
Although both R5 and X4 HIV-1 variants are present in body fluid. (biomedcentral.com)
CXCR4-using viral variants are little represented in pregnant women, have an increased although not significant risk. (biomedcentral.com)

[ 7 ] Os lentivirus teñen moitas morfoloxías e propiedades biolóxicas en común. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms5

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes10

Information Science3

CCR5 or CXCR44

Gp4115

Glycoprotein gp1203

Infection78

Glycoproteins6

Chemokine Receptors2

Binds7

Receptor25

Antibodies15

Strains2

Receptors7

Gene11

Cell membrane3

Macrophages5

Coreceptors1

Infects3

Mutations4

Viruses6

Genes8

Antibody7

Molecule4

AIDS15

Coreceptor7

Lymphocytes1

Capsid2

Interaction2

Epitopes1

Highly conserved1

Antigen1

Natural ligand1

Isolates2

Cellular5

Retroviruses1

Recombinant4

Antiretroviral therapy2

Immune7

Potent2

CXCL122

Pathogenic3

Fusion proteins1

Human14

Disease5

HAART1

Membrane2

Endothelial cells1

Structural5

Replication3

Cells8

Inhibitors5

Antigenic1

Genome3

Neurons2

Drugs1

MTCT6

Mice1

Sequences3

Variants4

Lentivirus1