In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomal evolution2
The low rates of chromosomal evolution within the species of the genus Talpa-T. altaica and T. europaea-and the high rates of karyotypic reshuffling within the Asian genera of the tribe were confirmed. (bvsalud.org)
As MCB probes can unambiguously determine pericentric and paracentric inversions and map the breakpoints, they were immediately recognized to be a useful tool for studying chromosomal evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetic3
Unfortunately, cytogenetic data are not yet available for all species. (bvsalud.org)
Through comparative analysis of available Euroscaptor (Euroscaptor parvidens, Euroscaptor klossi, and Euroscaptor malayana) and Oreoscaptor (Oreoscaptor mizura) karyotypes, we found cytogenetic signatures for each of the studied species. (bvsalud.org)
This created the necessity of generating MCB probes for the chromosomes of other species, potentially interesting from the cytogenetic point of view. (biomedcentral.com)
Putative1
As in EMA, comparative genome hybridization revealed putative macro XX/XY chromosomes in ESU (the 4th largest pair). (karger.com)
Genomic2
Comparison with the recently reported two-superdomain structure of the human inactive X shows that the genomic content of the superdomains differs between species, but part of the boundary region is conserved and located near the Dxz4 / DXZ4 locus. (biomedcentral.com)
MCB probes are established by chromosome microdissection followed by whole genomic DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
Insects2
Growing data from non-model organisms are changing our understanding of sex chromosome evolution by challenging theoretical paradigms derived mostly from comparative karyotypic research on organisms with well-differentiated sex chromosomes, such as insects, mammals, and birds [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
The SIT reduces a pest population by mass release of reproductively sterile male insects into a wildtype (WT) population of the same species. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes3
In mammals, one of the female X chromosomes and all imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from a single allele in somatic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In diploid cells, homologous chromosomes occupy separate territories, but expression from genes located on either the paternal or maternal homolog is usually similar. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, X-linked genes are subject to silencing by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) on one of the two homologs in female somatic cells [ 2 ], and a subset of autosomal genes are subject to imprinting and expressed from either the paternal or maternal allele [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Conventional1
Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
Karyotypes2
Here, we used sets of chromosome-specific probes from Tamias sibiricus (Sciuridae), Castor fiber (Castoridae) and humans to study karyotypes of six ground squirrels (genera Marmota and Spermophilus) and one tree squirrel (genus Sciurus), mountain hare (genus Lepus), and rabbit (genus Oryctolagus). (bvsalud.org)
We found that the karyotypes of Sciuridae and Leporidae are highly conserved and close to the Rodentia ancestral karyotype, while Castoridae chromosomes underwent many more changes. (bvsalud.org)
Cytogenetics3
The extreme karyotype diversification in Microtus has made them an ideal species group for comparative cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy. (bvsalud.org)
the number of Microtus species examined by molecular cytogenetics-cross-species chromosome painting-is limited. (bvsalud.org)
Generation of MCB probes for chromosomes of other species, useful and required in many cytogenetics research fields, was limited by technical difficulties. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative1
These data supplemented with GTG banding comparisons allowed us to build comparative chromosome maps. (bvsalud.org)
Evolution4
Chromosome evolution of Glires is known to have variable rates in different groups: from slowly evolving lagomorphs and squirrels to extremely rapidly evolving muroids. (bvsalud.org)
Sex chromosomes are fundamental in many species for the development of males or females, including vertebrates, and are known to play an important role in the evolution of sex ratios, sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sexual conflict in species with genotypic sex determination (GSD) [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
2012]. Current models of sex chromosome evolution propose that sex chromosomes originate from autosomes [Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 2000] and have done so multiple times independently in diverse lineages across the tree of life [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
2011]. Thus, the discovery of additional sex chromosome systems is critical if we are to decipher the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms and associated traits [The Tree of Sex Consortium et al. (karger.com)
Identify3
Zoo-FISH with sorted chromosomes of the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) on chromosome sets of the small-toothed mole (E. parvidens), the small Japanese mole (Mogera imaizumii) from the closely related genus, and the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) from the tribe Urotrichini made it possible to identify syntenic regions between these species. (bvsalud.org)
The workflow was successfully applied for murine chromosomes that are difficult to identify unambiguously. (biomedcentral.com)
The absolutely necessary condition for chromosome microdissection is the possibility to identify the target chromosome unambiguously. (biomedcentral.com)
Region4
Similarities were found between ESU and E. macquarii (EMA), such as identical chromosome number (2n = 50), a single and dimorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) localized in a microchromosome pair (ESU14) of both sexes (detected via FISH of 18S rDNA). (karger.com)
2011]. Sex chromosomes are defined by the presence of a sex-determining region containing a sex-determining factor, and strong selection favors the reduction of recombination in the heterogametic sex between the sex-determining region and nearby sexually antagonistic alleles that have differential fitness effects on males versus females [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
The inactive X chromosome (Xi) becomes highly condensed compared with the active X (Xa) and forms the Barr body, often visible as a dense region within the nucleus [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This was partly due to technical difficulties in generating region specific DNA libraries/probes to be incorporated into mcb probe mixes. (biomedcentral.com)
Previously1
Our data showed the absence of previously found squirrel associations HSA 1/8 and 2/17 in the Eurasian ground squirrels--sousliks and woodchucks, and disruptions of squirrel HSA 10/13 and HSA 8/4/8/12/22 syntenies in the four Spermophilus species studied here. (bvsalud.org)
Mouse1
By applying a novel Hi-C method to map allelic chromatin contacts, we discover a specific bipartite organization of the mouse inactive X chromosome that probably plays an important role in maintenance of gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
Specific2
Chromosomes occupy specific territories within the nucleus [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The heterochromatization of one of the X chromosomes in female somatic cells is initiated by the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Xist that coats the Xi in early embryogenesis and silences transcription by recruiting specific proteins that put in place repressive histone modifications such as tri-methylation of histone H3K27, ubiquitination of histone H2AK119, and de-acetylation [ 9 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Present1
Dr Borlaug attributed download Catholics Writing the Nation as a server with DuPont before questioning to Mexico painting as a efficiency and name catholicism to present have clear principal island individuals. (only4you-hitradio.de)