Critical virulence intracellular bacteria. Medical search. Frequent questions

Being obligate intracellular bacteria, rickettsias depend on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of living eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial cells). (wikipedia.org)
By contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium leprae do, and this trait makes them a challenge to culture and study in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
Chlamydia (klah-MID-e-a) are obligate intracellular bacteria that are propagated and maintained through a phylum defining bi-phasic developmental cycle. (ku.edu)

Host-directed antimicrobial drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy against intracellular bacterial pathogens. (harvard.edu)
This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. (pressbooks.pub)
Findings of Cambridge scientists, published today in the journal PLoS Pathogens , show a new mechanism used by bacteria to spread in the body with the potential to identify targets to prevent the dissemination of the infection process. (phys.org)
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process of intracellular degradation, recognized as an important defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens ( 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
Intracellular pathogens are also detected via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), a class of PRRs that reside in the cytosol ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
And she gained a new appreciation for the myriad other types of intracellular bacteria, a diverse group that includes many medically significant pathogens such as Salmonella , Listeria, and Chlamydia , as well as the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. (the-scientist.com)
Obligate intracellular pathogens will often have reduced genomes compared to the facultative variety, a genetic tendency that is reflective of their more limited lifestyle. (the-scientist.com)
Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine provides a comprehensive review of the biology of these pathogens, their virulence mechanisms, and the host's response to infection. (cshlpress.com)
Under zinc deficiency condition, organisms are more susceptible to toxin-producing bacteria or enteroviral pathogens that activate guanylate and adenylate cyclases, stimulating chloride secretion, causing diarrhea and diminishing absorption of nutrients, thus exacerbating an already compromised mineral status. (spandidos-publications.com)
Streptococcal pathogens continue to evade concerted efforts to decipher clear-cut virulence mechanisms, although numerous genes have been implicated in pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)

When genes encoding virulence factors are inactivated, virulence in the pathogen is diminished. (pressbooks.pub)
Listeria monocytogenes , the facultative intracellular pathogen that causes listeriosis, is a common contaminant in ready-to-eat foods such as lunch meats and dairy products. (pressbooks.pub)
It is established that the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila becomes significantly augmented for infection of macrophages after intracellular growth in amoebae when compared to like-strains cultivated in laboratory media. (elsevierpure.com)
Rather, it was produced by a tiny intracellular bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila , the pathogen behind a serious lung infection called Legionnaire's disease. (the-scientist.com)
Further characterization of these bacterial virulence factor in the context of pathogen-host interaction is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanism of E. coli meningitis (ECM), which is helpful to design novel strategies for therapeutic interventions. (microbialcell.com)
This facultative intracellular pathogen may be the causative agent from the zoonotic disease tularemia in a lot of animal types. (mycareerpeer.com)
In addition to pathogen virulence factors, complement C3 secreted by host cells also influences the ability of E. coli to invade cells and tissues within the urinary tract. (biomedcentral.com)

The majority of pathogenic Rickettsia bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics of the tetracycline group. (wikipedia.org)
The infamous gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae uses quorum sensing for virulence during a cholera infection. (asm.org)
Targeting intracellular pathogenic bacteria with unnatural proline-rich peptides: coupling antibacterial activity with macrophage penetration. (harvard.edu)
Both genes are conserved among numerous important human pathogenic bacteria that can persist or replicate in amoebae. (elsevierpure.com)
Most Gram-negative bacteria are considered to be harmful to their hosts, many of them (such as Brucella melitensis , Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli ) are pathogenic to both animals and humans. (biomedcentral.com)
Especially, bacterial secretion system, secretion system, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins and Vibrio cholerae pathogenic cycle, being related to bacterial virulence, were reduced. (springeropen.com)

B Lymphocytes provide an infection niche for intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus. (harvard.edu)
The presence of bacteria in Michael's blood is a sign of infection, since blood is normally sterile. (pressbooks.pub)
Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, causes potentially fatal endocarditis several years after intial infection suggesting the bacterium's ability to persist long-term in the host. (pcom.edu)
The team also presented a new role for the NADPH phagocyte oxidase (Phox) (a host mechanism which generates reactive oxygen species which can inhibit the growth and/or kill the bacteria) in the control of Salmonella infection. (phys.org)
Previous studies have shown that these GM sheep exhibited a higher inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria infection than wild type (WT) sheep. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, pro-inflammatory cytokines are induced to fight the Gram-negative bacteria infection. (biomedcentral.com)

Plant diseases have been associated with these Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs): Beet latent rosette RLO Citrus greening bacterium possibly this citrus greening disease Clover leaf RLO Grapevine infectious necrosis RLO Grapevine Pierce's RLO Grapevine yellows RLO Witch's broom disease on Larix spp. (wikipedia.org)
Rickettsial organisms are obligate intracellular parasites and invade vascular endothelial cells in target organs, damaging them and producing increased vascular permeability with consequent oedema, hypotension, and hypoalbuminaemia. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)
For example, in chronic skin wounds, Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence is activated by Gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus . (asmblog.org)
The three clusters of bacteria enclosed in rectangles include organisms designated as Ehrlichia , although. (cdc.gov)
however, the evolution of these organisms correlates well with the clonal divergence of many species that do not have opportunities for genetic recombination because of their intracellular isolation from other organisms. (cdc.gov)
With all current information, it is possible to speculate that the differences in amoebas could be associated with the presence or absence of flagella, developed with the expansion of these organisms to different substrates to seek favorable conditions promoting their survival, searching for nutrients from bacteria. (hindawi.com)

The ability to form biofilms within its host ensures the success of the bacteria's reproduction cycle and eventual secretion of cholera toxin, 1 of 2 virulence factors that contribute to 21,000 to 143,000 cholera deaths worldwide each year. (asm.org)
[13] The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body's immune system. (wikipedia.org)
A pathogen's virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch's postulates. (pressbooks.pub)
In this section, we examine various types and specific examples of virulence factors and how they contribute to each step of pathogenesis. (pressbooks.pub)
We sought to identify L.p. virulence factors that were required for replication in amoebae in order to highlight the genes necessary for production of the most infectious form of the bacterium. (elsevierpure.com)
C. jejuni does not possess classical virulence factors observed in bacterial enteropathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (assignster.com)
This finding has raised an intriguing question: Does C. jejuni sense, inject and secrete putative virulence factors into host cells? (assignster.com)
The aim of our present study was to screen P. aeruginosa strains isolated from ocular infections, for their potential to produce various phenotypic virulence factors and correlating them with biofilm formation and their antibiotic susceptibility profile. (springeropen.com)
In the past decades, microbiologists identified several virulence factors in E. coli K1 strain that were involved in bacterial meningitis. (microbialcell.com)
Moreover, these tea components also attenuated F. nucleatum -mediated hemolysis and hydrogen sulfide production, two other virulence factors expressed by this bacterium. (nature.com)
Bacterial virulence factors, especially fimbrial adhesins, have been conclusively shown to promote host cell invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
E. coli encode a variety of virulence factors that facilitate colonisation of the urinary tract, such as fimbrial adhesins (type 1, P, S, and Dr fimbriae) and toxins (α-hemolysin and cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 (CNF1)) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In brain tissue, primary microglia cells showed an enhanced response towards lysates from bacteria lacking capsules and pneumolysin as they moved rapidly to areas with an abundance of bacterial factors. (biomedcentral.com)
The number of bacilli in the inoculum and the relative virulence of the organism are the major factors determining transmission of the disease. (medscape.com)

When the intracellular concentration of autoinducers is low, autoinducer receptors act as kinases , transferring phosphate to LuxO (LuxO~P). LuxO~P promotes the expression of proteins used for building biofilms. (asm.org)
It is known that GSLs interact with both intracellular as well as exogenous proteins and are critical for membrane organisation, signalling, and recognition events. (springer.com)
Bacteria are able to compete effectively for iron bound to host proteins because of the secretion of high-affinity, low molecular weight iron chelators known as siderophores. (medscape.com)
This is necessary because most host iron is bound to intracellular and extracellular proteins. (medscape.com)
In order to deprive bacteria of iron, the host also secretes iron-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
Our previous studies show that Coxiella manipulates host LD metabolism via the Type 4 Secretion System (T4SS), a major virulence factor which secretes bacterial effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm to manipulate cellular processes. (pcom.edu)
Divalent cationic metals are important trace nutrients for all bacteria because metals serve as cofactors for proteins involved in numerous cellular functions. (ecu.edu)
Biofilm is a complex matrix consisting of extracellular polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins that protect bacteria from a variety of physical, chemical, and biological stresses allowing them to survive in hostile environments. (intechopen.com)
The biofilm matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA and constitutes a stubborn source that protects bacteria from a variety of physical, chemical, and biological stresses. (intechopen.com)
In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)

Heatmap and PCoA analysis confirmed this unique virulence profile associated with MDR-PA strains. (springeropen.com)

Compared with B. pseudomallei isolates having typical bimA alleles, isolates that contain the B. mallei -like variation demonstrate increased persistence in phagocytic cells and increased virulence with rapid systemic dissemination and replication within multiple tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, in an experimental model. (cdc.gov)
novicida to be essential for colonization of both protozoan and mammalian host cells, highlighting conserved survival mechanisms employed by bacteria that utilize protozoa as an environmental reservoir for replication. (elsevierpure.com)
A body of knowledge has been built using in vitro (test tube) cell culture experiments that indicates that replication of Salmonella enterica within host cells in vitro is somewhat dependent on the bacteria making a syringe-like structure, called a Type 3 Secretory System (T3SS). (phys.org)
Translating this cell culture work into whole animals, it has become accepted dogma that the SPI-2 T3SS is also required for bacterial intracellular replication in cells inside the body. (phys.org)
However, using fluorescence and confocal microscopy (which are imaging techniques), the Cambridge team has dispelled this dogma concerning the requirement for the SPI-2 T3SS for intracellular replication in the body. (phys.org)
After a transient passing through a phagosomal area, bacterias are released within 30C60 min in the web host cell cytosol where they go through many rounds of energetic replication (Celli and Zahrt, 2013). (mycareerpeer.com)

Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that may occur in the forms of cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), bacilli (1-4 μm long), or threads (up to about 10 μm long). (wikipedia.org)
Gram-negative bacteria produce acyl-homoserine lactone autoinducers that can passively diffuse through their thin cell wall. (asm.org)
Klebsiellae are nonmotile, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria[1] with a prominent polysaccharide capsule. (medscape.com)
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the elimination of Gram-negative bacteria infections and the initiation of antiinflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the importance of TLR4 for Gram-negative bacteria recognition and elimination, strengthening its efficacy in livestock seems necessary for the prevention of zoonotic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Changes in the inflammatory responses, Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signalling, oxidative stress response, etc. for the above GM sheep were studied, revealing that the sheep with TLR4 overexpression exhibited a more sensitive response to Gram-negative bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Ehrlichiae are small, gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria that reside within a phagosome. (cdc.gov)
Among the obligately intracellular gram-negative bacteria, a genetically related set is classified among the Protobacteria of the subgroup on the basis of sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene ( 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Here, we identified a pGpG-specific PDE, which we named PggH, using biochemical approaches in the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

Critically ill patients in the intensive-care unit are good examples of the diversity of sites at which bacteria and fungi can interact and cause disease. (asmblog.org)
Antimicrobial agents have been predominantly isolated from bacteria and fungi and either produced through fermentation or produced chemically [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
More than 500 species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are identified in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)

A cluster of virulence genes encoded on a pathogenicity island is responsible for the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes . (pressbooks.pub)
One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
Analyzing bacteria in late exponential phase, we capture ~40% ( E. faecalis ) and 43% ( E. faecium ) of the annotated protein-coding genes, determine 5′ and 3′ UTR (untranslated region) length, and detect instances of leaderless mRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
At least 20% from the genome participates somewhat to virulence (Meibom and Charbit, 2010b), including a significant proportion of genes linked to nutritional and metabolic features. (mycareerpeer.com)

Although antibiotics and vaccines control their prevalence to some extent, the emergence of new virulence mechanisms and new forms of resistance to antibacterial agents makes research in this field critical to understanding and controlling infectious diseases. (cshlpress.com)
Given the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, new, preferably inexpensive, alternatives to conventional antibiotics must be developed. (nature.com)
Background curves represent a qualitative measure of the overall interest, research, and use of phage therapy (yellow) and antibiotics (blue), showing how the introduction of antibiotics and the critical review of the early phage therapy studies coincided to bring phage therapy research and development to an almost complete standstill around the 1940s. (asm.org)

Brucella abortus depends on pyruvate phosphate dikinase and malic enzyme but not on Fbp and GlpX fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases for full virulence in laboratory models. (harvard.edu)

They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
We find that both OmcZ and serine protease are widespread in environmentally important bacteria and archaea, thus establishing a prevalence of nanowire biogenesis across diverse species and environments. (yale.edu)

Its massive layer protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes. (medscape.com)

Our aim was to characterize the virulence determinants of MDR P. aeruginosa causing ocular infections. (springeropen.com)

These bugs have a knack for pinpointing critical cell functions, she says, adding fondly that Legionella is continuing to help her explore how eukaryotic cells work. (the-scientist.com)
So-called facultative intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and Legionella pneumophila do not need to be inside a host cell to reproduce. (the-scientist.com)

they are maintained in ecosystems and play a fundamental role in the biological control of bacteria, other protozoa, and mushrooms. (hindawi.com)

The mechanisms bacteria use to colonize the gut therefore present valuable targets for clinical intervention. (yale.edu)

As V. cholerae reproduces, the extracellular concentration of autoinducers increases and eventually exceeds each bacterium's intracellular autoinducer concentration. (asm.org)

Despite an improved understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling regulates S. Typhimurium biofilms, the processes that affect the intracellular c-di-GMP levels and the formation of multicellular communities in vivo during infections remain unknown. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

Once intracellular concentration increases, autoinducers bind to their receptors, triggering signaling cascades that alter transcription factor activity and therefore, gene expression. (asm.org)

Biofilms were stained with SYTO 9 ( green , live bacteria), FUN-1 (intracellular red , live fungal cells), calcofluor white ( blue , fungal cell wall). (asmblog.org)
For example, S. aureus , which is a poor former of monoculture biofilms, and Candida albicans together form unusual, but effective, mixed biofilms , where the yeast creates a scaffold for the bacterium. (asmblog.org)

Finally, we propose that PggH could modulate the activities of PDE-As and the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP, resulting in phenotypic changes including in biofilm formation. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

The bacteria also produce multiple adhesins. (medscape.com)

Once ingested, these bacteria invade intestinal epithelial cells and translocate to the liver, where they grow inside hepatic cells. (pressbooks.pub)

The antibiotic resistance and intracellular survival capabilities of BCC members make them resistant to many therapeutics. (jcvi.org)
The development of antibiotic resistance in periodontopathogens is a major issue given that these bacteria may migrate from the oral cavity to other organs where they may cause infections or transfer their antibiotic resistances to other bacterial species. (nature.com)
The therapeutic use of bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, is well suited to be part of the multidimensional strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. (asm.org)

Based on phenotypic analyses (observable characteristics), it seems likely that the two populations of Burkholderia found are not becoming more virulent than those that might be encountered here on Earth, yet they do maintain a baseline of virulence. (jcvi.org)

This technology provides a critical tool for the spatiotemporal targeting of potent bacterial therapeutics in a variety of biological and clinical scenarios. (nature.com)

Bacterial IbeA interacts with endothelial Caspr1 to trigger intracellular focal adhesion kinase activation, leading to E. coli internalization into the brain endothelial cells. (microbialcell.com)

Felix d'Herelle first coined the term "bacteriophage" ( 4 ), literally meaning "bacterium eater," and began using phages to treat bacterial infections in human patients ( Fig. 1 ). (asm.org)

Here, we identify an EF-G paralog-EF-G2-that supports translocation without hydrolyzing GTP in the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. (yale.edu)

2012). The bacterium can replicate in the selection of cells, and specifically in macrophages. (mycareerpeer.com)
amino acidity transporters play a crucial part in intracellular multiplication We've previously shown which used the cysteine-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH) like a way to obtain cysteine, to reproduce in contaminated macrophages (Alkhuder et al. (mycareerpeer.com)

Intracellular autoinducer concentration in turn increases, autoinducers bind their receptors and change receptor activity from kinase to phosphatase. (asm.org)

Bacteria were grown in 5 ml of static Luria-Bertani (LB) broth at 37°C for 16 hours to induce fimbrial expression prior to use in experiments. (biomedcentral.com)

A light-induced pH change in a cell suspension of rhodopsin-possessing bacteria was detected in the absence of exogenous retinal. (go.jp)

Molecular methods were required to detect, characterize, and identify these fastidious and uncultivated bacteria. (cdc.gov)

Burkholderia mallei , the etiologic agent of glanders, is thought to have evolved from a single strain of B. pseudomallei , becoming highly specialized for intracellular persistence ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

These help the microorganism adhere to host cells, which is critical to the infectious process. (medscape.com)
Research from the Cambridge group has shown that the situation is more complex in that the bacteria must also escape from infected cells to spread to distant sites in the body, avoiding the local escalation of the immune response and thus playing a 'catch me if you can' game with the host immune system. (phys.org)
Despite growing to high numbers per cell, these mutants are much less able to grow overall in the body because far fewer cells become infected due to the greatly reduced ability of the bacteria to escape from the original infected cells. (phys.org)
Conversely, when an active Phox is present, a SPI-2 T3SS mutant grows inside cells to high intracellular densities but appears to be unable to escape from the cells and disseminate in the body. (phys.org)
The bacteria are transmitted between cells and hosts as small, metabolically inert, Elementary Bodies (EB). (ku.edu)
The α-haemolysin (HlyA) of Escherichia coli is the prototype RTX (repeat in toxin) toxin and is thought to be important in virulence because of its ability to lyse cells by formation of pores in the cell membrane. (microbiologyresearch.org)

While plasma membrane ion channels have been extensively studied, much less is known about the identity and physiology of intracellular channels because they are less accessible to direct electrophysiological characterization. (elifesciences.org)

Biofilm production comes to a simultaneous halt across all V. cholerae bacteria, and a new sequence of quorum sensing moves V. cholerae through its infectious process. (asm.org)

The bacteria overcome innate host immunity through several means. (medscape.com)
In a recent paper (Nat Commun 9:2296), we identify Caspr1 as a host receptor for E. coli virulence factor IbeA to pave the way the penetration of bacteria through the BBB. (microbialcell.com)
with playing critical roles in host health. (springeropen.com)
Our findings expose phase separation as vital for host-commensal bacteria interactions and relevant for novel clinical applications. (yale.edu)

The phyla of Proteobacteria , Fusobacteria , Cyanobacteria , Tenericutes , Firmicutes , Bacteroidetes , and Spirochaetae constituted over 96.44% of the total intestinal bacteria, with being the dominant taxa. (springeropen.com)

glutamate and asparagine towards the physiology from the bacterium will become evoked. (mycareerpeer.com)
We will review right here our recent results concerning two amino acidity acquisition systems and their importance in the physiology and intracellular existence cycle of disease that donate to energy the cytosolic area. (mycareerpeer.com)

Purpose: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of four oral antiseptics (two solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chloride) on facultative bacteria using two methods. (bvsalud.org)

Like humans, bacteria operate on a continuum of individualism and collectivism. (asm.org)

C. jejuni reside in the GI tract of chickens, where the bacteria can be spread through consumption of contaminated poultry products. (assignster.com)

To do so the bacteria adapt to their surrounding environment and resist the antimicrobial activity of the cell. (phys.org)

The organism is slow growing and tolerates the intracellular environment, where it may remain metabolically inert for years before reactivation and disease. (medscape.com)

Research on how intracellular bacteria take control of their hosts is not only informing scientists about how these microbes cause disease, but revealing secrets of mammalian biology, says Mukherjee, who now heads up a lab at the University of California (UC), San Francisco. (the-scientist.com)
Intracellular bacteria vary considerably in how dependent they are on their hosts. (the-scientist.com)

Free-living amoebas (FLAs) develop their lives in the environment and are characterized by the lack of a cell wall in the trophozoite stage, which allows them to extend their cytoplasm to mobilize, resulting in the formation of pseudopods, further enabling them to feed on smaller microorganisms, mainly bacteria or decaying particles. (hindawi.com)

A myriad of agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusions, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (medscape.com)

The immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, in particular, creates a favorable niche for systemically administered bacteria to engraft and release therapeutic payloads. (nature.com)
To address this limitation, we engineer therapeutic bacteria to be controlled by focused ultrasound, a form of energy that can be applied noninvasively to specific anatomical sites such as solid tumors. (nature.com)
Here we describe the development of FUS-activated therapeutic bacteria in which a brief thermal stimulus activates sustained release of anti-cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)

These bacteria are characterized not only by their ability to resist harsh conditions (extreme pH, ionizing radiation, osmotic, oxidative stress, dramatic temperature changes, etc.), they also have a "Janus face" behavior in that they can turn from a commensal into a causative agent of invasive infections. (frontiersin.org)

We now report that bacteria use phase separation to enhance fitness in the mammalian gut. (yale.edu)

E. coli with K1 capsule is the primary bacteria that cause neonatal bacterial meningitis. (microbialcell.com)

Moreover, the IDR is critical for gene regulation in the gut. (yale.edu)

Anatomy28

Organisms79

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

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Obligate intracellular bacteria3

Pathogens10

Pathogen7

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Infection6

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Factors14

Proteins10

Unique virulence1

Replication6

Gram-negative9

Fungi3

Genes4

Antibiotics3

Brucella1

Archaea2

Phagocytosis1

Determinants1

Legionella2

Protozoa1

Mechanisms1

Extracellular1

Regulates1

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Biofilms2

Biofilm formation1

Adhesins1

Epithelial cells1

Antibiotic resistance3

Phenotypic1

Targeting1

Endothelial1

Bacterial infections1

Bacteroides1

Macrophages2

Increases1

Fimbrial1

Exogenous1

Characterize1

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Cells6

Characterization1

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Physiology2

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Humans1

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Gene regulation1