Covalently bound to lipids. Medical search. Frequent questions

From this procedure tailored ligands evolve for proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which are able to interfere with biological processes by entirely new mechanisms of action. (uni-due.de)
As such as proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, and isoporous ultrafiltration membrane they can apparently combination of that. (2medicalcare.com)

CD1b molecules (as well as other CD1 and classical MHC I molecules) are formed by membrane-bound glycoprotein composed of three extracellular domains (α1,α2,α3). (wikipedia.org)
The binding groove is made up of four broadly interconnected pockets that are occupied by the alkyl chains of glycolipid and two detergent molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Compared to other CD1 molecules this unique arrangement of CD1b provides the possibility of binding a wide spectrum of antigens with various lengths of alkyl chain. (wikipedia.org)
ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters catalyze the transport of a wide variety of molecules across lipid bilayers into or out of cells and organelles. (rug.nl)
These are subsequently covalently linked to yield hybrid molecules, whose affinities and specificities for a given target are studied and continuously improved. (uni-due.de)
This is also the case for those fitting molecules in toppar_all27_lipid_model.str and top_all22_model.inp respectively. (charmm.org)
The nonbond interactions are supposed to be consistent between CHARMM force fields in the sense that you can use different CHARMM force fields (protein, lipid) for different molecules in the same system, as long as they're not covalently bound (typical example: a transmembrane protein in a lipid bilayer). (charmm.org)
[1] It contains a wide variety of biological molecules , primarily proteins and lipids , which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes, and also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the cell wall . (wikidoc.org)
Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bilayer . (wikidoc.org)
However, recent improvements in experimental design ( e.g. , use of cryo-electron microscopy and inclusion of detergents, lipid molecules, vesicles, and nanodiscs) provide a wealth of new possibilities for membrane protein structure determination. (rcsb.org)
They can be covalently bound to lipid molecules or interact with the membrane via amphipathic alpha helices, hydrophobic loops, or electrostatic interactions. (rcsb.org)

The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane , plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") is a semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells . (wikidoc.org)
The cell membrane consists of a thin layer of amphipathic lipids which spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. (wikidoc.org)
This forms a continuous, spherical lipid bilayer containing the cellular components approximately 7 nm thick, barely discernible with a transmission electron microscope . (wikidoc.org)
The arrangement of hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads of the lipid bilayer prevents hydrophilic solutes from passively diffusing across the band of hydrophobic tail groups, allowing the cell to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores and gates. (wikidoc.org)
Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to a lipid bilayer, either embedded in or anchored to the membrane. (rcsb.org)
Monotopic membrane proteins are attached to a single side of the lipid bilayer. (rcsb.org)
PDB structures of these proteins often do not include a lipid bilayer, so the membrane-binding regions have to be manually and/or programmatically annotated by experts. (rcsb.org)
A custom transfer energy function is used to determine the position of the lipid bilayer. (rcsb.org)
A) lipids can move and diffuse laterally through the bilayer. (flashcardmachine.com)
C) some lipids can rotate within the bilayer. (flashcardmachine.com)

These extracellular domains are non-covalently associated with β2 microglobulin (which has the function of stabilising protein). (wikipedia.org)
One of the ABC transporters that is studied in detail is the osmoregulatory ABC transporter OpuA (class D). Osmotic control of OpuA involves gating by intracellular ionic strength and is mediated by lipid-protein interactions. (rug.nl)
3 The tandem CBS domain 4 , which is linked to the nucleotide binding protein, plays a pivotal role in the regulation. (rug.nl)
For instance, CT3 for protein and CTL3 for lipid. (charmm.org)
The CTL3 is being used in lipid section, while the CT3 is used in the protein section of par_all27_prot_lipid.prm. (charmm.org)
My question is that is it okay to substitute CT3, HA etc in protein parameters for CTL3, HAL3 etc in lipid parameters? (charmm.org)
I would tend to use the protein force field for anything that's covalently bound to proteins (and reasonably supported by the protein FF). (charmm.org)
The model compounds in the protein force field were parameterized with the goal of representing proteins, while the model compounds in the lipid force field were parameterized mostly with the goal of representing 'free' alkanes/esters. (charmm.org)
env codes for the protein that sticks out of the lipid membrane. (scienceblogs.com)
The class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) beta (PI3Kβ) is functionally unique in the ability to integrate signals derived from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and Rho-family GTPases. (elifesciences.org)
LPXTG protein) or (ii) non-covalently (e.g., protein using a LysM theme or cell wall-binding domains). (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Included in these are a 27?kDa protein as well as the glycoprotein AgC that are in charge of binding towards the salivary-glycoprotein EP-GP (Schenkels et al. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
For example, learning which parts of the protein face the cytosol and which parts are extracellular can help us recognize the ligand-binding and signaling domains of a membrane receptor. (rcsb.org)
This automatic annotation pipeline identifies integral alpha-helical domains as well as beta barrels based on sequence features and then determines protein-lipid interactions using molecular dynamics simulations. (rcsb.org)
More than half of human malignant tumors harbor TP53 gene mutations, most of which are point mutations within the DNA-binding domain of TP53, resulting in mutant p53 (mutp53) protein stabilization and accumulation in the cell and enhanced tumor progression. (researchsquare.com)
Autophagy receptors are endowed with the ability to both recognize the ubiquitination signals of cargoes by binding the ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) and interact with the ATG8/LC3/GABARAP protein on the autophagosome membrane, relying on their LC3-binding region (LIR), which is followed by the delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to the incipient autophagosome for engulfment and ultimately lysosomal degradation 20-22 . (researchsquare.com)
This plasmid can be extracted and bound specifically to a molecular target (i.e. protein, polysaccharide, lipid, or nucleic acid) immobilized covalently or non-covalently on a paramagnetic metallic nanoparticle. (conceptualmindworks.com)
A protein bound on the interior of a cell membrane that generates a second messenger. (flashcardmachine.com)
TCDD for every step of the mechanism described for 2,3,7,8-TCDD carcinogenesis in humans including receptor binding, gene expression, protein activity changes, cellular replication, oxidative stress, promotion in initiation-promotion studies and complete carcinogenesis in laboratory animals. (who.int)
The basis of hapten- molecular mechanisms of the sensitization pro- protein binding work is the hypothesis that upon cess will result in novel opportunities for the skin absorption, only protein-reactive chemicals development of alternative methods for assessing (or those that can be metabolically or chemically skin sensitization hazard and relative potency of converted to protein-reactive species) are able to chemicals. (cdc.gov)
The high mobility of hydration water ensures that all thermally activated processes at the protein-water interface, such as binding, recognition and catalysis, can proceed at high rates. (lu.se)

How does crowding affect mobility of proteins and lipids? (rug.nl)
2016). Keratinocytes produce specialized proteins and lipids which are used to construct the cornified envelope (CE), a heavily crosslinked submembranous layer that confers rigidity to the upper epidermis, allows keratin filaments to attach to any location in the cell membrane (Kirfel et al. (uni-freiburg.de)

The outer membrane lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli cell envelope has characteristic lipid modifications at an amino-terminal cysteine and can exist in a form bound covalently to the peptidoglycan through a carboxyl-terminal lysine. (rcsb.org)
Lipid A is a glycophospholipidic structure that anchors the LPS molecule to the cellular membrane. (scirp.org)
It is responsible for binding to new host cells and mediating fusion between the viral membrane, and the target cell membrane. (scienceblogs.com)
Previous experiments have not been able to elucidate whether interactions with membrane-tethered proteins primarily control PI3Kβ localization versus directly modulate lipid kinase activity. (elifesciences.org)
Using single molecule Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy, we determined the mechanism controlling membrane localization of PI3Kβ, prioritization of signaling inputs, and lipid kinase activation. (elifesciences.org)
To decipher how amplification of PI(3,4,5)P 3 arises from the relay of signals between cell surface receptors, lipids, and peripheral membrane proteins, we must understand how membrane localization and activity of PI3Ks is regulated by different signaling inputs. (elifesciences.org)
When CCl 4 gets into the liver, it acts as a xenobiotic and converted into free radicals CCl 3 and CCl 3 O 2 by the P-450 monooxygenase-dependent microsome system and causes liver damage through membrane lipid peroxidation [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
They could also be tethered towards the cell membrane through N-terminal adjustments with lipid (lipoproteins). (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Keratin filaments bundle into tonofilaments that span the cytoplasm and bind to desmosomes and other cell membrane structures (Waschke 2008). (uni-freiburg.de)

Mammalian stratum corneum contains multiple intercellular lipid bilayers that constitute the epidermal water barrier. (keyopinionleaders.com)
Unlike all other biologic membranes, the epidermal lamellae do not contain phospholipids, as a result of which the ability of the stratum corneum lipid mixture to form bilayers has been questioned. (keyopinionleaders.com)
To address this gap in our understanding of PI3Kβ regulation, we established an assay to directly visualize and decipher how three binding interactions regulate PI3Kβ when presented to the kinase in a biologically relevant configuration on supported lipid bilayers. (elifesciences.org)

The reply is unsure, however it may have something to do with variations in lipid metabolism between individuals. (ehd.org)
Hepatic injury and lipid metabolism indicators of NASH rats were significantly improved after SQP treatment. (hindawi.com)

The outermost 10-20 µm of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), consists of flat, dead cells embedded in a matrix of intercellular lipids. (silverchair.com)

For free alkanes and esters, however, it's probably better to use the lipid force field. (charmm.org)
In each of the subjects, 30 boys and 22 girls, the composition of forehead skin lipid was determined 4 times yearly by thin-layer chromatography, with measurement of triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. (keyopinionleaders.com)
Aliphatic alcohols occur naturally in free form (component of the cuticular lipids) but more usually in esterified (wax esters) or etherified form (glyceryl ethers). (gerli.com)

Probing lipid mobility of raft-exhibiting model membranes by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. (rug.nl)
Although pY peptides strongly localize PI3Kβ to membranes, they only modestly stimulate lipid kinase activity. (elifesciences.org)
Critical for cellular organization, phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids regulate the localization and activity of numerous proteins across intracellular membranes in eukaryotic cells ( Di Paolo and De Camilli 2006 ). (elifesciences.org)
Structural basis of Focal Adhesion Kinase activation on lipid membranes. (unibas.ch)

Whereas the microbial lipids tend to have longer alkyl chains than self endogenous lipids it seems that CD1b is specifically adapted to present microbial lipids (rather than endogenous) to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
In the absence of longer microbial lipids, CD1b presents both an endogenous lipid and a scaffold/spacer lipid(s). (wikipedia.org)
This study demonstrated the potential antimicrobial properties of MDA and provided theoretical support for the scientific prevention and control of lipid oxidation and microbial contamination in food. (frontiersin.org)

In most Gram-positive bacteria the Thus, learning how to create complex and large supra- S-layer is attached to a rigid wall matrix involving lectin molecular structures and the elucidation of rules mediating binding between a glycan (referred to as secondary cell wall their organization into functional materials will offer a broad polymer, SCWP) covalently-attached to the peptidoglycan spectrum of new technologies. (2medicalcare.com)

We then compared these molecular interactions at each depth with lipid composition at the same depth. (silverchair.com)
If a random collection of DCEs are present as plasmid inserts, the one that binds best to the molecular target on the nanoparticle will be preferentially collected. (conceptualmindworks.com)
Only the nanoparticles that successfully bound the plasmid specifically through the DCE-molecular target link and transferred an expressible plasmid to the recipient parental host will grow on the ampicillin medium. (conceptualmindworks.com)

Hydrogen bonds can occur when hydrogen is covalently bonded to atoms like nitrogen and oxygen. (flashcardmachine.com)

This organization forms a narrow hydrophobic binding groove that accommodates lipid-based antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Alkyl components of antigens are attached in the hydrophobic groove and a hydrophilic part stands out from the CD1b molecule and thus provides to the TCR a place to bind. (wikipedia.org)

D. & E. Uptake systems with two or four covalently linked substrate-binding domains (SBDs). (rug.nl)
nucleotide binding domains in red. (rug.nl)

Skin surface lipid samples were collected from the scalps of 40 males, aged 9-15, and the lipid class composition of each was analyzed by quantitative thin layer chromatography. (keyopinionleaders.com)
The oocyst is considered a remarkably hard and persistent structure due to its composition of proteins, carbohydrate and lipids, which varies among species. (biomedcentral.com)

Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. (cichlidresearch.com)
Surface (S)-layer proteins and S-layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences, self-assemble into monomolecular lattices on solid supports and on various lipid structures. (2medicalcare.com)

We used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to measure lipid-lipid and lipid-water interactions as a function of depth in the SC of house sparrows ( Passer domesticus Linnaeus) in the winter and summer. (silverchair.com)
To make proteins, such as binding, recognition and catalysis, often progress, it is therefore helpful to adopt a sceptical atti- involve specific interactions with individual water mol- tude. (lu.se)

These lipids regulate cutaneous water loss (CWL), which accounts for over half of total water loss in birds. (silverchair.com)
However, the mechanisms by which lipids are able to regulate CWL and how these mechanisms change with depth in the SC are poorly understood. (silverchair.com)

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the most representative reactive carbonyl species (RCSs) produced by lipid oxidation in food. (frontiersin.org)

and cold plasma, pulsed microwave devices or UVA or visible light irradiatiors for neutralization) or employ the simplest physical and chemical means (color or color intensity change, visible to the eye, when bound to a target agent or activation of bound reporter with hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate for killing with heat or sunlight). (conceptualmindworks.com)

However, when these proteins are separated from lipids they often tend to aggregate and/or precipitate. (rcsb.org)

FAD is probably a tightly but non-covalently bound prosthetic group, and the enzyme is activated by lipids. (rhea-db.org)
Entering the nose, mouth or eyes, the virus spreads to the back of the nasal passages, where it binds to and enters via the dimerized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [ 7 ] on the surface of airway epithelial cells [ 8 ]. (aging-us.com)

The binding can occur prior to or after plasmid extraction because such nanoparticles can penetrate living microbes or cells. (conceptualmindworks.com)

For example, sodium ions can bind to oppositely charged biopolymers. (cichlidresearch.com)

The NRs specifically bind mutp53 in tumor cells via mutp53-binding peptide (MBP). (researchsquare.com)

As a result, it will be present predominantly in the bound form in sediment and suspended solids in water, and its leaching from most soils will not be important. (cdc.gov)

The SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to ACE2 enzymes on airway epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract where they are endocytosed and replicated (top left), alerting the immune system. (aging-us.com)

2006). They are held on the cell surface area either (we) covalently by sortases (e.g. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
In addition, the level of cell autophagy is greatly increased due to the incorporated of cationic lipid. (researchsquare.com)

Aptamers are currently made by the SELEX method that requires immobilizing a purified target on a chromatographic column or a filter, passing a library of random single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences through the column under binding conditions, separating the bound from the unbound fraction, eluting the bound sequences from the column, and amplifying the sequences by PCR or reverse transcription PCR. (conceptualmindworks.com)
He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)

Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, Micellar, or hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of drug-lipid complex. (farmavita.net)
The magnetic property of the nanoparticles, which bind non-covalently to the DALM/plasmid/DCE, can be used to concentrate the complex bound to the target for detection, identification, or further analysis. (conceptualmindworks.com)
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are surface glycolipids that are tightly associated with the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria and consist of a complex glycan structure covalently bound to a lipid anchor (lipid A). A conserved core oligosaccharide is linked to lipid A via 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid, and in the case of this core has been shown to consist of mannose, allosamine, glycerol, and phosphoethanolamine (7). (oscars2019info.com)
are the simplest lipids but they may be a part of or a source of many complex lipids. (flashcardmachine.com)

This specialised group of glycoproteins present self and non-self lipid-based antigens to specific αβ T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
The binding of bacterias to individual cells involves particular adhesins that are generally surface area proteins (Desvaux et al. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

Here we restate the difficulties inherent to applying DFS to polymer-linked adhesion and present an approach to gain quantitative insight into polymer-mineral binding. (nature.com)

Heide van der T., and Poolman, B. (2002) ABC transporters: one, two or four extracytoplasmic substrate-binding sites? (rug.nl)

This study demonstrated the potential antibacterial properties of MDA and further enriches theoretical studies on the effects of lipid oxidation on microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)

Not only are cases known in which neurologic features of classic adult and childhood acanthocytosis syndromes overlap, but adult forms have been well described in which lipid profiles more closely resemble those of Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, as have adult forms that begin in childhood. (medscape.com)

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