AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
VasodilationCoronary VesselsCoronary CirculationCoronary AngiographyAdenosineCoronary Artery DiseaseVeratrineDogsVasodilator AgentsHyperemiaNitroglycerinAngioplasty, Balloon, CoronaryNitric OxideCerium IsotopesPurinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsCoronary DiseaseCoronary StenosisVascular ResistanceHemodynamicsAcetylcholineCoronary Artery BypassSpectrometry, GammaScandiumTheophyllineOxygen ConsumptionVasomotor SystemEndothelium, VascularPapaverineGlyburideNitroarginineMyocardiumRegional Blood FlowNitroprussideBradykininPhenethylaminesomega-N-MethylarginineBlood Flow VelocityReceptors, Purinergic P1Coronary VasospasmPotassium Channel BlockersHeartBlood PressureReceptor, Adenosine A2AHeart RateDipyridamolePerfusionVasoconstrictionNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterMicrocirculationPhysical ExertionReflexCoronary AneurysmIsosorbide DinitrateMyocardial IschemiaSwineCoronary ThrombosisEnzyme InhibitorsIndomethacinPhysical Conditioning, AnimalNitric Oxide SynthaseMyocardial InfarctionForearmTime FactorsPropranololDose-Response Relationship, DrugArteriolesPotassium ChannelsCoronary RestenosisIsofluraneCardiac Pacing, ArtificialVagus NerveArginineCoronary OcclusionPercutaneous Coronary InterventionMagnetic Resonance AngiographyMyocardial ContractionRisk FactorsCoronary Care UnitsBrachial ArteryAtropineAdenosine TriphosphateOxygenTreatment OutcomeElectrocardiographyProspective StudiesStentsGuinea PigsFollow-Up StudiesUltrasonography, InterventionalCalcinosisPredictive Value of TestsCoronary Artery Bypass, Off-PumpVasoconstrictor AgentsAngina, UnstableMyocardial RevascularizationCardiac CatheterizationArteriesMuscle, Smooth, VascularCollateral CirculationNitric Oxide Synthase Type III
Left AnteriArteriesIncreased coronary blood flowEndothelialAdenosineDilationArtery stenosisPerfusion pressureAngiographyPercutaneous transluminaIncrease in coronary blood flowHuman coronaryPeripheralArteriolesMicrovascularBypassGraftMyocardial oxygen demandVentricularIschemiaRisk of coronaryPatientsExtravascular compressive forcesVasoconstrictionResistanceDiseaseCirculationEndotheliumVasodilatorsAcuteVasculatureArterialCardiac outputTissueDipyridamoleProximalDistalCyclicImpairmentsMethodsDecreaseOxygenRatsPhysiologyContributesSMCs
Left Anteri2
  • Tector, A.J., Schmahl, T.M. and Canino, V.R. (1983) The Internal Mammary Artery Graft: The Best Choice for Bypass of the Diseased Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery. (scirp.org)
  • Kong, B., Kopelman, H., Segal, B.L. and Iskandrian, A.S. (1988) Angiographic Demonstration of Spasm in a Left Internal Mammary Artery Used as a Bypass to the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery. (scirp.org)
Arteries32
  • OBJECTIVE To determine how magnesium affects human coronary arteries and whether endothelium derived nitric oxide (EDNO) is involved in the coronary arterial response to magnesium. (bmj.com)
  • DESIGN Quantitative coronary angiography and Doppler flow velocity measurements were used to determine the effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N G -monomethyl- L -arginine (L-NMMA) on magnesium induced dilation of the epicardial and resistance coronary arteries. (bmj.com)
  • PATIENTS 17 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. (bmj.com)
  • MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Diameter of the proximal and distal segments of the epicardial coronary arteries and coronary blood flow. (bmj.com)
  • RESULTS At a dose of 0.02 mmol/min, MgSO 4 did not affect the coronary arteries. (bmj.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS Magnesium dilates both the epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in humans. (bmj.com)
  • All patients had angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries, normal left ventricular function (contrast ventriculographic ejection fraction ⩾ 50%) and a normal coronary flow reserve. (bmj.com)
  • Signaling and structures underpinning conducted vasodilation in human and porcine intramyocardial coronary arteries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background: Adequate blood flow into coronary micro-arteries is essential for myocardial function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Methods: Human and porcine atrial and ventricular small intramyocardial coronary arteries (IMCAs) were studied with pressure myography and imaged using confocal microscopy and serial section/3-D reconstruction EM. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mills, N.L. and Ochsner, J.L. (1975) Preparations of Internal Mammary Arteries for Coronary Bypass with Intraluminal Papaverine. (scirp.org)
  • Exercise or dipyridamole induces widening (vasodilation) of normal coronary arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • This produces coronary steal from areas of ischemia where arteries are already maximally dilated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overview of Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) involves impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries, most commonly by atheromas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Whether in coronary or peripheral arteries, response to pharmacological agents and/or to hemodynamic provocation tests is assessed as a measure of endothelial function (2). (escardio.org)
  • Atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction are diffuse disease processes affecting coronary and peripheral arteries, hence, the physiological basis in assessing endothelium-dependent vasomotion in peripheral vessels. (escardio.org)
  • The coronary arteries are the vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. (wikidoc.org)
  • Epicardial coronary arteries are the coronary arteries that run on the surface of the heart. (wikidoc.org)
  • These arteries, when healthy, are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the heart muscle . (wikidoc.org)
  • Subendocardial coronary arteries run deep within the myocardium. (wikidoc.org)
  • The coronary arteries are classified as end circulation, since they represent the only source of blood supply to the myocardium: there is very little redundant blood supply, which is why blockage of these vessels can be so critical. (wikidoc.org)
  • he coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself. (wikidoc.org)
  • There are two primary arteries supplying the heart, the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery . (wikidoc.org)
  • These two epicardial coronary arteries course along the surface of the heart and this is why they are called "epicardial" (on top of the heart) arteries. (wikidoc.org)
  • Smaller arteries dive deep into the heart muscle and are called subendocardial coronary arteries. (wikidoc.org)
  • Click here for details about coronary arteries. (wikidoc.org)
  • Shown below is an image depicting the coronary arteries and cardiac veins. (wikidoc.org)
  • This contributes to the filling difficulties of the coronary arteries. (wikidoc.org)
  • Volatile anesthetics attenuate agonist-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary arteries. (silverchair.com)
  • Volatile anesthetics attenuate agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDD) of both conductance [3,4] and resistance arteries [5,6] in vitro and of pulmonary vessels in vivo. (silverchair.com)
  • We studied changes in pressure gradient across isolated coronary resistance arteries while keeping the intravascular pressure constant to remove any myogenic effects. (silverchair.com)
  • What percentage of cardiac output flows through coronary arteries? (onteenstoday.com)
Increased coronary blood flow1
Endothelial7
  • Objective: The increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) in response to endothelium-dependent vasodilators is reduced in congestive heart failure (CHF) suggesting endothelial dysfunction. (umn.edu)
  • In patients with endothelial dysfunction, this process is disturbed and results in decreased vasodilation, thus demonstrating the dysfunction. (escardio.org)
  • Numerous methods for evaluating the peripheral arterial system have emerged as alternatives to coronary endothelial function testing. (escardio.org)
  • A lack of vasodilation would suggest decreased release of endogenous vasodilators and therefore, endothelial dysfunction, thus indicating future cardiovascular risk: increased risk for future cardiovascular events and a potential need for revascularisation (5). (escardio.org)
  • In human subjects, studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction, recognized as impairments in flow-mediated dilation or endothelial-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine, is predictive of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, etc. (bu.edu)
  • [1] When flow increases in a coronary vessel, the resulting increase in shear stress on the endothelium leads to the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s). [2] Although metabolic control may be primarily responsible for the close matching of coronary blood flow to tissue needs, myogenic and endothelial regulatory mechanisms play synergistic roles via transduction of intravascular pressure and flow, respectively. (silverchair.com)
  • Regulation of coronary blood flow is understood to be dictated through multiple mechanisms including extravascular compressive forces (tissue pressure), coronary perfusion pressure, myogenic, local metabolic, endothelial as well as neural and hormonal influences. (onteenstoday.com)
Adenosine8
  • Hyperpolarization and conducted vasodilation was also observed to adenosine which, in contrast to bradykinin, was sensitive to combined block of ATP-sensitive (KATP) and inwardly rectifying (KIR) K+ channels. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In five of the dogs with CHF the zero-flow pressure (P zf ), which reflects extravascular compressive forces in the maximally vasodilated coronary circulation (adenosine) was measured and found to strongly correlate with LVEDP (r=0.91). (umn.edu)
  • H2 receptors stimulate ventricular and atrial inotropy, arterial chronotropy, coronary vasodilation, and rises in basophil cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (nih.gov)
  • Although non-invasive interventions may not affect existing large vessel structural defects such as stenosis, it is thought that adenosine stress and dialysate cooling therapy may improve myocardial BF by vasodilation of the smaller blood vessels. (frontiersin.org)
  • Background Adenosine is frequently used during coronary angiography to induce hyperaemia and allow operators to perform quantitative measurements of lesion severity. (rcpe.ac.uk)
  • Adenosine causes nonselective activation of four different receptors, including A2A-mediated vasodilation of the coronary microcirculation and 'off target' A2B receptor-mediated mast cell degranulation and bronchial constriction. (rcpe.ac.uk)
  • A recent near life-threatening respiratory arrest during intravenous adenosine administration for FFR at our centre prompted a systematic review of over 100,000 invasive coronary angiograms performed over almost two decades. (rcpe.ac.uk)
  • Regadenoson, an A(2A) adenosine receptor agonist, produces coronary vasodilation and increases coronary blood flow. (affygility.com)
Dilation1
  • One potential mechanism responsible for magnesium induced coronary dilation involves activation of the endothelium derived nitric oxide (EDNO) pathway. (bmj.com)
Artery stenosis4
  • Although cardiac events were significantly related to either the performance of late myocardial revascularization or the presence of a residual coronary artery stenosis at discharge, no scintigraphic variable was found to be predictive of myocardial infarction or death. (karger.com)
  • Relationship between regional myocardial blood flow and thallium-201 distribution in the presence of coronary artery stenosis and dipyridamole-induced vasodilation. (jci.org)
  • This study assesses the relationship between the distribution of thallium-201 and myocardial blood flow during coronary vasodilation induced by intravenous dipyridamole in canine models of partial and complete coronary artery stenosis. (jci.org)
  • Cardiologists cannot solely rely on the angiographic appearance of epicardial coronary artery stenosis when evaluating patients with myocardial ischaemia. (rcpe.ac.uk)
Perfusion pressure2
Angiography2
Percutaneous translumina2
  • Prospectively, 71 patients who presented with myocardial infarction and were treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (and frequently percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) were enrolled in the study. (karger.com)
  • Other Interventions: Non-pharmacological approaches involve mechanical revascularization, typically either percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (angioplasty) or cornary artery bypass grafting. (pharmacology2000.com)
Increase in coronary blood flow2
  • Coronary vascular resistance Consequently, the exercise-induced four- to sixfold increase in coronary blood flow is mediated principally by a decrease in coronary vascular resistance. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Because of the high level of oxygen extraction by the myocardium during resting conditions, increases in oxygen demand produced by exercise (increasing up to 6-fold during maximal exercise) are mediated principally by an increase in coronary blood flow. (onteenstoday.com)
Human coronary4
  • 9-11 However, only a few studies have investigated human coronary responses to magnesium infusion in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • 14-17 However, it is unclear whether EDNO is involved in the human coronary responses to magnesium. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions: These data extend our understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate human coronary microvascular blood flow and the mechanistic overlap with porcine IMCAs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A biophysical model of human coronary vasculature was used to explain the imaging observations, and highlight causes of coronary BF heterogeneity. (frontiersin.org)
Peripheral2
Arterioles5
  • We have shown that nanoparticle inhalation impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in coronary arterioles. (cdc.gov)
  • Coronary arterioles were isolated from the left anterior descending artery distribution, and responses to acetylcholine, arachidonic acid, and U46619 were assessed. (cdc.gov)
  • Coronary arterioles from rats exposed to nano-TiO2 exhibited an attenuated vasodilator response to ACh, and this coincided with a 45% increase in DHE fluorescence. (cdc.gov)
  • Arachidonic acid induced vasoconstriction in coronary arterioles from rats exposed to nano-TiO2, but dilated arterioles from sham-control rats. (cdc.gov)
  • These results suggest that nanoparticle exposure significantly impairs endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity in coronary arterioles, and this may be due in large part to increases in microvascular ROS. (cdc.gov)
Microvascular3
  • Nanoparticle inhalation impairs coronary microvascular reactivity via a local reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. (cdc.gov)
  • Such disturbances in coronary microvascular function may contribute to the cardiac events associated with exposure to particles in this size range. (cdc.gov)
  • Insulin-induced vasodilation regulates muscle perfusion and increases the microvascular surface area (microvascular recruitment) available for solute exchange between blood and tissue interstitium. (jove.com)
Bypass5
Graft1
  • The use of GTN in these patients is based on theoretical assumptions of coronary vasodilation pre operatively along with maintaining graft potency postoperatively. (druglib.com)
Myocardial oxygen demand2
  • Organic nitrates act primarily by vasodilation (especially venodilation) which reduces myocardial preload and therefore myocardial oxygen demand. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • During exercise, coronary blood flow increases to match the augmented myocardial oxygen demand because of tachycardia. (onteenstoday.com)
Ventricular2
  • Revascularization for Acute Coronary Syndromes Revascularization is the restoration of blood supply to ischemic myocardium in an effort to limit ongoing damage, reduce ventricular irritability, and improve short-term and long-term outcomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During contraction of the ventricular myocardium ( systole ), the subendocardial coronary vessels (the vessels that enter the myocardium) are compressed due to the high intraventricular pressures. (wikidoc.org)
Ischemia3
  • Patients with known coronary artery disease undergoing surgery should be monitored for evidence of myocardial ischemia and provided therapy to prevent and treat ischemia in the perioperative period. (medscape.com)
  • However, in certain patients, a paradoxical vasoconstriction event ensues (4) such that this technique actually carries a risk of coronary ischemia. (escardio.org)
  • It is therefore somewhat resistant to coronary ischemia (insufficiency of oxygen-rich blood). (wikidoc.org)
Risk of coronary2
Patients8
  • 4-7 In the setting of coronary artery disease, several studies have shown the efficacy of magnesium infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, 4 vasospastic angina, 5 and unstable angina. (bmj.com)
  • The treatment goals for patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis are to relieve symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) and to prevent future cardiac events, such as unstable angina, AMI, and death. (medscape.com)
  • Large, multicenter randomized trials of various pharmacologic modalities have recently achieved great success in the treatment of patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • Maybe the HDL change was not good enough, or HDL in patients with coronary disease wasn't improved," Dr. Lüscher said, adding that only diseased patients were included in the trial. (tctmd.com)
  • How are patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) currently managed? (thrombosisadviser.com)
  • To emphasize this, the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines introduced the term "chronic coronary syndromes" (CCS) to replace the older term "stable CAD", which gave the impression that patients were at low risk of ischaemic events. (thrombosisadviser.com)
  • Furthermore, the 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases recommend considering dual pathway inhibition for diabetes patients with concomitant symptomatic PAD, and the 2019 ESC guidelines on chronic coronary syndromes suggest considering a second antithrombotic agent (such as the COMPASS regimen) in patients at high ischaemic risk, such as those with concomitant PAD. (thrombosisadviser.com)
  • 9 The 2016 AHA/ACC guidelines, 2017 ESC guidelines and 2019 ESVM guidelines recommend a supervised and structured exercise programme together with medical therapies aimed at reducing limb symptoms by suppressing platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation to manage the limb symptoms in patients with PAD. (thrombosisadviser.com)
Extravascular compressive forces1
  • Conclusion: These findings suggest that endothelium mediated vasodilation is preserved in CHF, but that increased extravascular compressive forces act to limit the increase in CBF. (umn.edu)
Vasoconstriction1
  • H1 receptors mediate coronary artery vasoconstriction, wheezing, cutaneous vascular permeability, and possibly an increase in pulse rate. (nih.gov)
Resistance2
  • Coronary vascular resistance (CVR) at each concentration of vasodilator before and after the development of CHF was corrected for estimated coronary back pressure: CVR=(P Ao -LVEDP)/CBF, where P Ao is mean aortic pressure. (umn.edu)
  • Thus, through its effects on these and other variables, insulin resistance could be the underlying cause of much of coronary artery disease (CAD) ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Disease3
  • Redistribution indicates the existence of coronary steal and the presence of ischemic coronary artery disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vascular complications are responsible for the excess mortality associated with diabetes ( 1 ), and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been described in humans and in animal models of the disease ( 2 - 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • 1 Read the newsletter 'From stable CAD to chronic coronary syndromes: Evolving terminology in cardiovascular disease' to find out more about these changes in terminology. (thrombosisadviser.com)
Circulation5
Endothelium3
  • Immunolabelling showed small- and intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa) present in the endothelium of both species, and concentration-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin followed activation of these KCa channels. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These findings suggest that upregulated expression of p22phox mRNA and enhanced NADH oxidase activity contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in OLETF rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This study considered the hypothesis that the anesthetics may also attenuate flow-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. (silverchair.com)
Vasodilators1
  • They are coronary vasodilators that reduce arterial pressure and myocardial contractility. (pharmacology2000.com)
Acute5
Vasculature2
  • To dissect vascular mechanisms, a 3D human vasculature model based on known experimental coronary morphometry and a space filling algorithm was implemented. (frontiersin.org)
  • This mathematical modeling study explores some of the coronary vasculature based causes of myocardial blood flow (BF) heterogeneity. (frontiersin.org)
Arterial1
  • Furthermore, the coronary arterial response to magnesium is dose dependent and independent of EDNO. (bmj.com)
Cardiac output1
  • Normal Coronary Blood Flow Resting coronary blood flow is roughly 225 ml/min which results in 4- 5% of the total cardiac output. (onteenstoday.com)
Tissue2
Dipyridamole2
  • Dipyridamole was then infused intravenously until phasic coronary blood flow increased to match peak hyperemic values. (jci.org)
  • These data provide basic validation that supports the use of intravenous dipyridamole and thallium-201 as an alternative to exercise stress and thallium-201 for evaluating the effects of coronary occlusive lesions on the distribution of regional myocardial blood flow. (jci.org)
Proximal1
  • 10 dogs were chronically instrumented with catheters in the left atrium and aorta and with a balloon occluder and electromagnetic flow probe on the proximal left circumflex coronary artery. (jci.org)
Distal1
  • Pressure-sensitive guidewires may be inserted through a coronary stenosis and ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) divided by the aortic pressure (Pa) calculated during hyperaemia. (rcpe.ac.uk)
Cyclic1
Impairments1
  • Coincubation with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl and catalase ameliorated impairments in ACh-induced vasodilation from nanoparticle exposed rats. (cdc.gov)
Methods1
  • Methods Using an electronic patient database, we analysed 100,253 consecutive coronary angiograms over almost 19 years. (rcpe.ac.uk)
Decrease1
Oxygen1
Rats1
  • Incubation with either L-NMMA or indomethacin significantly attenuated ACh-induced vasodilation in sham-control rats, but had no effect in rats exposed to nano-TiO2. (cdc.gov)
Physiology1
  • The emerging field of coronary physiology allows operators to perform quantitative measurements of lesion severity and are evidence based to guide the need for coronary intervention. (rcpe.ac.uk)
Contributes1
  • In addition, we determined whether EDNO contributes to the coronary vascular response to magnesium by using N G -monomethyl- L -arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. (bmj.com)
SMCs2
  • The unusual presence of l-SMCs provides an additional pathway for rapid intercellular signaling between cells of the coronary artery wall. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Local and conducted vasodilation follow hyperpolarization of the ECs or SMCs, and contact-coupling between l-SMCs and r-SMCs likely facilitates this vasodilation. (ox.ac.uk)