Coronal and sagittal plane spinal curvatures. Medical search. Frequent questions

Scoliosis (sideways curvature of the spine) is a common deformity in many types of neuromuscular diseases and is generally most severe in nonambulatory patients. (medscape.com)
Neuromuscular scoliosis can be defined as a coronal and sagittal plane deformity of the spine in patients with abnormalities of the myoneural pathways of the body. (medscape.com)
The patient can return to the preoperative functional level with a successful surgical result, which consists of a solidly fused spine in balance in the coronal and sagittal planes over a level pelvis. (medscape.com)
Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Kyphosis by itself refers to an excessive convex curvature of the spine occurring in the thoracic and sacral regions. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Scoliosis refers to a form of abnormal spinal curvature in which the person's spine takes an S or C shape. (wikipedia.org)
The most common cause of scoliosis is degenerative spinal arthritis, which can cause slight instability and eccentric loading of the spine, causing it to curve. (uscspine.com)
Socliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. (atr-stl.com)
Normally, curves within the spine occur within the "sagittal plane" and occur at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions within the spine. (atr-stl.com)
Poor postures of the spine have been considered in association with a number of spinal musculoskeletal disorders, including structural deformity of the spine and back pain. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, posture training has been proposed and its rationale is to use the patient's own back muscles to keep the spine within the natural curvature. (biomedcentral.com)
A smart garment with integrated accelerometers and gyroscopes, which can detect postural changes in terms of curvature variation of the spine in the sagittal and coronal planes, has been developed with intention to facilitate posture training. (biomedcentral.com)
The condition known as scoliosis (where the spine curves sideways) can lead to a variety of secondary problems, with hip pain sometimes developing as a result of stretched ligaments due to the spinal deformity. (scoliosissos.com)
Improper Spine Curvature - Occurs from injury or can be caused by poor posture from a young age. (scan.com)
We performed a systemic search of PubMed for literature published through January 2018 with the following terms: "minimally invasive spine surgery," "adult spinal deformity," and "degenerative scoliosis. (e-neurospine.org)
Minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) has been widely adopted for degenerative spine surgery because of little muscle trauma and reduced blood loss. (e-neurospine.org)
Its prevalence is dependent on the curvature of the spine and gender of the patient. (ramtan.co)
Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by insufficiency of active stabilizers (including the muscles and tendons surrounding the spinal column like the musculus longus capitis or the musculus longus colli) of the spine like cerebral palsy, spinal muscular atrophy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophies or spinal cord injuries. (ramtan.co)
Other causes may include neuromuscular conditions (cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy), a birth defect that affects the development of the bones of the spine, a spinal injury or an infectionin the spine. (valentinbosioc.com)
In some cases, one may need surgery or orthotic inserts to prevent the curvature from worsening and to straighten the spine in severe cases. (valentinbosioc.com)
These curvature points help the spine act as a shock absorber while positioning the head above the pelvis. (paininjuryrelief.com)
A slight curvature of the spine is nothing serious - but if diagnosed early, it may be more easily corrected (or may lead to an increased curvature with adulthood if left untreated). (paininjuryrelief.com)
When testing for spinal deformation, doctors make sure to check the spine from three planes: the coronal plane, the sagittal plane, and the axial plane. (paininjuryrelief.com)
Different imaging tests help doctors better look at the curvature of the spine and determine whether a patient needs treatment. (paininjuryrelief.com)
In the past 3 decades, increased understanding of spinal biomechanics, proliferation of sophisticated spinal instrumentation devices, advances in bone fusion techniques, refinement of anterior approaches to the spine, and development of microsurgical and minimally invasive methods have made it possible to stabilize every segment of the spine successfully, regardless of the offending pathology. (medscape.com)
Around this time, spinal instrumentation, which mostly consisted of wiring of posterior elements, was employed sporadically for treatment of spine fractures. (medscape.com)
When comparing to previously published data around the true, de-rotated, sagittal shape of the scoliotic spine, the KL difference has utility in explaining the female predominance in the prevalence of AIS. (biomedcentral.com)
However, information on the development of the sagittal shape of the spine in adolescents without scoliosis is less well described [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This course provides an integrated education for the Doctor of Chiropractic in the science and art of upper cervical spinal disorders with application to instrument adjusting for full spine postural subluxations and joint fixations. (instantchiro.com)
Detailed categories of head to thorax postures, spine kinematics and abnormalities of the sagittal cervical lordosis will be learned. (instantchiro.com)
The Chiropractor will learn appropriate application and timing of postural and functional exercises for the cervical spine designed to correct spinal subluxation and strengthen the cervical and upper thoracic spine tissues. (instantchiro.com)
Spinal deformity is caused by abnormal curvature of the spine putting it out of alignment. (boneandjointburden.org)
This technique increases leverage to manipulate the spine in the axial, coronal and sagittal plane with a novel set of instruments. (globusmedical.com)
There, he immersed himself in the intricacies of degenerative spine problems and became proficient in surgically correcting spinal deformities, including complex conditions. (mumbaispineclinic.com)
Dr. Sharma practices at best hospitals for spine surgery in Mumbai, equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and the latest advancements in spinal treatment techniques. (mumbaispineclinic.com)
When you choose Dr. Amit Sharma as your spine surgeon, you are entrusting your spinal health to a compassionate and experienced professional, dedicated to improving your well-being. (mumbaispineclinic.com)
Whether you're located in Mumbai or seeking the best spine surgeon near you, Dr. Sharma is your trusted partner in spinal health. (mumbaispineclinic.com)
The human spine is made up of a complex chain of ligaments, fascia, bone, and inter-vertebral discs, and their health is dependent on the tone and strength of the surrounding spinal muscles. (observedimpulse.com)
Traumatic accidents to the spine often cause disuse of injured spinal segments and these areas are more likely to crack, become weak and painful and are susceptible to recurring injury. (observedimpulse.com)

In neuromuscular spinal deformities, progression occurs much more frequently than in idiopathic scoliosis . (medscape.com)
Patients may develop scoliosis or kyphosis spinal deformities in adulthood, or the deformity may have been present since childhood and become progressively worse. (uscspine.com)
Improper posturing for the patients with spinal disorders may further deteriorate their pain and deformities. (biomedcentral.com)
With further clinical investigations, this system could be considered in some flexible spinal deformities such as scoliosis and kyphosis. (biomedcentral.com)
MISS technique is frequently utilized for patients with smaller coronal deformities, a sagittal vertical axis under 6 cm, a baseline pelvic incidence - lumbar lordosis mismatch under 30°, and a pelvic tilt of under 25° [ 2 ]. (e-neurospine.org)
Generally, spinal deformities secondary to neuromuscular pathology present early in life and progress rapidly.1 In children and adolescents with neuromuscular disease, the incidence of spinal deformity depends on the underlying diagnosis. (vermaspine.com)
At one extreme these weakened areas can be responsible for spinal deformities and at another they can lead to mildly uncomfortable dislocation (subluxation) of vertebrae. (observedimpulse.com)

Unfortunately, most cases of scoliosis are identified and diagnosed as idiopathic scoliosis - which medically means that we don't know what caused the curvature. (paininjuryrelief.com)
The relationship of sagittal spinal shape in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is recognised. (biomedcentral.com)
Adult spinal deformity is a broad diagnostic classification that includes idiopathic scoliosis as well as de novo or degenerative curves, which often result in coronal and/or sagittal plane decompensation. (boneandjointburden.org)
The idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the most common form of spinal deformity. (scielo.br)
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformity. (scielo.br)

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves. (atr-stl.com)
The sagittal plane divides the body in half from left to right, while the coronal divides it from front to back. (treatingscoliosis.com)
Each plane divides the body into two halves. (paininjuryrelief.com)
If we assume an upright position, the coronal plane divides the body into a front-facing half and a back-facing half. (paininjuryrelief.com)
Finally, the axial plane divides the body into an upper half and a lower half. (paininjuryrelief.com)

Kyphosis is used to describe the condition of increased forward spinal angulation in the sagittal plane (looking at someone from the side). (uscspine.com)
The Scoliosis Research Society define it clinically as spinal curvature with angulation greater than 10° in the coronal plane. (scielo.br)
The majority of surgeons recommended operative management in scenarios showing coronal plane angulation after closed reduction, but none of these scenarios reached consensus. (ortopaedi.dk)
These scenarios showed ≥3 mm translation after closed reduction and sagittal plane angulation after closed reduction. (ortopaedi.dk)

When the curvature exceeds 45 degrees, the condition is termed kyphosis. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Kyphosis, depending on the extent of curvature, can result in several symptoms including breathing and digestion difficulties, cardiovascular issues, and neurological issues. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed][clarification needed] Depending on the type of kyphosis, the extent of curvature, the age of the patient, different treatments may be recommended, including the provision for posture correction, braces, physiotherapy, and surgery. (wikipedia.org)
Adults may also present with scoliosis or kyphosis that was also present in childhood due to a congenital spinal abnormality. (uscspine.com)
Long plate, tri-fold anteroposterior (AP - x-ray is taken facing the patient directly) and lateral (x-ray is taken from the side view) x-rays should be taken with the patient standing in order to adequately evaluate a spinal deformity - both scoliosis and kyphosis. (uscspine.com)
The treatment of adult patients with scoliosis and/or kyphosis depends on the severity of the pain, nerve compression, and spinal deformity. (uscspine.com)
Kyphosis is measured between the vertebra prominens (VP) and the point of inflection between the sagittal curves and lordosis is measured between the point of inflection and the sacrum. (biomedcentral.com)
When the abnormal curvature is seen from the side (a front-to-back imbalance) it is called sagittal imbalance, and includes the conditions of kyphosis, lordosis, and spondylolisthesis resulting in flatback syndrome and chin-on-chest or dropped head syndrome. (boneandjointburden.org)
Major coronal curvatures, as well as T5-T12 kyphosis angles, were assessed. (vermaspine.com)
This invaluable experience equipped him with specialized skills in pediatric spinal surgeries, e.g. like scoliosis and kyphosis, expanding the breadth of his expertise. (mumbaispineclinic.com)

Detailed literature reviews covering the crisis of cervical disorders in patient populations, the role of spinal manipulative therapy and structural correction of sagittal cervical lordosis will be covered. (instantchiro.com)

Sagittal sections of the foregut (Fo) in (a), (b), (c), (d), (f), and (g) and transverse section in (e) at levels indicated in (c) and (d). (abdominalkey.com)
Sagittal and transverse planes images were used to determine the bone bruise location in the lateral-medial and superior-inferior directions of the MR images. (preprints.org)

Progressive curvature requires surgical correction and stabilization. (medscape.com)
As the most frequently referenced barometer for spinal curve correction, it drives clinical decision making for patients with scoliosis and has served as the primary basis for all natural history studies as well as subsequent research on orthotic treatment and surgery indicators. (treatingscoliosis.com)
Adult spinal deformity (ASD) requires various surgical endeavor to achieve neural decompression and correction of segmental and global balance. (e-neurospine.org)
[ 1 ] The success of the Harrington rod system with deformity correction led to its subsequent use for treatment of overt spinal instability (eg, post-traumatic instability). (medscape.com)
If we assume that outcome of brace treatment positively correlates with in-brace correction, the treatment should be initiated before the curvature angle exceeds 50 - 55° in a growing adolescent. (biomedcentral.com)
Originally developed at the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, the Rod Link Reducer technique is designed to aid in the correction of severe spinal curvatures. (globusmedical.com)
Allows controlled correction of severe sagittal, coronal, and axial deformity. (globusmedical.com)

A normal thoracic curvature from the 1st to the 12th vertebra has a naturally occurring convex shape with angles ranging from 20 degrees to 45 degrees. (wikipedia.org)
A young age, a pattern of thoracic curvature, and skeletal immaturity increase the probability of progression, 4 4. (scielo.br)

These factors include spinal maturity, degree of curvature, location of the curve, and possible curve progression. (atr-stl.com)
Most experts would recommend surgery only when the spinal curve is greater than 40 degrees and there are signs of progression. (atr-stl.com)
There are lots of stories on the Internet about spinal fusion procedures that didn't have the desired effect (i.e. reducing curvature, preventing further progression of the curve, and easing symptoms such as back pain). (scoliosissos.com)
For example, exercise can improve a patient's quality of life by reducing the progression of spinal curvature [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Surgery in children is used to stop the curve from progressing during adulthood and to diminish spinal deformity. (atr-stl.com)

For patients with symptoms of central and lateral recess stenosis or foraminal stenosis accompanying mild spinal deformity, neural decompression is a treatment goal. (e-neurospine.org)
esophageal) components ( dotted line demarcates components in C and D ). This theory suggests that the foregut then separates into the trachea (Tr) and esophagus (Oe) as a result of the growth, in the coronal plane, of lateral mesenchymal ridges ( arrowheads in E ), which fuse to form a mesenchymal septum. (abdominalkey.com)

The Cobb angle measures spinal curves on just two vertical planes: the sagittal and coronal. (treatingscoliosis.com)

Natural history studies have demonstrated that many patients, especially those with a curvature greater than 50 degrees in childhood, tended to increase at nearly 1 degree per year even after puberty. (uscspine.com)
The findings during verum acupuncture clearly are different to sham acupuncture or just lying, while in the whole group of patients also including patients with curvatures of more than 35 degrees no obvious changes have been found. (skyline-health.com)

From this angle, any asymmetry of the trunk or any abnormal spinal curvatures can easily be detected by the examiner. (atr-stl.com)

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test may also be indicated if there is concomitant degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, or other abnormalities. (uscspine.com)

The bulging disc puts pressure on the spinal cord causing pain or weakness. (scan.com)
Spinal Cord Damage - Usually caused by a form of extreme injury such as a motor accident. (scan.com)
The damage to the spinal cord can cause pain or loss of sensation. (scan.com)
Instead, the scan is used to create images of the vertebrae, spinal cord and paraspinal tissues, and these are the areas that would usually be covered in your thoracic MRI report. (scan.com)
These travel through small holes in the vertebrae-called foramina-to feed into the spinal cord. (scan.com)
The spinal cord can be delineated within the spinal canal using ultrasound on most exams (Fig. The size of this structure normally does not exceed 1 cm. (davidleep.com)
For example, the incidence of scoliosis secondary to cerebral palsy has been reported between 6% and 64%, while nearly 100% of patients with a thoracic spinal cord injury occurring before puberty develop scoliosis.2 Neuromuscular scoliosis patients represent a heterogenous and medically fragile subgroup of scoliotic patients. (vermaspine.com)

Patients may also have sciatica, neurogenic claudication, and leg symptoms if there is associated spinal stenosis. (uscspine.com)
This may occur with severe spinal stenosis, disc herniation, or rarely because of tumor or infection. (uscspine.com)

Scoliosis is often defined as spinal curvature in the "coronal" (frontal) plane. (atr-stl.com)
While the degree of curvature is measured on the coronal plane, scoliosis is actually a more complex, three-dimensional problem which involves the following planes: coronal, sagittal, and frontal planes. (atr-stl.com)
Standing imbalance was related to altered body posture parameters measured in the frontal and horizontal planes only. (progsound.de)

the group with lower-motor-neuron lesions includes poliomyelitis and spinal muscular atrophy . (medscape.com)

The multi-disciplinary rehabilitation concept of these spinal disorders include surgical, medical and orthotic interventions, and back muscle strengthening exercises to counteract postural deviations of the patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that is commonly recommended in severe cases of scoliosis . (scoliosissos.com)
Although MISS techniques have recently gained in popularity to decrease surgical morbidity after open surgery, there are definitely limitations especially restoring severe sagittal malalignment patients. (e-neurospine.org)
Therefore, multilevel spinal fusion surgery remains the primary surgical treatment option for progressive NMS.7 Surgical techniques for the treatment of scoliotic deformity have continued to evolve. (vermaspine.com)

Myung et al conducted a retrospective review of the use of posterior-only spinal instrumentation and fusion to the pelvis with iliac screws in 41 patients with neuromuscular scoliosis (mean age, 14 years). (medscape.com)
A retrospective chart review of 74 consecutive patients who had undergone a primary spinal fusion or spinal fusion revision for neuromuscular scoliosis by three surgeons at two hospitals at our institution between January 2006 and December 2007 was completed. (vermaspine.com)

The CDSS showed 94% conformity for the screening of postural spinal deformity. (biomedcentral.com)
To alleviate diagnostic x-ray hazard, direct body measurement and the Moiré pattern method in the coronal plane was developed and used clinically for the early diagnosis of postural spinal deformity [ 21 , 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Sagittal plane malalignment is an increasingly recognized cause of pain and disability. (boneandjointburden.org)

Pain and difficulty walking and standing are the most common symptoms of patients with a severe spinal deformity. (uscspine.com)

In this setting, clinical practice is guided by an understanding of the principles of spinal biomechanics and knowledge of the generally accepted indications, contraindications, and controversies regarding fusion surgery. (medscape.com)

Severe curvature of the vertebral column causes difficulties in sitting. (medscape.com)
The whole length of the vertebral column can be seen in both a coronal and in a sagittal section, and the ossification centers should be spaced evenly in these views. (davidleep.com)
By pushing and pulling against individual vertebral bones, and other surrounding bones, spinal muscles help your core bend, twist and turn and when they are strong they help you to move nimbly and gracefully. (observedimpulse.com)

Physical therapy may also be advised for other causes as well, to delay the development of abnormal curvatures, such as in the case of elderly patients with a degenerative disease of bones and cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
Spinal deformity affects individuals in every age and demographic group, but the prevalence increases with age as many causes are affected by degenerative conditions. (boneandjointburden.org)

However, the prevalence of spinal deformity in patients with a neuromuscular disorder is much higher than that in the general population. (medscape.com)
What is not clear is the relationship between the sagittal shape of those without scoliosis and the potential development of AIS, including the greater prevalence in females. (biomedcentral.com)
The prevalence of spinal deformity has been reported at a wide range depending on the type of deformity and age. (boneandjointburden.org)
It is the most common form of spinal deformity with a prevalence of approximately 2-3%, 10% of which will progress over time. (scielo.br)

When the extent of curvature is mild and the underlying cause is bad posture, then physical therapy becomes the first line of treatment. (wikipedia.org)
The use of an elevated platform provides a stable standing posture that leaves the hands free and prevents excessive spinal curvature. (progsound.de)
Emphasis will be placed on abnormal posture and segmental spinal coupling patterns as rotations and translations in 3-D as well as alterations of the sagittal plane curvatures. (instantchiro.com)
Factors that determine the presence or absence of spinal deformation, such as shoulder height difference (SHD), pelvic height difference (PHD), and leg length mismatch (LLD), were used as parameters for the clinical decision support system (CDSS) using a commercial computer vision-based posture analysis system. (biomedcentral.com)
The main factors determining diagnostic suitability were two main variables: SHD and PHD. In conclusion, a computer vision-based posture analysis system can be utilized as a safe, efficient, and convenient CDSS for early diagnosis of spinal posture deformation, including scoliosis. (biomedcentral.com)
I have spent the last year working on my spinal posture and it has slowly transformed me into a happier, calmer, more outgoing person. (observedimpulse.com)
This happens because the spinal muscles are not strong enough in certain areas to hold the vertebrae in an ideal posture relative to the force of gravity. (observedimpulse.com)

Generally, a mild scoliosis and/or kyphotic curvature does not cause significant pain or disability. (uscspine.com)
Most often, the curvature is mild and does not, in and of itself, require treatment. (uscspine.com)

The coronal plane is a vertical plane from head to foot and parallel to the shoulders, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. (atr-stl.com)
Known as the Cobb angle, this technique was introduced in the 1940s by orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb, who used it to measure coronal plane deformity on antero-posterior plane x-rays. (treatingscoliosis.com)

Early diagnosis is often difficult because there are no symptoms such as pain, and missing the optimal time to improve with conservative treatment leads to structural spinal deformation, which adversely affects spinal health. (biomedcentral.com)
1] A scoliosis spinal columns curve of 10° or less affects 1.5% to 3% of individuals. (skyline-health.com)

Sagittal plane deformity in the adult patient. (boneandjointburden.org)
How do additional rods reduce loads on the primary rods in adult spinal instrumentation with pedicle subtraction osteotomy? (polymtl.ca)

Scoliosis is the most common spinal disorder in children and adolescents. (ramtan.co)

The scoliometer is the most commonly used clinical tool for measuring spinal rotation. (treatingscoliosis.com)
While the patient bends at the waist, with straight knees and dangling arms, the scoliometer measures the degree of rotation at each spinal level. (treatingscoliosis.com)

While Cobb angle measurement is useful for quantifying the severity of a scoliosis curve, its inability to encompass the axial plane renders it "limited in scope to a two-dimensional angular relationship between two angulated vertebrae" and unable to "relay the complex nature of a three-dimensional individual curve," asserts the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists . (treatingscoliosis.com)
For example, researchers noted more than two decades ago that patients with the same Cobb angle measurement can have wholly different curvature patterns. (treatingscoliosis.com)

Side-bending x-rays are also obtained to understand how flexible a spinal curvature is before surgery is undertaken. (uscspine.com)
Does spinal fusion surgery have a high success rate? (scoliosissos.com)
It is true that spinal fusion surgery can go wrong, but in the majority of cases, there are no significant complications and the treatment works well. (scoliosissos.com)
For the innumerable number of cases that go well, they don't necessarily need to talk about it as much…that's one of the reasons I try to talk about [my experience of spinal fusion surgery] so much. (scoliosissos.com)
When complications do arise from spinal fusion surgery, they vary greatly in severity and seriousness. (scoliosissos.com)
1 ] suggested an algorithm for minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery. (e-neurospine.org)

Spinal fusion and instrumentation were developed and applied as independent techniques for treatment of spinal instability in the first half of the 20th century, before the biomechanical principles surrounding spinal instability were understood. (medscape.com)

When we discussed the signs and symptoms of scoliosis on this blog previously, we explained that spinal curvature often causes the hips to appear uneven, with one side sitting higher than the other. (scoliosissos.com)

Around the turn of the 20th century, the problem of progressive spinal deformity and disability caused by spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease) had become a focus of clinical inquiry. (medscape.com)

Occasionally, patients may have another musculoskeletal abnormality, such as pelvic obliquity or a leg length discrepancy that is the underlying cause of the spinal deformity, and care must be taken to identify these other causes so as to render treatment appropriately. (uscspine.com)

One in ten patients with back pain also presented with a different spinal pain disorder (such as a herniated disc , a spinal tumor, or spondylolisthesis). (paininjuryrelief.com)

Congenital scoliosis represents a spinal malformation due to defects of formation, segmentation or mixed ones. (ramtan.co)

This is a re-analysis of prospectively collected longitudinal data of spinal and back shape following two further years of data collection. (biomedcentral.com)
From a superior view, the cerebrum is essentially divided into quarters by the median longitudinal cerebral fissure and the coronal central sulcus. (gov.gy)

The long-term effects of the spinal deformity in patients with neuromuscular conditions can be disabling. (medscape.com)
The purpose of this chapter is to provide information on the burden of spinal deformity on patients and on our healthcare system. (boneandjointburden.org)

The primary objective of physical therapy is to strengthen the spinal tissues for either correcting the curvature to the maximum extent possible or limiting further damage. (wikipedia.org)

Spinal disorders could occur in different populations, including growing, working and aging populations. (biomedcentral.com)

Regarding coronal alignment, there was no statistical difference in mechanical axis deviation, LDFA, or MPTA. (ortopaedi.dk)

The axial plane is parallel to the plane of the ground and at right angles to the coronal and sagittal planes. (atr-stl.com)
But orthotists now have a better understanding of scoliosis as a three-dimensional condition that also involves the horizontal axial plane, which divides the upper part of the body from the lower. (treatingscoliosis.com)

Accordingly, use of spinal fusion and instrumentation has increased. (medscape.com)
However, it soon became apparent that the application of spinal instrumentation (without fusion) for treatment of spinal instability often ended in breakage or loosening of the hardware (hardware failure). (medscape.com)
Harrington later expressed the idea that there is a "race between instrumentation failure and acquisition of spinal fusion. (medscape.com)
Strictly defined, spinal fusion is an operation designed to treat spinal instability. (medscape.com)
In practice, however, this definition is not particularly useful as it fails to establish the indications for spinal fusion. (medscape.com)
and (3) class I and II scientific evidence regarding spinal fusion is scarce. (medscape.com)

There may be spinal tenderness and spasm. (uscspine.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms1

Diseases6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Spine39

Deformities7

Idiopathic scoliosis5

Divides the body5

Angulation4

Kyphosis10

Lordosis1

Transverse2

Correction7

Thoracic curvature2

Progression4

Adulthood1

Lateral2

Curves1

Degrees2

Abnormal spinal1

Abnormalities1

Cord7

Stenosis2

Frontal3

Muscular atrophy1

Surgical4

Neuromuscular scoliosis2

Postural2

Malalignment1

Severe spinal1

Biomechanics1

Vertebral3

Degenerative2

Prevalence4

Posture7

Mild2

Posterior2

Affects2

Adult2

Common spinal1

Rotation2

Angle2

Surgery6

Biomechanical1

Symptoms1

Tuberculosis1

Musculoskeletal1

Spondylolisthesis1

Congenital1

Longitudinal2

Patients2

Tissues1

Occur1

Alignment1

Axial plane2

Fusion6

Tenderness1