Corneal acanthamoeba. Medical search. Frequent questions

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare disease in which amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba invade the clear portion of the front (cornea) of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
Infection of the cornea by Acanthamoeba is difficult to treat with conventional medications, and AK may cause permanent visual impairment or blindness, due to damage to the cornea or through damage to other structures important to vision. (wikipedia.org)
Amoebic infection of the cornea is a serious corneal infection, often affecting contact lens wearers. (wikipedia.org)
This can potentially lead to scratches in your cornea ( corneal abrasion ). (healthline.com)
Acanthamoeba exist as a vegetative trophozoite, usually feeding on other microorganisms, whereas in the cornea, they probably feed on keratocytes. (bmj.com)
In patients with Fuchs corneal dystrophy involving the central cornea only, another corneal transplant technique called Descemet stripping only (DSO, not a true transplant because nothing is transplanted) has been used. (merckmanuals.com)
Scrapings of her cornea revealed a species of parasite, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, which is commonly found in different water sources such as lakes, swimming pools, tap water, and heating and air conditioning units. (forbes.com)
When brought into contact with your eyeball, this parasite can infect your cornea and cause a condition called acanthamoeba keratitis. (forbes.com)
In this interview from AAO 2022, Dr. Anthony Aldave talked about controversies in cornea discussed at the meeting such as the preferred treatment for recurrent corneal erosions, and the role of steroids in Acanthamoeba keratitis treatment. (aao.org)
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe and vision-threatening infection of the cornea. (researchsquare.com)
The limbus corneae (border between cornea and sclera) may be characterized by elongated ulcers and corneal infiltrates. (hickeysolution.com)
Keratitis punctata - an inflammation of the cornea characterized by small grayish dots on the corneal epithelium. (hickeysolution.com)
While not as common as other complications, infections as well as physical and chemical trauma, corneal dryness and contact lens overwear and misuse, can all lead to the development of corneal ulcers - an open sore on the outer layer or 'epithelium' of the cornea. (londonvisionclinic.com)
A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea, which is the transparent dome overlying the colored iris of the eye. (polariseye.com)
When acanthamoeba enters the cornea it can cause severe infection. (polariseye.com)
A corneal transplant can replace the damaged cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision. (polariseye.com)
Corneal ulcers tend to heal with scar tissue, resulting in opacification of the cornea and decreased visual acuity. (msdmanuals.com)
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a local infection of the cornea (outer layer of the visual pathway of the eye) caused by a microscopic, free-living ameba belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba . (cdc.gov)
A corneal ulcer occurs when there is a sore in the layer of the cornea. (kdweye.com)

For example, a December 2012 study in ‌ IOSR Journal of Pharmacy ‌ reported that eye drops containing ascorbic acid can help treat corneal ulcers. (livestrong.com)
Caused by Koch's bacillus and is characterized by the appearance of nodules or yellowish or grayish blisters (phlyctaenes) and ulcers on the corneal margin and conjunctiva (keratoconjunctivitis). (hickeysolution.com)
Corneal scratches from fingernails, paper cuts, makeup brushes, tree branches, and other causes can become infected by bacteria and lead to corneal ulcers or bacterial keratitis. (polariseye.com)
Also, the virus that causes chicken pox and shingles (the herpes varicella-zoster virus) can cause corneal ulcers. (polariseye.com)
Improper use of contact lenses or steroid eye drops can lead to fungal infections, which in turn can cause corneal ulcers. (polariseye.com)
Corneal ulcers/keratitis are commonly treated with anti-bacterial or anti-fungal eye drops, sometimes as frequently as every hour. (polariseye.com)
If corneal ulcers cause residual corneal scarring or thinning, corneal transplantation may be necessary to keep your vision. (polariseye.com)
Ulcers caused by Acanthamoeba (also most commonly due to exposure to contaminated water while wearing contact lenses) and fungi (most commonly due to trauma with vegetable material) are indolent but progressive, whereas those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (seen most frequently in contact lens wearers) develop rapidly, causing deep and extensive corneal necrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Ulcers are characterized by corneal epithelial defects with underlying inflammation and necrosis of the corneal stroma. (msdmanuals.com)
Corneal ulcers due to Acanthamoeba are often intensely painful and may show transient corneal epithelial defects, multiple corneal stromal infiltrates, and, later, a large ring-shaped infiltrate. (msdmanuals.com)
The genus Acanthamoeba includes several species of opportunistic free-living amebae that might invade the brain through the blood, probably from a primary infection in the skin (from ulcers or dermatitis) or sinuses. (cdc.gov)

Acanthamoeba keratitis can be very serious, potentially leading to vision loss or the need for a corneal transplant . (healthline.com)
Overall, 213 (19.8%) reports described a patient who had a central corneal scar, had a decrease in visual acuity, or required a corneal transplant following the event. (cdc.gov)
in a corneal transplant technique known as deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) the donated corneal tissue replaces the corneal stroma and epithelium only. (merckmanuals.com)
The surgery is more technically difficult, and the procedure takes more time to perform than a full-thickness corneal transplant. (merckmanuals.com)
Eventually she had to undergo corneal transplant surgery to help restore her vision. (forbes.com)
He still doesn't have vision in his right eye and is awaiting a full corneal transplant scheduled to take place on August 15. (forbes.com)
Severe keratitis can even require a corneal transplant. (livestrong.com)
And it may help you avoid a corneal transplant, which is an end point for some. (eyecaresite.com)
This method includes primary excision, polishing of the corneal bed, and precise application of an amniotic membrane transplant (AMT) graft in the bed of the former pterygium. (eyecaresite.com)
Surgical intervention in the form of tectonic grafts or amniotic membrane transplant was required in five cases (11.3%) due to progressive corneal thinning and perforation. (dovepress.com)
If left untreated, Acanthamoeba eventually leads to vision loss, requiring a corneal transplant to restore sight. (swiftcreekeyecenter.com)

Clinicians must be aware of the increased risk for ocular keratitis among contact lens wearers and those with corneal trauma. (medscape.com)
Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Soft-Contact-Lens Wearers. (cdc.gov)
While the vast majority of cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis occur in contact lens wearers, there have been many cases of Acanthamoeba described in those who do not wear contact lenses, especially outside the United States. (wikipedia.org)
A patient campaigner raising awareness about the dangers of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) for contact lens wearers has been awarded a top patient accolade. (aop.org.uk)
She has since spearheaded a patient campaign to highlight water as a significant risk factor for Acanthamoeba transmission for contact lens wearers, which has included promoting the use of 'No Water' stickers for contact lens packaging with the British Contact Lens Association (BCLA). (aop.org.uk)
As contact lenses can trap all of these in the eyes, contact lens wearers are at an increased risk of developing one of the several types of corneal infection . (londonvisionclinic.com)

Acanthamoeba keratitis can develop sporadically among people who wear water-contaminated contact lenses or have had corneal trauma. (medscape.com)
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Associated with Contact Lenses - United States. (cdc.gov)
Soft contact lenses are more adherent to the corneal surface than hard lenses, which allows the Acanthamoeba organism to bind to mannosylated glycoproteins on the corneal surface. (wikipedia.org)
AK should be considered in all patients who use contact lenses, and following corneal abrasions or trauma. (wikipedia.org)
The problem is not Acanthamoeba polyphaga possibly being in the shower water but the contact lenses. (forbes.com)
Acanthamoeba keratitis is more common in people who wear contact lenses . (hickeysolution.com)
Acanthamoeba can be found in water sources, and contact lenses exposed to contaminated water can increase the risk of infection. (knowledgebooth.net)
Acanthamoeba corneal ulcer is particularly common in contact lens users, especially those who make their own homemade cleaning solutions, who practice poor lens hygiene, or have a history of swimming with their contact lenses in. (polariseye.com)

Driebe WT Jr. Present status of contact lens-induced corneal infections. (cdc.gov)
Acanthamoeba are protozoa found nearly ubiquitously in soil and water and can cause infections of the skin, eyes, and central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
During 2005-2015, a total of 1,075 MDRs describing contact lens-related corneal infections were reported to the FDA MDR database. (cdc.gov)
To describe contact lens-related corneal infections reported to the FDA, 1,075 contact lens-related MDRs containing the terms "ulcer" or "keratitis" reported to FDA during 2005-2015 were analyzed. (cdc.gov)
The symptoms of acanthamoeba keratitis can be very similar to the symptoms of other infections of the eye. (hickeysolution.com)
It is a non-invasive technique to diagnose infections caused by acanthamoeba and other microorganisms. (knowledgebooth.net)
Acanthamoeba is a type of amoeba that can cause severe infections in humans. (knowledgebooth.net)
Most of Acanthamoeba infections are associated with contact lens (CL) wearing. (dovepress.com)
12-14 Acanthamoeba has been found in co-infections with fungi, viruses, chlamydia, and bacteria. (dovepress.com)
infections (excluding keratitis) are defined as the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. (cdc.gov)

Only the corneal endothelium needs to be transplanted in diseases where the corneal stroma is clear, has a smooth stromal surface with a regular curvature, and only the corneal endothelium is not functioning well (eg, Fuchs dystrophy, bullous keratopathy resulting from cataract surgery). (merckmanuals.com)
The herpes simplex virus can also lead to keratitis disciformis , which is an inflammation with edema formation in the corneal stroma. (hickeysolution.com)
9 This enzyme, together with the collagenase produced by neutrophils and classified as MMP-8, are the only mammalian enzymes known to be capable of initiating hydrolysis of fibrillar type I collagen, 2 10 the major component of the corneal stroma. (bmj.com)
8 A break in the corneal epithelium may allow them to invade into the corneal stroma. (dovepress.com)

Tissue specimens, including biopsy, surgical or necropsy specimens, may be collected for the detection of free-living amebae ( Naegleria , Balamuthia , and Acanthamoeba ). (cdc.gov)
Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)
Application of the omics sciences to the study of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. (parasite-journal.org)

Jaison PL, Cao Z, Panjwani N. Binding of Acanthamoeba to [corrected] mannose-glycoproteins of corneal epithelium: effect of injury. (cdc.gov)

DMEK uses a thinner graft than DSEK and has superior results (eg, faster healing, fewer rejections, and better visual acuity) compared to both DSEK and full-thickness corneal transplantation. (merckmanuals.com)
All corneal grafts remain clear at last follow-up with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. (bvsalud.org)

The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types. (cdc.gov)
Species within the genus, Acanthamoeba, are generally free-living trophozoites. (wikipedia.org)
The genus Acanthamoeba consists of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. (asm.org)
Acanthamoeba is a genus of single-celled, microscopic parasites found in water and soil worldwide. (knowledgebooth.net)

In fact, the first case of Acanthamoeba keratitis described was due to ocular trauma. (wikipedia.org)

The isolation of Acanthamoeba cysts from swimming pool water is not unusual, as they resist chlorination. (medscape.com)
The corneal scraping was stained with Giemsa for the detection of cysts. (researchsquare.com)
When the corneal scraping and culture were negative, the cases were identified if Acanthamoeba cysts were observed by in vivo confocal microscopy (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany) together with a typical clinical sign. (researchsquare.com)
A clinically compatible illness with positive identification of Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts using confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)

Possible mechanisms for this increased risk include a compromised ocular surface barrier, a stagnant tear pool trapped under the contact lens for long periods and corneal hypoxia. (racgp.org.au)

It's important to follow best practices for wearing contacts in order to avoid things like conjunctivitis, corneal abrasions, or keratitis. (healthline.com)
Introduction to Corneal Disorders Symptoms that suggest corneal involvement (eg, rather than simple conjunctivitis) include unilateral involvement, pain (foreign body sensation and ache-not just a gritty sensation), particularly. (msdmanuals.com)

Hurt M, Niederkorn J, Alizadeh H. Effects of mannose on Acanthamoeba castellanii proliferation and cytolytic ability to corneal epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Mannose induces the release of cytopathic factors from Acanthamoeba castellanii . (cdc.gov)
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba castellanii is a serious human infection with fatal consequences, but it is not clear how the circulating amoebae interact with the blood-brain barrier and transmigrate into the central nervous system. (asm.org)

Despite its comparative rarity, and status as an orphan disease, Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is of concern because of its severe and prolonged morbidity in the young and economically active contact lens (CL) users who constitute 90% of affected patients in the UK. (bmj.com)
Moreover, we showed that Acanthamoeba produces severe HBMEC cytotoxicity by secreting extracellular proteases, as well as using contact-dependent mechanisms such as phagocytosis ( 12 ), which may play an important role in blood-brain barrier perturbations. (asm.org)
Acanthamoeba keratitis causes severe pain and blindness if left untreated. (hickeysolution.com)
A corneal ulcer usually results from an eye infection, though it can be caused by severe dry eye or other eye disorders. (polariseye.com)

Signs of this chronic progressive corneal disease include peripheral thinning and the formation of a perforation prone gutter. (bmj.com)
corneal perforation with iris prolapse, pus in the anterior chamber (hypopyon), panophthalmitis, and destruction of the eye may occur without treatment and, on occasion, even with the best available treatment, particularly if treatment is delayed. (msdmanuals.com)

Background/aims Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a chronic debilitating corneal infection principally affecting contact lens (CL) users. (bmj.com)
At the Eye Care Center of Northern Colorado , not only do we provide traditional solutions for existing or chronic corneal problems, but our patients experience innovative corneal care and treatments with less-invasive solutions that increase safety, or end-stage solutions when traditional treatments have failed. (eyecaresite.com)
Acanthamoeba GAE has a slow and insidious onset and develops into a subacute or chronic disease lasting several weeks to months. (cdc.gov)

This child had a faint but clearly identifiable 2.2 mm corneal infiltrate that stained with fluorescein. (racgp.org.au)
A corneal ulcer begins as a corneal epithelial defect that stains with fluorescein and an underlying dull, grayish, circumscribed superficial opacity (representing an infiltrate). (msdmanuals.com)
B) Observed corneal damage in AK is shown after sodium fluorescein application. (parasite-journal.org)

Acanthamoeba are microscopic, single-celled amoeba that can cause human infection. (polariseye.com)

Tandem scanning confocal corneal microscopy in the diagnosis of suspected Acanthamoeba keratitis. (cdc.gov)
The diagnosis and management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. (cdc.gov)
Several methods are fast and useful for the diagnosis in early stage, such as corneal scraping and confocal microscopy. (researchsquare.com)
The diagnosis of acanthamoeba primarily involves two methods: Confocal microscopy and corneal scraping. (knowledgebooth.net)
Acanthamoeba was detected by culture, smear, and in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in 25 eyes (56.8%), while in 19 eyes (43.2%) the diagnosis was based solely on the clinical findings. (dovepress.com)
Six females from 16 to 55 years old, with a microbiologic diagnosis of Acanthamoeba , were treated with MLT and standard medical treatment . (bvsalud.org)

Several lines of evidence suggest that hematogenous spread is a prerequisite in Acanthamoeba encephalitis ( 19 - 21 ), but it is not clear how circulating amoebae cross the blood-brain barrier and gain access to the CNS to produce disease. (asm.org)
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae, ubiquitous in the environment. (dovepress.com)

unfixed corneal scrapings (for Acanthamoeba ). (cdc.gov)
Scrapings are then sent to an appropriate laboratory for analysis so that samples can be examined under a microscope for the presence of organisms like acanthamoeba. (knowledgebooth.net)

What are the symptoms of infection or parasites (acanthamoeba keratitis) in your eye? (healthline.com)
Not washing hands regularly after coming into contact with soil or water sources where these parasites may live can increase one's chance of becoming infected with acanthamoeba, which is resistant to many disinfectants used at home, such as bleach solutions. (knowledgebooth.net)

The migrated cells reduce the corneal stromal edema and vision improves. (merckmanuals.com)

Due to the relative rarity of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) compared to other causes of keratitis (bacterial, viral, etc.), it is often misdiagnosed, especially in the early stages of the disease. (wikipedia.org)

The central corneal endothelium is removed, and the use of topical rho kinase inhibitors speeds the migration of peripheral corneal endothelium cells to fill the defect. (merckmanuals.com)

Although the exact host factors have not been fully described, it is likely that corneal epithelial defects, tear film composition, eye surface pH, and the level of anti-Acanthamoeba IgA antibodies in the tear film play a role in the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis. (wikipedia.org)

We studied the effects of an Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate belonging to the T1 genotype on human brain microvascular endothelial cells, which constitute the blood-brain barrier. (asm.org)
Given the host susceptibility and correct environmental conditions, Acanthamoeba can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a fatal central nervous system (CNS) infection that occurs in immunocompromised patients ( 7 - 10 , 11 , 19 ). (asm.org)

Acanthamoeba can be found in soil, fresh and brackish water, cooling towers, and heating or air conditioning units. (medscape.com)
Acanthamoeba spp are free-living cyst-forming protozoans, ubiquitous in air, soil, dust and water, to which 50%-100% of us develop antibodies. (bmj.com)
Some of the intriguing features of AK are the lack of immunological memory, resistance of the dormant cyst form to treatment, differences between the pathogenic strains and soil isolates of Acanthamoeba and the unique role of the innate immune system in controlling this disease. (elsevierpure.com)
Acanthamoeba is found in the air, soil, and fresh or brackish waters. (dovepress.com)
Acanthamoeba organisms are ubiquitous in nature and can be found in bodies of water (e.g., lakes and oceans), soil, and air. (cdc.gov)

Acanthamoeba is a type of amoeba that can be found in a variety of water sources. (healthline.com)
Certain prescription treatments can treat mild cases of acanthamoeba infection by killing off the amoeba cells directly on contact. (knowledgebooth.net)

METHODS The experimental samples were obtained from the culture media of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells, from fractionated blood plasma and leucocytes of healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and from the tears of healthy subjects and patients with a variety of anterior segment diseases. (bmj.com)

Both diagnostic processes provide valuable insight into treating acanthamoeba, which must be carefully monitored since it can potentially cause serious complications, including vision loss, if left untreated. (knowledgebooth.net)

Also, a corneal injury that results in plant material getting into the eye can lead to fungal keratitis. (polariseye.com)

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening infection with a favorable prognosis when diagnosed and treated early, though surgical intervention and/or corneal transplantation may occasionally be necessary. (medscape.com)
Corneal transplantation can be done using general anesthesia or local anesthesia plus IV sedation. (merckmanuals.com)
In corneal endothelium transplantation, there are 2 techniques: Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) and the newest technique, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). (merckmanuals.com)

Acanthamoeba can Acanthamoebic keratitis (corneal tissue) enter by way of the cribiform plate, the lungs, or via pores and skin after trauma. (ehd.org)
In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue caused by advanced acanthamoeba. (knowledgebooth.net)

Factors affecting the epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis. (cdc.gov)

Although this condition usually involves mild symptoms like inflammation, pain and redness, it can also result in corneal tearing. (livestrong.com)
What are the symptoms of Acanthamoeba keratitis? (hickeysolution.com)
Acanthamoeba is an infection that can cause a variety of symptoms. (knowledgebooth.net)
If you think you have a corneal ulcer or symptoms of corneal ulcer, please call our office immediately so you can see Dr. Kim as soon as possible. (polariseye.com)
Initial symptoms of Acanthamoeba GAE might include headache, photophobia, and stiff neck accompanied by positive Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs. (cdc.gov)

Understanding corneal disorders allows you to understand eye health and stay aware of potential issues. (eyecaresite.com)

We have demonstrated that pathogenic Acanthamoeba exhibits more than 60% binding to human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier ( 2 ). (asm.org)
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK†) is a rare but sight-threatening disease caused by pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba. (elsevierpure.com)

However, the rate of Acanthamoeba keratitis among these patients was only 0.01 to 1.49 per 10,000 contact lens users. (wikipedia.org)

IVCM was effective in detection of Acanthamoeba in cases with early presentation, while culture was more sensitive in late presentation with corneal melting. (dovepress.com)

Acanthamoeba are among the most prevalent environmental protozoa and have been classified by 18s rDNA sequencing into at least 20 genotypes, designated T1-T20. (medscape.com)
This infection is caused by amoebas or protozoa, the so-called Acanthamoeba . (hickeysolution.com)

[ 5 ] Most persons appear to have been exposed to this organism during their lifetime, as 50%-100% of healthy people have serum antibodies directed against Acanthamoeba , but whether this leads to protective immunity is unknown. (medscape.com)
A negative test on CSF does not rule out Acanthamoeba infection because the organism is not commonly present in the CSF. (cdc.gov)

In non-contact lens users, the greatest risks for developing Acanthamoeba infection are trauma and exposure to contaminated water. (wikipedia.org)
It can be initiated by mechanical trauma or nutritional deficiencies, and uncontrolled inflammation can produce corneal necrosis. (msdmanuals.com)

But a dense corneal scar and cataract remained in her eye, leaving her with difficulty seeing out of that eye. (forbes.com)

Several species of Acanthamoeba are associated with infection (i.e. (cdc.gov)

To study the predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcome of patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) at Tanta University's Ophthalmology Hospital in Tanta, Egypt. (dovepress.com)
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is one of the most challenging cases in Ophthalmology. (dovepress.com)

A corneal ulcer is a corneal epithelial defect with underlying inflammation usually due to invasion by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or Acanthamoeba . (msdmanuals.com)

If one consumes food or water contaminated with acanthamoeba, it can cause infection. (knowledgebooth.net)

Acanthamoeba and B. mandrillaris can cause clinically similar illnesses and might be difficult to differentiate using commonly available laboratory procedures. (cdc.gov)

Molecular characterization of a new corneal pathogen. (cdc.gov)
Tap water and other nonsterile liquids can contain a pathogen known as an acanthamoeba . (livestrong.com)

An increase and significant difference in the frequency of fungi (P = 0.000) and acanthamoeba was reserved for the pretreated group. (nih.gov)

Acanthamoeba keratitis: The Persistence of Cases Following a Multistate Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
Joslin CE, Elmer YT, McMahon TT, Passaro DJ, Stayner LT, Sugar J. Epidemiological characteristics of a Chicago-area Acanthamoeba keratitis outbreak. (cdc.gov)

Backgroud To report the clinical and microbiological features of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) related to contact lens in a tertiary hospital in China. (researchsquare.com)
3 The ophthalmologist will also likely perform a corneal scrape for microbiological sampling. (racgp.org.au)

Role of mucosal IgA in the resistance to Acanthamoeba keratitis. (cdc.gov)

The most severely affected quartile require more than: 10 months treatment, 38 months follow-up, 31 hospital visits, have less than 6/24 vision after resolution and require corneal transplants. (bmj.com)
Ms Ekkeshis contracted AK in 2011 and underwent numerous unsuccessful corneal transplants before losing vision in one eye. (aop.org.uk)

However, the host intracellular signaling pathways and the molecular mechanisms associated with Acanthamoeba -mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity have not been determined. (asm.org)

Evaluation of Acanthamoeba contamination in end-user drinking water would contribute to our understanding of regional variations in the risk of exposure. (bmj.com)
A thorough evaluation to identify potential factors, including medications (medicamentosa), impaired corneal sensation (neurotrophic), exposure (eg, lagophthalmos), and reduced tear production (sicca), is necessary in most cases of persistent noninfectious ulceration. (medscape.com)

Expression of these proteins on the corneal surface is increased by contact lens use. (wikipedia.org)
Transcriptional changes of proteins of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in Acanthamoeba spp. (parasite-journal.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms11

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes1

Health Care1

Cornea19

Ulcers11

Transplant11

Wearers6

Contact lenses8

Infections10

Stroma4

Naegleria3

Epithelium1

Visual acuity2

Genus4

Case of Acanthamoeba keratitis1

Cysts4

Ocular1

Conjunctivitis2

Castellanii3

Severe4

Perforation2

Chronic3

Fluorescein3

Microscopic1

Diagnosis6

Amoebae2

Scrapings2

Parasites2

Stromal1

Viral1

Central corneal1

Epithelial defects1

Encephalitis2

Soil5

Amoeba2

Conjunctival1

Left untreated1

Fungal1

Transplantation3

Tissue2

Epidemiology1

Symptoms5

Disorders1

Pathogenic2

Keratitis among1

Detection1

Protozoa2

Organism2

Trauma2

Cataract1

Species1

Ophthalmology2

Inflammation1

Water-contaminated1

Commonly1

Pathogen2

Fungi1

Outbreak2

Microbiological2

Mucosal1

Transplants2

Molecular1

Exposure2

Proteins2