AxonsTraumatic brainMicrogliaPeripheralSpinal CordFunctional recoveryAxonalSurroundsPlasticityUndergoDiseaseCellsImportantResponseAreaMainNeuronalGlial scarElicitsNeurologicalMacrophagesInflammationSecondary injuryApoptosisVertebraeTransplantationSpinal cordNeuroprotectivePathologyNerveLocomotorAstrocytesLumbarImmuneSevereFunctionRegenerationTissue damageProteinExpressionProcessesBrainPrimary injurySupport
Axons3
- Following trauma to the CNS, axons begin to sprout and attempt to extend across the injury site in order to repair the damaged regions. (wikipedia.org)
- Early studies revealed that in response to deafferentation, axons of remaining fiber systems and dendrites of mature granule cells undergo lamina-specific changes, providing one of the first examples of structural plasticity in the adult brain. (frontiersin.org)
- Similarly, spinal cord injury is typically accompanied by progressive demyelination of axons and concomitant neuronal atrophy [3]. (scientificarchives.com)
Traumatic brain2
- Differential fracture response to traumatic brain injury suggests dominance of neuroinflammatory response in polytrauma. (ucsf.edu)
- This plasticity of the adult nervous system is particularly important in the context of traumatic brain injury or deafferentation. (frontiersin.org)
Microglia3
- Microglia rapidly activate near the injury and secrete several cytokines, bioactive lipids, coagulation factors, reactive oxygen intermediates, and neurotrophic factors. (wikipedia.org)
- Hayakawa K, Okazaki R, Morioka K, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Ogata T. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning facilitates M2 activation of resident microglia after spinal cord injury. (ucsf.edu)
- e.g., peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries (PNI and SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Resulting myelin debris hinders repair if not effectively scavenged by Schwann cells and macrophages in PNI and by microglia in SCI and MS. We showed previously that myelin debris evades phagocytosis as CD47 on myelin ligates SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on macrophages and microglia, triggering SIRPα to inhibit phagocytosis in phagocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Peripheral1
- A variety of injury models have been used to examine the response of the brain such as crush injuries to peripheral nerves, cortical stab wounds, and spinal cord injury (SCI) models. (frontiersin.org)
Spinal Cord12
- Ishii K, Morioka K, Shindo M. Spine and spinal cord injuries: Evaluation and treatment. (ucsf.edu)
- How Divergent Forms of Plasticity Compete To Shape Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. (ucsf.edu)
- Assessments of sensory plasticity after spinal cord injury across species. (ucsf.edu)
- Ishii K, Morioka K. Complication, rehabilitation, and pharmacological therapy in the patient with acute spinal cord injury. (ucsf.edu)
- Ishii K, Morioka K. Changes in treatment strategies for cervical spinal cord injury. (ucsf.edu)
- Phosphorylated neurofilament subunit NF-H (pNF-H) as a biomarker for evaluating severity of acute spinal cord injury patients. (ucsf.edu)
- Hazel T, Hefferan M, Schwartz K, Yu N, Johe K, Levy M. Generation of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitors for Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases and Spinal Cord Injury. (scientificarchives.com)
- Similarly, recovery of locomotor function after grafting of neural stem cells (NSC) in animal models of spinal cord injury has been demonstrated to be due at least in part to myelinating oligodendrocytes [11]. (scientificarchives.com)
- Single therapeutic interventions have not yet been successful in restoring function after spinal cord injury. (bvsalud.org)
- Electromyography and histological analysis showed increased activation of forelimb muscles via chemogenetic stimuli, and a greater density of vGlut1+ innervation in spinal cord grey matter rostral to the injury, suggesting enhanced neuroplasticity and connectivity. (bvsalud.org)
- Taken together, the findings from this study validate a novel combinatorial approach to enhance motor function after spinal cord injury. (bvsalud.org)
- Restoring function in chronic stages of spinal cord injury (SCI) has often been met with failure or reduced efficacy when regenerative strategies are delayed past the acute or sub-acute stages of injury. (bvsalud.org)
Functional recovery1
- Particularly, many neuro-developmental inhibitor molecules are secreted by the cells within the scar that prevent complete physical and functional recovery of the central nervous system after injury or disease. (wikipedia.org)
Axonal2
- Further, the astrocytes secrete several growth-inhibitory molecules that chemically prevent axonal extensions. (wikipedia.org)
- This model has the experimental advantages of a highly laminated structure and allows analysis of not only the axonal response to injury, but also changes in dendrite morphology and synaptic reorganization. (frontiersin.org)
Surrounds1
- Ultimately, the astrocytes attach to the basal membrane, and the complex surrounds the blood vessels and nervous tissue to form the initial wound covering. (wikipedia.org)
Plasticity2
- These studies provide insights not only to plasticity in the dentate gyrus, but also to the response of neural circuits to brain injury. (frontiersin.org)
- This classic lesion provided some of the first evidence for structural plasticity following injury in the CNS, and also provides an opportunity to examine the injury response of some of the most highly plastic neurons in the brain, adult-generated newborn granule cells. (frontiersin.org)
Undergo1
- After injury, astrocytes undergo morphological changes, extend their processes, and increase synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (wikipedia.org)
Disease1
- This unmet medical need is a primary driver for the development of therapies based on transplantation of neural stem cells that have the potential to replace cells of the central nervous system (CNS) lost to disease or injury [1]. (scientificarchives.com)
Cells2
- The expression of these molecules depends on the location of the microglial cells relative to the injury, with the cells closest to the injury secreting the largest amount of such biologically active molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- Glial cells play a critical role in the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). (scientificarchives.com)
Important1
- Another important caveat of the astrocytic response to CNS injuries is its heterogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
Response1
- Further, the reactive astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the injury increase gene expression, thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
Area2
- Ultimately, the amount of capillaries extended into the injured area is twice that of uninjured central nervous system regions. (wikipedia.org)
- This is done by generating a barrier across the injured area that seals the nervous/non-nervous tissue boundary. (wikipedia.org)
Main2
- In this review, we summarize a classic injury model, lesioning of the perforant path, which removes the main extrahippocampal input to the dentate gyrus. (frontiersin.org)
- Here we focus on the perforant path lesion, a brain injury model that interrupts the main excitatory input to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. (frontiersin.org)
Neuronal2
- Importantly, the grafts exhibit excellent integration properties, predominantly differentiate into motor neurons, reduce glial scar matrix accumulation to facilitate long-distance axon growth and neuronal connectivity with the host as well as dramatically improve locomotor and somatosensory function in recipient animals. (bvsalud.org)
- Similarly, spinal cord injury is typically accompanied by progressive demyelination of axons and concomitant neuronal atrophy [3]. (scientificarchives.com)
Glial scar3
- A glial scar formation (gliosis) is a reactive cellular process involving astrogliosis that occurs after injury to the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- As with scarring in other organs and tissues, the glial scar is the body's mechanism to protect and begin the healing process in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Moreover, the glial scar stimulates revascularization of blood capillaries to increase the nutritional, trophic, and metabolic support of the nervous tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Elicits1
- Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) elicits a complex series of pathophysiological events, including ischaemia, excitotoxicity and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurological4
- However, therapy alternatives have been enhanced to improve the neurological outcomes of traumatic spinal cord injury patients. (stationzilla.com)
- A study of U.S. military soldiers who experienced spinal cord injury in a conflict zone from 2001 to 2009 found greater severity and worse neurological recovery. (stationzilla.com)
- Clinical categorization of spinal cord injury-related neurological impairments uses many scoring systems. (stationzilla.com)
- Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an unexpected and devastating event which leads to loss of neurological function below the level of injury. (scirp.org)
Macrophages3
- They are the nervous system analog of immune system macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
- Our previous studies demonstrated large numbers of activated macrophages present in the injury sites of repaired spinal cords after 10 days [6,7]. (scirp.org)
- A portion of these recruited macrophages were likely bone marrow-derived monocytes infiltrating the injury site after 7 days [8]. (scirp.org)
Inflammation1
Secondary injury1
Apoptosis4
- Generally, direct physical trauma leads to apoptosis and necrosis of various cells, which, in turn, triggers inflammatory and immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis plays a major role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). (biomedcentral.com)
- Nerve growth factor (NGF) show neuroprotective effect and improve the recovery of SCI, but the relations of ER stress-induced apoptosis and the NGF therapeutic effect in SCI still unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results demonstrated that ER stress-induced apoptosis was involved in the injury of SCI model rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Vertebrae3
- An abrupt, severe impact on the spine fractures or dislocates vertebrae, causing spinal cord injury. (stationzilla.com)
- Distraction injuries occur when two neighboring vertebrae are forced apart, stretching and tearing the spinal column. (stationzilla.com)
- Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats's vertebral column was exposed and a laminectomy was done at T9 vertebrae and moderate contusion injuries were performed using a vascular clip. (biomedcentral.com)
Transplantation2
- These neurogenic and metabolic properties retain after transplantation of hNSCs with reduced SOX9 expression in a contusive SCI rat model without the need for growth factor-enriched matrices. (bvsalud.org)
- This unmet medical need is a primary driver for the development of therapies based on transplantation of neural stem cells that have the potential to replace cells of the central nervous system (CNS) lost to disease or injury [1]. (scientificarchives.com)
Spinal cord29
- Recent breakthroughs in the medical care of traumatic spinal cord injury have considerably improved the diagnosis, stability, survival rate, and patient well-being. (stationzilla.com)
- The intricacy of traumatic spinal cord injury pathophysiology and the numerous biochemical and physiological changes in the damaged spinal cord are primarily responsible for this gradual improvement. (stationzilla.com)
- As a result, researchers in recent decades have made significant efforts to understand the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury and unravel the underlying cellular and molecular processes of tissue degeneration and healing in the damaged spinal cord. (stationzilla.com)
- Various preclinical animal and injury models have been created to mimic better the initial and subsequent damage processes of traumatic spinal cord injury. (stationzilla.com)
- What is a spinal cord injury? (stationzilla.com)
- 12,500 new spinal cord injury cases are reported annually in North America. (stationzilla.com)
- More than 90% of spinal cord injury instances are traumatic and result from traffic accidents, violence, sports, or falls. (stationzilla.com)
- Spinal cord injury has a documented male-to-female ratio of 2:1, and it occurs more commonly in adults than children. (stationzilla.com)
- spinal cord injury most often affects the cervical level of the spinal cord (50%) and is the most frequent level affected. (stationzilla.com)
- Spinal cord injury patients typically survive these catastrophic injuries and live for decades after the original damage because of modern medical techniques and patient care breakthroughs. (stationzilla.com)
- According to reports on the clinical outcomes of patients who had spinal cord injury in Australia between 1955 and 2006, the survival rates for individuals suffering from tetraplegia and paraplegia are 91.2 and 95.9%, respectively. (stationzilla.com)
- The amount of damage and retained functions significantly impact the life expectancy of spinal cord injury patients. (stationzilla.com)
- Military and civilian spinal cord injury results varied. (stationzilla.com)
- Battlefield spinal cord injury is frequently caused by blast damage, which affects several spinal cord segments. (stationzilla.com)
- Blast spinal cord injury has greater severity ratings and lengthier hospital stays. (stationzilla.com)
- Early spinal cord decompression (24 h post-injury) is the most effective therapeutic therapy to reduce tissue damage after the initial injury. (stationzilla.com)
- The severity of spinal cord injury depends on the underlying damage. (stationzilla.com)
- Functional categorization of spinal cord injury establishes consistent scoring methods to quantify, compare, and link spinal cord injury severity with clinical outcomes. (stationzilla.com)
- Complete spinal cord injury is rare. (stationzilla.com)
- In full spinal cord injury, motor and sensory functions are lost below the damage. (stationzilla.com)
- The failure of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of sensorimotor function. (frontiersin.org)
- Spinal cord injury results in distant pathology around putative locomotor networks that may jeopardize the recovery of locomotion. (jneurosci.org)
- Therefore, we characterized the lumbar enlargement after a T9 spinal cord injury in C57BL/6 (wild-type [WT]) and MMP-9-null (knock-out [KO]) mice. (jneurosci.org)
- A loss in mobility is one of the most noticeable and debilitating consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). (jneurosci.org)
- However, the microenvironment at the site of spinal cord injury (SCI) and inadequate intrinsic factors limit the therapeutic potential of transplanted NSCs. (bvsalud.org)
- Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a severe health problem worldwide usually associated with life-long disabilities. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hazel T, Hefferan M, Schwartz K, Yu N, Johe K, Levy M. Generation of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitors for Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases and Spinal Cord Injury. (scientificarchives.com)
- Similarly, recovery of locomotor function after grafting of neural stem cells (NSC) in animal models of spinal cord injury has been demonstrated to be due at least in part to myelinating oligodendrocytes [11]. (scientificarchives.com)
- We further utilized the NYU weight-drop device to induce contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. (scirp.org)
Neuroprotective1
- The neuroprotective role of NGF in the recovery of SCI is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals, also suggested a new trend of NGF translational drug development in the central neural system injuries which involved in the regulation of chronic ER stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathology1
- The awareness that immunological mediators support various aspects of both normal central nervous system (CNS) function and pathology has led to a renaissance of complement research in neuroscience. (biomedcentral.com)
Nerve1
- These cells were seeded into synthetic conduits for bridging critical gaps in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. (bvsalud.org)
Locomotor1
- Whether MMP-9 is produced remote to the injury or influences locomotor plasticity remains unexamined. (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes8
- After injury, astrocytes undergo morphological changes, extend their processes, and increase synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (wikipedia.org)
- Particularly, the response of the astrocytes to the injury varies depending on factors such as the nature of the injury and the microenvironment at the injury location. (wikipedia.org)
- Further, the reactive astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the injury increase gene expression, thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
- Ultimately, the astrocytes attach to the basal membrane, and the complex surrounds the blood vessels and nervous tissue to form the initial wound covering. (wikipedia.org)
- Further, the astrocytes secrete several growth-inhibitory molecules that chemically prevent axonal extensions. (wikipedia.org)
- Central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes have various functions in the central nervous system (CNS). (springeropen.com)
- Astrocytes or astroglia are glial cells that resemble a star and are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) (Hanani and Verkhratsky 2021 ). (springeropen.com)
- Astrocytes play essential roles in CNS growth, homeostasis, and response to injury. (springeropen.com)
Lumbar1
- Combat injuries cause greater lower lumbar burst fractures and lumbosacral dissociation. (stationzilla.com)
Immune2
- The complement system, a major component of the innate immune system, is becoming increasingly recognised as a key participant in physiology and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is of interest to note in this context that pathogen opsonisation and antibody ligation by C1q also provide a bridge to activation of the adaptive immune system, which includes an enhancement of antigen retention in lymphoid tissues, a decrease in the B cell activation threshold and increased memory B cell survival [ 22 - 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Severe1
- Lacerations and transactions may be caused by missile injuries, severe dislocations, or sharp bone fragment dislocations, ranging from moderate to the total transaction. (stationzilla.com)
Function1
- Glial cells play a critical role in the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). (scientificarchives.com)
Regeneration1
- Accordingly, their presence after injury contributes to inhibition of regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue damage1
- All of these factors adversely affect the integrity of spared neurons and thus accentuate tissue damage beyond the initial site of trauma. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein1
- Meanwhile, NGF administration also increased expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). (biomedcentral.com)
Expression1
- The expression of these molecules depends on the location of the microglial cells relative to the injury, with the cells closest to the injury secreting the largest amount of such biologically active molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Processes1
- The basal membrane is a histopathological extracellular matrix feature that forms at the center of injury and partially covers the astrocytic processes. (wikipedia.org)
Brain1
- There is a literature review on the role of the interactions of stress, the endocrine system, and the brain in both goldfish and humans to stage the hypotheses in question, ultimately predicting a decline in cognition in fish exposed to the anxiolytics unless they are also presented with exogenous stress. (ufl.edu)
Primary injury1
- The most frequent primary injury is impact plus sustained compression, which may result via burst fractures or fracture-dislocation injuries. (stationzilla.com)
Support1
- In the early phase of tissue injury, a fibrotic scar provides the necessary support structure for the injured area and maintains tissue integrity. (frontiersin.org)