Control efferent pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

The sympathetic nervous system is predominantly controlled by the right side of the brain (focused upon the insular cortex), while the left side predominantly controls the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The higher brain top down control of physiology is mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the brainstem, and the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
The parasympathetic nervous system in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, (control over the pupil and salivary glands) and X (vagus -many functions including immunity) and sacral spinal segments (gastrointestinal and urogenital systems). (wikipedia.org)
The vagus nerve carries a parasympathetic cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway that reduces proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF by spleen macrophages in the red pulp and the marginal zone and so the activation of inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
However, the existence of the parasympathetic antiinflammatory nerve pathway is controversial with one reviewer stating: "there is no evidence for an anti-inflammatory role of the efferent vagus nerve that is independent of the sympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid hormones can control glucose production via the hypothalamus and its sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the liver. (wikipedia.org)
This complex system is mediated by two major efferent pathways, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which obtain afferent signals from different parts of the body, neurons in the spinal cord and cerebral autonomic centres primarily in the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem. (bmj.com)
The gastrointestinal tract is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and, additionally, the enteric nervous system which, through Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses, control motility and secretion in the small and large intestines. (bmj.com)
Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain cross talk. (jneurosci.org)
Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. (jneurosci.org)
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated both intrinsically by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and extrinsically by visceral sensory afferent and visceral motor efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers. (jneurosci.org)
These signs occur because of impaired innervation of the extraocular muscles by CN III, IV, and VI, as well as disrupted pupillary constriction controlled by the parasympathetic efferent pathway of CN III. (e-jvc.org)

But 2D cultures offer many limitations compared to 3D, and the assessment of the afferent pathway separately often means a complication. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Optogenetics technique can be used in skeletal muscle to induce contraction, mimicking a natural innervation to some length and facilitating the study of the afferent pathway separately. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Whereas, the afferent pathway carries nerve impulses from the muscles to the brain - the body communicating back to the brain. (functionfirst.com)

In this review, we examined the efficacy of acupuncture with regard to urinary incontinence, and assessed the levels of the autonomic efferent and afferent pathways and the depth of the needle insertion in the acupuncture. (spandidos-publications.com)
The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)
The autonomic nervous system controls the penile blood vessels and causes erection. (urology-textbook.com)
The autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) provides the efferent pathway for the involuntary control of most organs, excluding the motor control of skeletal muscle (Chapters 12 and 13). (pediagenosis.com)
The brainstem controls arousal via the activating reticular ascending system (ARAS) and vital functions and immune responses integrity via autonomic centers. (scientificarchives.com)
Another study dem- onstrated that reestablishment of afferent and efferent nerve pathways to restore autonomic micturition in the atonic bladder is achievable in a rat paragon 3]. (ozdifferent.sk)

As well, the exposure to solvent s can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. (cdc.gov)

Vagal innervation of the pancreas controls the release of insulin release from its beta cells (and this is inhibited by norepinephrine released under sympathetic control from the splanchnic nerve). (wikipedia.org)
Afferent signals pass via the pudendal nerve to the sacral erection center, and efferent signals reach via the inferior hypogastric plexus the erectile tissue. (urology-textbook.com)
The perceptions of pressure, texture, taste and temperature are transmitted up to the brain (via the afferent nerve pathways), and down to the relevant muscles (via the efferent nerve pathways). (iqoro.com)
The NTS is the core that gathers all incoming sensory signals from the oral cavity and pharynx via the afferent nerve pathways, and transmits them either to the brain's cortex or directly to the network-like system in the brain stem called the Formatio Reticularis (FR). (iqoro.com)
Another neural pathway controls the blink reflex, via trigeminal afferents and the somatic efferent fibers of the seventh cranial nerve. (drgrant.net)
The efferent pathway carries nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles - the brain driving the body. (functionfirst.com)
Damage to the nerve pathways in the afferent system causes decrease or loss of vision, or blind spots in the visual fields. (omrf.org)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
Estimates of those eligible were computed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, whereas enrollment and sessions attended were computed using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program. (cdc.gov)

They often involve afferent and efferent pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System, and their effects might be reflected in the mechanosensory-motor circuit at different cellular levels (including sensory and motor neurons, glia and muscle dysfunctions), and in the connexion among them. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Then the afferent and efferent pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System were mimicked in 2D culturing primary neurons involved in the locomotion circuit (motoneurons and dorsal root ganglia) with Schwann cells in the microdevice. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

The functionality of striatal neurons is tightly controlled by various metabotropic receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Here, using different experimental approaches, especially designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) chemogenetic technology, we found that sustained activation of G q -protein signaling impairs the functionality of striatal neurons and we unveil the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process: a phospholipase C/Ca 2+ /proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/cJun N -terminal kinase pathway. (jneurosci.org)
To analyze this effect anatomically, we manipulated G q -protein-dependent signaling selectively in neurons belonging to the direct or indirect striatal pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Acute G q -protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a decrease, respectively, of activity-dependent parameters. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, sustained G q -protein activation impaired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral performance and electroencephalography-related activity tasks controlled by either anatomical framework. (jneurosci.org)
Using unique animal models coupled with behavioral analysis and optogenetics, we aim to delineate important neurons and neural pathways that underscore interactive regulation of feeding and emotion. (uth.edu)

A failure of the nigrostriatal pathway is associated with Parkinson's Disease and the release of dopamine. (rahulgladwin.com)
Dopamine pathway (subst. (rahulgladwin.com)

Functioning as brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis, the hypothalamus integrates different hormonal and neuronal signals controlling appetite and body weight. (frontiersin.org)

The oral cavity's sensory nerves send these signals to the brain stem and it is based on these that the brain controls the musculature of the face, mouth, esophagus, diaphragm, down to the stomach and the upper and lower intestines. (iqoro.com)
Trigeminal sensory fibers arising from the ocular surface run to the superior salivary nucleus in the pons, from whence efferent fibers pass, in the nervus intermedius, to the pterygopalatine ganglion. (drgrant.net)
Damage to the nervous system can cause changes in sensory input (loss of vision, hearing, smell, etc.), can hinder the capacity to control movement and body functions and/or can affect the brain's capacity to treat or store information. (iloencyclopaedia.org)

Neuromuscular diseases (NMD) are neurological disorders affecting muscles and their control through nervous system. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Unless similar layers of intuitive/subconscious controls are built into a BCI output system - or an extension of the efferent pathway of the nervous system, then it will always fall short. (gamedeveloper.com)
Moreover, in line with the somatic nervous system, pretarget sorting via heterotypic axonal interactions is revealed to play critical roles in patterning extrinsic efferent trajectories to the gut. (jneurosci.org)
These were the first steps taken for revealing possible communication pathways between the immune and the nervous system. (brainimmune.com)
In neuroanatomic terms, perception is carried out by the input to the nervous system ( afferent pathways), action is the output ( efferent pathways), and cognition arises from interconnections within and between perceptual modalities, as well as between perception and action. (mhmedical.com)

8. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A.: Dopaminengic innervation of the globus pallidus by collaterals from the nigrostriatal pathway. (lu.se)

On this basis, in addition to its other characteristics, we expected the neural correlates of lyrical improvisation to include changes in prefrontal activity that might enable spontaneous creative activity through effects on systems that regulate attention, affect, language and motor control. (nature.com)
Representative scheme of afferent and efferent pathways that regulate cough, and of the pathophysiology of the enhanced cough reflex. (thoracickey.com)

The dorsal striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and plays a key role in the control of vital processes such as motor behavior, cognition, and motivation. (jneurosci.org)

Sympathetic control exists over antibody production, and the modulation of cytokine concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
TRPV1) may influence the cough response and brain stem modulation of the afferent pathways. (thoracickey.com)

The external urethral sphincter is under somatic control ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

This control is in part controlled by direct innervation of body organs such as the spleen. (wikipedia.org)

major efferent nucleus with projections to the thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. (rahulgladwin.com)

These efferent nuclei, in their turn, send impulses to the appropriate muscles and glands - the effect organs - that are to be activated. (iqoro.com)
and also a number of other centres that control, amongst other functions: breathing, chewing, coughing, vomiting, evacuation of the bowels and bladder, and those muscles that control the body's posture. (iqoro.com)
The central cough generator then decides and coordinates the efferent output to the muscles that causes the cough effort. (thoracickey.com)
Motor output is controlled by the motor cortex, whose signals travel by way of the motor pathways to ultimately reach the peripheral nerves that will command muscles to move (see Ch. 4 ). (mhmedical.com)

By including realistic mossy fiber signals, as well as realistic conduction delays in afferent and efferent pathways, the model allowed the investigation of timing and predictive processes relevant to cerebellar involvement in the control of movement. (mit.edu)

There exists a highly complex, layered system of nerves, pathways and musculature to give you highly accurate and precise control over the motor movements of your fingers and hands. (gamedeveloper.com)

These lower brain areas are under control of cerebral cortex ones. (wikipedia.org)
Through them, the higher cerebral cortex areas can control the immune system, and the body's homeostatic and stress physiology. (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex in rodents shows lateral specialization in its regulation of immunity with immunosuppression being controlled by the right hemisphere, and immunopotention by the left one. (wikipedia.org)
Another control occurs through top down control by the medial areas of the prefrontal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Although the origin of this failure is unclear, one candidate system involves control of emotional actions, coordinated through lateral frontopolar cortex (FPl) via amygdala and sensorimotor connections. (nature.com)
Importantly, altered relationships within the prefrontal cortex appear to have widespread functional consequences, affecting motivation, emotion, language as well as motor control and may generalize to other forms of spontaneous creative behavior. (nature.com)
Afferent and efferent pathways (to thalamus and cortex). (rahulgladwin.com)
Cerebral cortex: motor and premotor areas (motor control) - control of movement. (rahulgladwin.com)
Acetylcholine pathway (Cortex to the caudate nucleus and putamen). (rahulgladwin.com)
The oral-phase is consciously controlled ( voluntary ) and is managed by the brain's cortex region. (iqoro.com)
Cortex: controls our voluntary " conscious " most advanced functions such as language, thinking, fine-motor skills and the voluntary swallowing phases. (iqoro.com)
The cerebral cortex may control the motor output of cough volitionally or influence the "urge-to-cough" sensation. (thoracickey.com)

Lyrical improvisation appears to be characterized by altered relationships between regions coupling intention and action, in which conventional executive control may be bypassed and motor control directed by cingulate motor mechanisms. (nature.com)
Take 'motor control' for example. (gamedeveloper.com)
Important for cognitive control of motor activity. (rahulgladwin.com)
Beneficial and immediate short term changes in biomechanics and motor control will occur within a given session completely independent of any hands-on intervention. (functionfirst.com)

There is also a noninnervation hormonal control through the hypothalamus and pituitary (HPA). (wikipedia.org)
upon the hypothalamus which has a nonnerve control of the body through hormonal secretions of the pituitary. (wikipedia.org)

Norepinephrine, serotonin and enkephalin pathways. (rahulgladwin.com)

Also present is an efferent output to airway smooth muscle and mucosal glands ( not shown ). (thoracickey.com)

But although these humoral pathways are of great relevance, the nerves still have to reach the immune cells for establishing communication that will be more specific than endocrine factors arriving via the blood or the lymph fluid. (brainimmune.com)

This could make possible to evaluate the functionality of efferent and afferent pathways separately. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Anxious individuals consistently fail in controlling emotional behavior, leading to excessive avoidance, a trait that prevents learning through exposure. (nature.com)
Using structural, functional, and neurochemical evidence, we show how FPl-based emotional action control fails in highly-anxious individuals. (nature.com)
Yet, high-anxious individuals fail to recruit FPl during emotional action control, relying instead on dorsolateral and medial prefrontal areas. (nature.com)
The findings characterize circuit-level vulnerabilities in anxious individuals, showing that even mild emotional challenges can saturate FPl neural range, leading to a neural bottleneck in the control of emotional action tendencies. (nature.com)
Here, we build on those insights to identify functional-, structural-, and neurochemical properties of FPl that explain variation in the implementation of neural control over emotional behavior between high-anxiety individuals and their non-anxious peers. (nature.com)
Critically, recruitment of FPl when controlling emotional behavior fails in patients with emotional disorders 26 , and is a long term resilience factor against the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms 9 . (nature.com)

Incontinence is the loss of bladder control that causes leaks, while urinary hesitancy is when it is difficult to begin urinating. (urinaryhealthtalk.com)

Hormonal control.Acid base balance:Body buffer systems. (uninsubria.eu)

The molecular underpinnings common to and connecting these disorders are not known, but may include shared genetic risk factors ( 1 , 8 ), regulation of brain cations ( 9 , 10 ), or common receptor signaling events that activate pain ( 11 ), inflammation ( 12 ), or oxidative ( 13 ) pathways. (frontiersin.org)

But, as soon as the mixture has passed the anterior palatal arch towards the pharynx (in to the pharynx phase or pharyngeal phase ) the swallow reflex takes over and this is controlled by the brain stem - no longer consciously controlled. (iqoro.com)

Humans show similar lateral specialized control of the immune system from the evidence of strokes, surgery to control epilepsy, and the application of TMS. (wikipedia.org)

Neural top-down control of physiology concerns the direct regulation by the brain of physiological functions (in addition to smooth muscle and glandular ones). (wikipedia.org)

Measurement of the various retinal layers allows for objective, quantitative assessment of structural damage in the visual pathway. (aao.org)
Damage to the efferent system creates misalignment of the eyes causes double vision or tracking abnormalities. (omrf.org)

All had diabetes mellitus and poor glucose control. (biomedres.info)
Diabetic Nephropathy In patients with diabetes mellitus, years of poorly controlled hyperglycemia lead to multiple, primarily vascular, complications that affect small vessels (microvascular), large vessels (macrovascular). (msdmanuals.com)

One major direction in the lab is to identify and map novel neurocircuits underlying emotion control of feeding. (uth.edu)

Seven databases were searched for any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of acupuncture or acupressure as a treatment for urinary incontinence, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was utilized to evaluate the risk of bias in each study. (spandidos-publications.com)
Fecal incontinence is the loss of control over ones bowel movements. (urinaryhealthtalk.com)

These results indicate that Prx34, which is pivotal for antifungal resistance, catalyzes ROS production in P. patens, while PpTSPO1 controls redox homeostasis. (headline4evermusicproductionstore.com)

Even though the end output might be a binary button press, you have a nuanced and layered system to control that output. (gamedeveloper.com)
The field of neuro-ophthalmology deals with problems with vision such as information coming from the eyes to the brain (called the afferent system) and the brain control of eyes positioning and movement (called the efferent system). (omrf.org)

Emerging evidence suggests that feeding abnormalities are associated with defects in control of emotion and clinical drugs that reduce symptoms of psychiatric disorders cause obesity development. (uth.edu)

When CN VI is compromised, which controls the retractor bulbi muscle and the lateral rectus muscle, it leads to the occurrence of medial strabismus and the absence of bulbar retraction. (e-jvc.org)

While many people with MS may never experience urine leakage or loss of control of their bowels, others might. (urinaryhealthtalk.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes6

Information Science1

Parasympathetic12

Afferent pathway3

Autonomic6

Auditory pathways1

Nerve7

Centers3

Peripheral Nervou2

Neurons6

Dopamine2

Neuronal1

Sensory3

Nervous5

Nigrostriatal1

Regulate2

Cognition1

Modulation2

Somatic1

Innervation1

Projections1

Muscles4

Signals1

Musculature1

Cortex12

Motor4

Hypothalamus2

Norepinephrine1

Glands1

Nerves1

Functionality1

Emotional6

Bladder1

Hormonal1

Inflammation1

Brain stem1

Immune system1

Regulation1

Damage2

Diabetes mellitus2

Major1

Incontinence2

Homeostasis1

System2

Emotion1

Lateral1

Bowels1