Continuous eruption eruptions. Medical search. Frequent questions

The etymology of the "Surtsean Eruption" comes from the island surtsey which was formed by a very similar type of eruption in the 1960's Although similar in nature to phreatomagmatic eruptions, there are several specific characteristics: Physical nature of magma: basaltic. (wikipedia.org)
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are driven by the direct interaction of magma and water, as opposed to phreatic eruptions, where no fresh magma reaches the surface. (wikipedia.org)
In Stage 3, continuous phreatomagmatic eruptions released ash and spread it over a wide area. (springeropen.com)

However, Columbia University volcanologists found that the eruption of Costa Rica's Irazú Volcano in 1963 was likely triggered by magma that took a nonstop route from the mantle over just a few months. (wikipedia.org)
The image is remarkable in that it captures the underwater plume of the volcano spreading to the north and west of the vent, but there is very little evidence of any subaereal manifestation of the eruption. (scienceblogs.com)
This eruption was unprecedented, allowing the first opportunity for the volcano science community to directly observe caldera formation (in the modern instrumented era) because of magma withdrawal from the summit region and its subsequent eruption downslope in the lower East Rift Zone. (usgs.gov)
Because of the frequency of volcanic eruptions in Hawaiʽi, and Kīlauea's designation as a very high threat volcano, restoring all monitoring stations damaged or lost during the 2018 Kīlauea summit and lower East Rift Zone eruption and hardening the summit monitoring stations to eliminate single points of failure was essential. (usgs.gov)
UAS (including hexacopters, quadcopters and larger fixed-wing platforms) are significant volcano monitoring tools because they can reduce personnel safety risks during an eruption. (usgs.gov)
From early May to late August, HVO staff, with help from the USGS Volcano Science Center, the University of Hawaii, and other Department of the Interior offices, maintained a 24-hour field presence and data watch to monitor the eruption and communicate any changes to the public and emergency managers. (westhawaiitoday.com)
Likewise, there was an active lava lake in the summit caldera from at least 1823 until 1924, while at the same time eruptions would take place elsewhere on the flanks of the volcano. (oregonstate.edu)
Mauna Loa is an active volcano and is due for an eruption. (oregonstate.edu)
Swarms of earthquakes in 1929 were probably the result of magma movement within the volcano but there was not an eruption. (oregonstate.edu)
Huge plumes of ash and smoke towered over La Soufriere in St Vincent, after multiple eruptions were reported at the volcano on Friday, April 9. (ktvu.com)
It's the) first time I am witnessing a volcano eruption. (ktvu.com)
Lightning flashed over La Soufriere in St Vincent, after multiple eruptions were reported at the volcano on Friday, April 9. (ktvu.com)
The eruption started at 10:30 p.m. and lasted about 45 minutes, the Alaska Volcano Observatory said in an online report . (adn.com)
Kilauea volcano, which has been in almost continuous eruption since 1983, is at center right. (hawaii.edu)
While some eruptions may be safely observed from distance, many eruptions, especially if explosive, may be hazardous to the populations and the environment around the volcano, including the animals, plants, and manmade structures. (frontiersin.org)
Figure 1 - (A) The Mount St. Helens volcano (USA) before (left) and after (right) the 1980 eruption (Image credit: USGS). (frontiersin.org)
(B) The eruption of the Usu volcano (Japan) in 2000 changed the ground below the house, covered the roof with volcanic ash, and pierced the roof with falling bombs of magma. (frontiersin.org)
The eruption of Redoubt Volcano continues. (alaska.edu)
This is thought to be due to the fact that the Upper Vancori collapse introduced a plane of weakness into the volcano but also due to the gradual shift in activity from lava emission toward explosive eruption of pyroclasts as seen in the present day. (photovolcanica.com)
From Dixon and others (2015): "Pavlof Volcano erupted in May 2013 and was characterized by Strombolian explosions and periods of continuous tremor. (alaska.edu)
Pavlof was upgraded from the Aviation Color Code and Volcano Alert Level of GREEN/NORMAL to ORANGE/WARNING on May 13, remaining at ORANGE/WARNING for 17 days during the 3-week-long eruption, with remainder of the time at YELLOW/ADVISORY. (alaska.edu)
The 2013 eruption of Pavlof Volcano began on the morning of May 13, 2013, following a 6-year period of repose. (alaska.edu)
A strong, persistent thermal signal from the Pavlof summit area was first observed in mid-infrared AVHRR satellite imagery at 15:17 UTC (07:17 AKDT) on May 13, and AVO upgraded the Aviation Color Code and Volcano Alert Level to ORANGE/WATCH, stating that an eruption was likely to progress. (alaska.edu)
A pilot report at 03:00 UTC on May 13 (19:00 AKDT, May 14) confirmed the eruption, with numerous dark streaks on the upper northern flank of the volcano that appeared to be a lava flow and lahars initiated by melting of snow and ice in the summit area (fig. 28 in original text). (alaska.edu)
A month and a half of continuous eruption has left the caldera of Veniamanof Volcano -one of the largest on the Alaskan Peninsula-coated with ash. (nasa.gov)
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) originally detected an eruption at Veniamanof on June 13, 2013. (nasa.gov)
Color codes reveal ash layers at different altitudes during eruptions at Eyjafjallajökull Volcano on April 19, 2010. (nasa.gov)
Investigation of Acotango volcano in 1987, by Oscar González-Ferrán, revealed no evidence of a recent eruption. (si.edu)
Shield volcanoes are a unique type of volcano characterized by their shape, eruption style, and composition. (hawaiistar.com)
These layers can be seen in the exposed sides of the volcano, revealing the history of past eruptions. (hawaiistar.com)

There are two types of eruptions in terms of activity, explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions . (wikipedia.org)
[1] Effusive eruptions, meanwhile, are characterized by the outpouring of lava without significant explosive eruption. (wikipedia.org)
Effusive eruptions produce lava flows. (scienceblog.com)
During the nine months of Episode 4 activity, although effusive eruptions similar to those in Episodes 1-3 continued for the first seven months, in the late stage, the eruptions changed to very different styles-notably an intensive lava-fountain activity with rapid growth of the pyroclastic cone and then finally release of airfall ash spreading over wide areas. (springeropen.com)
Instead of explosive eruptions, shield volcanoes often have what is known as effusive eruptions. (hawaiistar.com)

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai is located in region of the South Pacific that's jam-packed with volcanoes-some above the waves, some far below-that have a penchant for violent eruptions. (nationalgeographic.com)

Most flank eruptions are predominantly effusive - that is, characterized by the emission of lava flows, and explosive activity during these events is often limited to Strombolian explosions or mild spattering. (scienceblogs.com)

Several types of volcanic eruptions -during which lava , tephra ( ash , lapilli , volcanic bombs , and volcanic blocks ), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure -have been distinguished by volcanologists . (wikipedia.org)
Some volcanoes exhibit lateral and Fissure eruptions . (wikipedia.org)
The first LERZ eruption in 58 years began on the evening of May 3 when a fissure opened in the Leilani Estates subdivision. (westhawaiitoday.com)
Hawaiian basaltic eruptions commonly initiate as a fissure, producing fountains, spattering, and clastogenic lava flows. (springer.com)
We present results from a detailed field investigation of the proximal deposits of episode 1 of the 1969 fissure eruption of Mauna Ulu, Kīlauea, Hawai'i. (springer.com)
Aerial photographs collected during episode 1 of the eruption allow us to locate those parts of the fissure that are no longer exposed at the surface. (springer.com)
By comparing with the inundation and drainage maps, we find that fissure segments that were inundated with lava to greater depths (typically 1-6 m) during the eruption later became foci of lava drainage back into the fissure (internal drain-back). (springer.com)
By contrast, segments with relatively shallow inundation (typically less than ~ 1 m), such as where the fissure intersects pre-eruptive topographic highs, or where flow away from the vent (outflow) was efficient, are often associated with sub-circular vent geometries in the post-eruption ground surface. (springer.com)
We conclude that lava inundation and drainage processes in basaltic fissure eruptions can play an important role in controlling their localization and longevity. (springer.com)
Basaltic fissure eruptions account for the bulk of the Earth's magma output (Sigurdsson 2000 ). (springer.com)
Basaltic fissure eruptions typically initiate as curtains of fountaining basaltic spatter, bombs and lapilli, with heights of 10s to 100s of meters (e.g. (springer.com)
Previous studies of vent localization and termination of basaltic fissure eruptions have focused on thermo-rheological effects and the solidification of magma in the feeder dyke. (springer.com)
More or less continuous over flights during the day observed continuous increase in the size and depth of the initial subsidence bowl as three additional bowls formed on a line N30E indicating intensive melting at the base of the glacier along a fissure 5-6 km long. (mtu.edu)
Simultaneously the ice cover on the 10 km diameter Grimsvötn caldera some 15 km to the south of the active subglacial fissure started to rise indicating that melt water from the eruption was flowing into the caldera depression and lifting its ice cover. (mtu.edu)
The last eruption within the Bardarbunga centre occurred in 1910, but eruptions on the fissure system have occurred in 871 AD, 1477 AD and 1862 AD, all producing substantial amounts of lava. (mtu.edu)
The present eruption fissure is located between these two volcanic centres with a direction parallel to the regional tectonic lineament. (mtu.edu)

Supervolcanoes like Toba Caldera, Sumatra, produce the largest eruptions on Earth. (nature.com)
First, we resolve the ages of post-caldera eruptions that constrain the initiation of resurgence and recovery from the climactic supereruption of 74 ka. (nature.com)
Then we show that these post-caldera eruptions sampled the cold "halo" of a long-lived warm magma system and erupted under subsolidus conditions without thermal remobilization. (nature.com)
The events in 2018 ended the 35-year-long Pu'u'o'o eruption (on the middle East Rift Zone), along with the 10-year summit eruption-the summit lava lake drained, as did some of the shallow magma stored beneath the summit, which in turn triggered collapse and subsidence of the summit caldera floor. (westhawaiitoday.com)
Variable winds carried ash away from the eruption vent, leaving a radial pattern of dark streaks across the ice-filled caldera and the surrounding glaciers and snowfields. (nasa.gov)
They report significant ash fall in the caldera and on the upper flanks of the caldera rim, lahars and lahar deltas forming in drainages from the southeast to northeast flanks, and a very vigorous eruption emitting continuous ash jets from three or more vents in the vicinity of Cone D in the northeast sector of the caldera. (alaska.edu)
The current activity differs in character from the past three significant eruptions at Okmok in 1945, 1958, and 1997 all of which occurred at a cinder and spatter cone on the far southwestern portion of the caldera floor, Cone A. In general, each eruption was mildly to moderately explosive with most ash clouds produced rising less than 30,000 ft above sea level. (alaska.edu)
Each eruption also produced a lava flow that traveled about 5 miles across the caldera floor. (alaska.edu)

Based on past eruptions at Okmok and our analysis of the current episode of activity, we would expect this event to continue for several weeks and possibly longer with ash emissions of varying explosivity. (alaska.edu)

A single electron microprobe analysis of the glass indicated that it is compositionally andesite (58 percent silicon dioxide, SiO2) and similar to ash deposits associated with previous historical eruptions (K. Wallace, USGS-AVO unpub. (alaska.edu)

Surtseyan eruptions are characteristically unsteady, with phases of rapid repeated short, violent explosions separated by more quiescent phases dominated by steam generation and condensation. (wikipedia.org)
Explosive eruptions are characterized by gas-driven explosions that propels magma and tephra. (wikipedia.org)
This activity is weaker than prior explosions, including (Friday) night's, but is relatively continuous, indicating persistent unrest," the report said. (adn.com)
Known as the "Land of Fire and Ice," Iceland is no stranger to such eruptions and, fortunately, they tend to be characterized by slow lava flows rather than explosions. (scienceblog.com)
From May 15 to 21, the eruption was characterized by nearly continuous tremor and explosions. (alaska.edu)
Rhythmic explosions resulted in black ash clouds rising to a height of 500 meters while the buoyant eruption column rose to 3000 meters before being deflected by a southerly wind at a velocity of 30-40 knots. (mtu.edu)

Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series. (wikipedia.org)
Subglacial and phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism, and vary in strength. (wikipedia.org)
Why a tooth begins eruption and what enables it to move eruptively and later to end these eruptive movements is not known. (hindawi.com)
Accordingly, the mechanism of eruption depends on the correlation between space in the eruption course, created by the crown follicle, eruption pressure triggered by innervation in the apical root membrane, and the ability of the periodontal ligament to adapt to eruptive movements. (hindawi.com)
The explosive eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St. Helens, Wash., both included multiple eruptive pulses. (usgs.gov)
The recent behavior of Etna is characterized by nearly continuous eruptive activity from the summit craters and eruptions from new vents on the flanks at intervals of a few years to decades. (scienceblogs.com)

The 2018 Kīlauea Summit and lower East Rift Zone eruption resulted in 3.5 months of lava discharge, destroying more than 724 structures but fortunately no fatalities. (usgs.gov)
During the 2018 Kīlauea eruption, UAS teams surged to the response from multiple programs and missions within USGS and the Dept. of Interior Aviation Services Office. (usgs.gov)
The 2018 eruption was the most destructive over the last 200 years in Hawaii, with 24 fissures covering an area of over 8,700 acres (35.5 square km) including the addition of 875 acres of new land beyond the old coastline. (westhawaiitoday.com)
Recovery efforts are still underway for Island of Hawaii communities impacted by the 2018 eruption, and for HVO. (westhawaiitoday.com)

Magmatic eruptions are the most well-observed type of eruption. (wikipedia.org)

Learn about the major types of volcanoes, the geological process behind eruptions, and where the most destructive volcanic eruption ever witnessed occurred. (nationalgeographic.com)
This profusion of volcanoes exists because of the Pacific plate's continuous dive beneath the Australian tectonic plate. (nationalgeographic.com)
Data from these instruments allowed HVO to detect and respond to the 2020-2021 summit eruption of Kīlauea, assess volcanic activity, and inform partners at Hawaiʽi Volcanoes National Park (HAVO), Hawaiʽi County Civil Defense and Hawaiʽi Emergency Management Agency. (usgs.gov)
The Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157) has provided new opportunities for HVO to bolster monitoring and eruption response abilities and is supporting research that will help us to better understand Hawaiian volcanoes. (westhawaiitoday.com)
Although volcanoes commonly provide several kinds of warnings before erupting, there is no single warning signal that allows volcanologists to accurately predict every eruption. (frontiersin.org)
In the next decades, as volcanologists improve monitoring systems and better understand the processes happening inside volcanoes, more precise eruption forecasts will be possible. (frontiersin.org)
To reduce the impact of volcanic eruptions on humans and the environment, scientists called volcanologists must be able to forecast when and where volcanoes are going to erupt. (frontiersin.org)
Satellite images captured the ongoing, low-level eruption of one of the Alaskan Peninsula's largest volcanoes. (nasa.gov)
Unlike some other types of volcanoes that have explosive eruptions, shield volcanoes are known for their relatively calm and non-explosive activity. (hawaiistar.com)
This continuous, non-explosive activity is one of the reasons why shield volcanoes can grow to such large sizes. (hawaiistar.com)

For example, the current eruption started in January of 1983 and has been continuous ever since! (oregonstate.edu)
The last eruption occurred in 1983. (mtu.edu)

The lava flows from the 1969 - 1974 eruptions of Mauna Ulu are at bottom center of this image. (hawaii.edu)

The eruption mechanism still needs elucidation and the paper recommends that future research on eruption keeps this new theory in mind. (hindawi.com)
Answering these questions will lead to understanding not only the Nishinoshima activity, but also the factors that cause abrupt changes in eruption style, which is a key issue in research on eruption sequences. (springeropen.com)

A plume was not observed in satellite data at the time of the eruption, Cervelli said, because "the region was covered in high clouds. (adn.com)
A relatively continuous ash plume was apparent in AVHRR and MODIS satellite images and also was observed by pilots. (alaska.edu)
If the eruption plume came from Volcán Guallatiri, the next possible source area along the line of sight, then it would represent a significantly larger eruption (figure 1). (si.edu)

If you just look at the number of Kilauea eruptions recorded since Europeans arrived, there have been 62 eruptions in 245 years, which comes out to 1 eruption every 3.95 years. (oregonstate.edu)
Currently in eruption for the past 12 years is Kilauea, forming the southeast portion of the Big Island. (hawaii.edu)

The current eruption has yet to produce a lava flow at the surface. (alaska.edu)

The ash plumes produced by the 1989-90 eruption affected air traffic and resulted in minor or trace amounts of ash in the city of Anchorage and other nearby communities. (alaska.edu)
Eruption plumes deposited trace amounts of ash in nearby communities during the first 2 weeks of the eruption and again in early June. (alaska.edu)
The eruptions produced white, billowing clouds that rose vertically above the Quimsachata crest, perhaps about 500 m, then drifted W. The eruptions occurred in episodic bursts, and, based on first sightings of the plumes, at intervals ranging from 45-75 seconds. (si.edu)

A Surtseyan eruption is an explosive style of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes when rapidly rising and fragmenting hot magma interacts explosively with water and with water-steam-tephra slurries. (wikipedia.org)
Surtseyan eruptions are hydromagmatic eruptions, in that they are violently explosive as a result of vigorous interaction between rising magma and lake or sea water. (wikipedia.org)
Phreatic eruptions are driven by the superheating of steam due to the close proximity of magma . (wikipedia.org)
Our modelling suggests cold storage of feldspar antecrysts prior to eruption for a maximum duration of around 5 and 13 thousand years at between 280 °C and 500 °C. We propose that the solidified carapace of remnant magma after the Youngest Toba Tuff eruption erupted in a subsolidus state, without being thermally remobilized or rejuvenated. (nature.com)
This creates a lot of magma that tends to be sticky and filled with gas-a potent recipe for explosive eruptions. (nationalgeographic.com)
An increase in the gas content may have occurred as the vent was cleared (by expulsion of a plug of pyroclasts) or as the eruption began to tap deeper, gas-rich magma after first expelling the upper, gas-depleted part of the magma body. (usgs.gov)
This mechanism requires that the conduit above the magma body be filled with a bed of pyroclasts, and that the vesiculation rate in the magma body be inadequate to sustain continuous eruption. (usgs.gov)
The eruption/repose sequence would be repeated until gas-production rates were inadequate to reopen the valve, either because the depth of the pyroclast bed had become too great, the volatile content of the magma had become too low, or the magma had been expended. (usgs.gov)

Multiple eruption points in the lower East Rift Zone and explosive events at Kīlauea's summit happened simultaneously. (usgs.gov)

Here, geophysicist Paul Segall explains how the Fagradalsfjall eruption compares to other recent volcanic events and what makes Iceland a "double whammy" for volcanic activity. (scienceblog.com)

In the afternoon of September 29 a warning was issued to national and international aviation authorities that an explosive (phreatic) eruption might be expected within the near future and an ash cloud might interfere with the dense air traffic across the Atlantic. (mtu.edu)

Flank eruptions represent a considerable hazard for the populated areas on the lower flanks of the mountain, which are home to approximately one million people. (scienceblogs.com)

Here we use Bayesian statistical analysis and inverse thermal history modelling of feldspar argon-argon and zircon uranium-thorium/helium ages to investigate resurgence after the 74-thousand-year-old Youngest Toba Tuff eruption. (nature.com)

Eruption onset was characterized by subtle, low-level seismicity beginning about 16:00 UTC (08:00 AKDT) and continuing for the first 24-48 hours of the eruption. (alaska.edu)
Since the eruption began on July 12, seismicity, satellite data, and direct observations indicate that the eruption has remained robust but has waxed and waned in intensity. (alaska.edu)

2016 ). Furthermore, evidence of clastogenic eruption processes, such as spattering and fountaining, can be lost if pyroclastic material becomes agglutinated and/or forms rheomorphic lava flows (Sumner et al. (springer.com)
Conspicuous pyroclastic cones (also called cinder cones or scoria cones) are formed during such explosive activity, which can be up to a few hundred meters tall, like the prominent double-peaked Monti Rossi cone formed during the unusually voluminous and explosive 1669 eruption on the south flank of Etna. (scienceblogs.com)
If the eruption intensifies and large pyroclastic flows and surges are generated, these may travel over water for tens of miles. (alaska.edu)

Luckily, these destructive events are rare-usually occurring approximately once every 100,000 years-whereas the most frequent eruptions, occurring approximately every week, are mild and impact only small areas. (frontiersin.org)
The last major destructive event was the Nevado del Ruiz eruption in Colombia, in 1985. (frontiersin.org)

The eruption style is named after an eruption off the southern coast of Iceland in 1963 that caused the emergence of a new volcanic island, Surtsey. (wikipedia.org)
During the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland in 2010, for example, the ash cloud from the eruption spread through the atmosphere and halted the air traffic over Europe for several days, stranding 10 million passengers and resulting in the loss of $5 billion (US). (frontiersin.org)
There can be explosive eruptions in Iceland, like the very infamous one that shut down the airspace in Europe for a week or so, but that was a little bit off the main axis of that Mid-Atlantic Ridge and this one is right on it. (scienceblog.com)
I'm less familiar with the historical record in the western part of Iceland but I wouldn't be surprised if the eruption went on for many years, with, possibly, some fits and starts. (scienceblog.com)

The time dilation factor is determined by dividing the time between observations by the change in time progressed into the eruption. (reasons.org)
Say an astronomer made two spectral observations 20 days apart and determined the time progressed into the eruption was 10 days and 26 days, respectively. (reasons.org)
We analyzed the eruption sequence, including erupted volume and effusion rate, based on combined observations of thermal anomalies by Himawari-8 and topographic changes by ALOS-2. (springeropen.com)

Like the famous Hindu proverb of the blind men and the elephant, these disparate views expose that our interpretations may be limited by the parts of the magmatic system that is sampled by the eruption and the tools being used 12 , 13 . (nature.com)

By studying these layers, scientists can gain valuable insights into the volcano's eruption history and the processes that have shaped the landscape over time. (hawaiistar.com)

Fifteen years from now, we will refer to this whole thing as the Bogoslof eruption of 2016," Cervelli said of the ongoing activity since earlier in December. (adn.com)

The bed of pyroclasts would then be expelled (that is, the relief valve would open) and an eruption would commence. (usgs.gov)

Boris Behncke pointed out this video of the 2/11 eruption with commentary from the director of MVO Paul Cole. (scienceblogs.com)

Scientists and a rattled public are eager to know what caused such a powerful eruption, and what may happen next. (nationalgeographic.com)
To reduce harm caused by eruptions, scientists called volcanologists attempt to forecast eruptions. (frontiersin.org)
Instead, data from various types of monitoring instruments are combined to help scientists forecast eruptions at least a few days in advance. (frontiersin.org)
A crew of AVO scientists visited Umnak Island and viewed the eruption on August 2nd and 3rd. (alaska.edu)

Nearly continuous volcanic tremor with intermittent bursts of very intense tremor have characterized the eruption thus far. (alaska.edu)

Vent structures are known to evolve and migrate during eruptions (e.g. (springer.com)
This behavior is attributable to either an increase in the gas content of the eruption jet or a decrease in vent radius with time. (usgs.gov)
An effective decrease of the vent radius with time may have occurred as the eruption originated from progressively deeper levels in the vent. (usgs.gov)
Intervening peaks prevented exact determination of the vent, but the eruption appeared to originate from Cerro Acotango, either from the main summit or possibly immediately to the NW. (si.edu)
During these eruptions, the lava flows steadily from the volcanic vent, slowly building up the shield-shaped cone over time. (hawaiistar.com)

TEMAT was activated for the first time in January 2022 to respond to medical and public health needs following the eruption and tsunami. (who.int)
TEMAT's deployment in response to the 2022 volcanic eruption and tsunami highlighted the importance of national emergency medical teams that are prepared to respond to a range of emergency events. (who.int)
Tonga is an island nation of approximately 100 000 Tonga's National Emergency Management Committee people located in the South Pacific with 172 islands, of convened an emergency meeting on the night of the which 45 are inhabited, spread across four archipelagos HTHH eruption on 15 January 2022. (who.int)

The volcanic explosivity index (commonly shortened to VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. (wikipedia.org)

The Grimsvötn centre is the more active of the two with an eruption frequency during past centuries close to one eruption per decade. (mtu.edu)

Ash emissions became continuous following the last explosive event and have produced a continuous ash cloud extending for more than 500 miles in a counterclockwise spiral. (alaska.edu)

Some flank eruptions, however, show much more intense explosive activity, like the 2001 and 2002-2003 eruptions, and a number of previous eruptions as in 1852-1853, 1879, 1886, and 1892. (scienceblogs.com)
The map below shows the extent of historical lava flows, distinguishing those of flank eruptions (in different shades of pink, yellow and red) from those emitted during summit eruptions (in green). (scienceblogs.com)
Map of historical lava flows of Etna, distinguishing summit from flank eruptions. (scienceblogs.com)
Until 1911, there was a single large crater at the summit, about half a kilometer wide, and truncating a broad cone about 300 m tall, which had grown since a major summit collapse accompanying the large 1669 flank eruption. (scienceblogs.com)

On the other extreme, Plinian eruptions are large, violent, and highly dangerous explosive events. (wikipedia.org)

The 2009 eruption is now characterized by continuous emission of steam, volcanic gas, and variable amounts of ash. (alaska.edu)
These gas pulses together with the continuous lower level degassing result in estimated emission of 6-12 thousand tonnes of gas per day. (photovolcanica.com)
These signals indicated "an ongoing low-level eruption characterized by intermittent effusion of lava and emission of minor amounts of ash and steam. (nasa.gov)

An explosive volcanic eruption in Indonesia has proved a hazard to air travelers. (nasa.gov)

On the one extreme there are effusive Hawaiian eruptions, which are characterized by lava fountains and fluid lava flows , which are typically not very dangerous. (wikipedia.org)

Significant vertical-eruption columns developed only after the density flows were generated. (usgs.gov)
This shape is a result of the lava flows that are emitted during their eruptions. (hawaiistar.com)

The eruption is ongoing and additional explosive events are possible. (alaska.edu)

The total eruption volume during Episode 4 was ~ 132 × 10 6 m 3 , and the average effusion rate over the entire period was 0.51 × 10 6 m 3 day −1 (5.9 m 3 s −1 ), which was two to three times higher than that of Episode 1. (springeropen.com)

Peter Cervelli, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey who also works with AVO, said an ash cloud from the eruption potentially reached as high as 30,000 feet. (adn.com)

Notably, many Hawaiian eruptions start from rift zones . (wikipedia.org)

Volcanic eruptions are impressive demonstrations of the activity of our planet. (frontiersin.org)

Through detailed field mapping, including measurements of the height and internal depth of lava tree moulds, we reconstruct high-resolution topographic maps of the pre-eruption ground surface, the lava high-stand surface and the post-eruption ground surface. (springer.com)

So the 35 years of activity was not continuous. (scienceblog.com)
As with most volcanic eruptions, this one was preceded by earthquake activity. (scienceblog.com)

Both of these models were developed solely to explain the redshift/distance relationship without appealing to continuous cosmic expansion from a creation event about 14 billion years ago-not because astronomers actually predicted light to lose energy in transit or atomic masses to change. (reasons.org)
The results were perfectly consistent with continuous cosmic expansion from a cosmic creation event roughly 14 billion years ago. (reasons.org)

Anatomy24

Organisms5

Diseases63

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Humanities1

Health Care2

Geographicals2

Phreatomagmatic eruptions3

Volcano30

Effusive eruptions5

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai1

Strombolian1

Fissure16

Caldera8

Past eruptions1

Historical eruptions1

Explosions6

Eruptive6

20184

Type of eruption1

Volcanoes10

19832

Mauna Ulu1

Research on eruption2

Plume3

Kilauea2

Current eruption1

Plumes3

Magma8

East Rift Zone1

Volcanic activity1

Phreatic1

Flanks1

Tuff1

Seismicity2

Pyroclastic3

Destructive2

Iceland4

Observations3

Magmatic1

Processes1

20161

Pyroclasts1

Behncke1

Scientists4

Tremor1

Vent5

20223

Commonly1

Frequency1

Counterclockwise1

Flank4

Violent1

Emission3

Hazard1

Typically1

Flows2

Explosive events1

Effusion1

Cloud1

Hawaiian1

Impressive1

Topographic1

Activity2

Years2