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InsectHigher herbivoryInteractionsSymbiotic nitrogenNitrogenWidespreadBiomassPhysiological2016HerbivoresDiversityEcologyGrasslandsCompetitionSurvivalDisturbancesTraitLeafPlantFindingsEcologicalPlantsGrowthResponseLimitationFrameworkEffectAnimalsLifeInfluenceDevelopmentEnvironmentSubjectExperienced 26

Insect6

• Insect herbivory on the leaves of a dominant tropical nitrogen-fixing Inga tree species. (caryinstitute.org)
• 2014. Variable effects of temperature on insect herbivory . (ucsb.edu)
• 2017. Responses of plant phenology, growth, defense, and reproduction to interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory . (ucsb.edu)
• A dataset of insect herbivory sampled globally with a standardized protocol. (rsagroup.ee)
• Brown VK, Gange AC, Gibson CWD (1988) Insect herbivory and vegetational structure. (springer.com)
• Ozone pollution compromises plant defense responses to insect herbivory. (arizona.edu)

Higher herbivory2

• Lead author Will Barker from the University of Leeds explains, "Our findings suggest that nitrogen-fixers bear higher herbivory costs than non-fixers, and that herbivory may be substantial enough to limit the success of nitrogen-fixing trees and their ability to alleviate nitrogen deficits in tropical soils. (caryinstitute.org)
• A visual technique used by citizen scientists shows higher herbivory in understory vs. canopy leaves of a tropical forest. (arizona.edu)

Interactions5

• We've found that interactions with animals through herbivory on leaf tissue may be critical for determining how fertile tropical forest soils are in terms of nitrogen. (leeds.ac.uk)
• We tested the hypotheses that seedling emergence of woody plants is limited by interactions of anthropogenic fire, vertebrate herbivory and competition with the dominant grass sward in human-induced montane grasslands in Sri Lanka. (elsevierpure.com)
• More precisely, I study how the survival and the development of plants, as well as the structure of plant communities are affected by abiotic constraints and biotic interactions (like global change, stress and disturbances, invasive species) in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. (idiv.de)
• In my previous works, I studied the responses of invasive aquatic plants to different abiotic factors (e.g. light intensity, salinity or water depth), but also to biotic interactions (e.g. competition and herbivory) to understand invasive species survival, development and establishment in native ecosystems. (idiv.de)
• From pollination to herbivory, the phenology of species interactions and communities will have important implications for population viability, invasive species management, and ecosystem function. (confex.com)

Symbiotic nitrogen2

• The widespread cost of herbivory for nitrogen-fixers should be incorporated in climate change models as a constraint on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and future tropical forest growth. (caryinstitute.org)
• Vitousek, P. M. & Field, C. B. Ecosystem constraints to symbiotic nitrogen fixers: a simple model and its implications. (lostobject.org)

Nitrogen9

• So reports a new paper out this week in the journal Nature , which recommends accounting for herbivory constraints on nitrogen-fixing trees in climate models and projections of the tropical forest carbon sink. (caryinstitute.org)
• Their three part study looked at: (1) whether nitrogen-fixing trees experienced more herbivory than non-fixers, (2) the carbon cost of herbivory, and (3) if herbivory was due to herbivore preference for nitrogen-rich leaves. (caryinstitute.org)
• Fixers also experience 34% greater carbon opportunity costs due to herbivory than non-fixers, exceeding the metabolic cost of fixing nitrogen. (caryinstitute.org)
• Unexpectedly, high herbivory for fixers was not found to be driven by high leaf nitrogen. (caryinstitute.org)
• Reforestation projects could be made more effective with the findings of new research into the constraints on nitrogen fixation among plants. (leeds.ac.uk)
• An international team of scientists, led by Will Barker, a doctoral researcher from the School of Geography at Leeds, found that trees with the ability to fix nitrogen attracted insects and other animals that would eat their leaves, a process known as herbivory. (leeds.ac.uk)
• In a scientific paper published in the journal Nature, the researchers report that in a tropical forest in Panama, the nitrogen-fixing trees experienced 26% more herbivory than non-fixing trees. (leeds.ac.uk)
• For example, people reforesting sites may consider including a diverse mix of nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees so that they have enough to ensure nitrogen fixers can bring in new nitrogen, even when there will be constraints by herbivory. (leeds.ac.uk)
• The paper - Widespread herbivory cost in tropical nitrogen-fixing tree species - is published in Nature. (leeds.ac.uk)

Widespread1

• Adaptation, constraint and development Adaptation (see Glossary), manifest in the fit between organismal form, function and the environment, often seems so obvious and widespread that it scarcely inspires scientific testing. (coek.info)

Biomass2

• We measured plant survival, growth rate, final biomass and herbivory 20 months after sowing. (integrativebiology.ac.cn)
• Important findings Species differed from each other in biomass, growth rate, herbivory and survival (P (integrativebiology.ac.cn)

Physiological2

• Constraints and possible physiological feedbacks are considered for successful and sustainable application of agricultural techniques with respect to management of plant phenol profiles and concentrations. (mdpi.com)
• Dispensing a Synthetic Green Leaf Volatile to Two Plant Species in a Common Garden Differentially Alters Physiological Responses and Herbivory. (arizona.edu)

20161

• 2016). Identification of herbivory in these tetrapods is based primarily on their dentition and skull structures, which indicate, to varying degrees, the ability to crop and masticate vegetation. (palaeo-electronica.org)

Herbivores1

• With colleagues, Batterman set out to reveal if the diets of insects and other herbivores were a constraint. (caryinstitute.org)

Diversity3

• [11] Defenses against herbivory on plant diversity can vary in different situations. (wikipedia.org)
• Here, we studied the relative importance of species diversity and seed family (SF) diversity within species for growth and herbivory in experimental subtropical tree assemblages. (integrativebiology.ac.cn)
• In contrast, SF diversity reduced growth and increased herbivory but only so in species mixtures. (integrativebiology.ac.cn)

Ecology2

• Global Ecology and Conservation, Development of sustainable urban drainage systems in Eastern Europe: an analytical overview of the constraints and enabling conditions. (rsagroup.ee)
• However, order and family strongly predicted morphology and ecology and both were subject to strong phylogenetic constraint and inertia. (manchester.ac.uk)

Grasslands1

• Although dispersal limitation represents the primary constraint to forest succession on degraded montane grasslands in Sri Lanka, management of fire regimes, vertebrate herbivory and competition from the dominant grasses would influence the abundance and composition of tree seedling emergents. (elsevierpure.com)

Competition1

• Some examples of limiting constraints include biotic factors such as food, mates, and competition with other organisms for resources, as well as environmental influences. (virginialeenlaw.com)

Survival1

• Results from modelling and focus group discussions suggest that wounding, over-harvesting, and fire represent constraints on growth and/or survival of large diameter stems. (ed.ac.uk)

Disturbances1

• Disturbances such as fire and herbivory maintain the open tree canopies and grassy understoreys characteristic of southern African miombo woodlands. (ed.ac.uk)

Trait2

• The authors note that the only trait that consistently explained all measures of herbivory was the fixation trait itself - which explained up to 24% of variation - suggesting the high herbivory and the trait of fixation are directly linked evolutionarily. (caryinstitute.org)
• Response of macrophyte traits to herbivory and neighboring species: integration of the functional trait framework in the context of ecological invasions. (idiv.de)

Leaf3

• Herbivory on mature leaves was quantified by scanning leaves, and assessing damaged leaf area. (caryinstitute.org)
• Carbon costs of herbivory were determined by looking at the costs of rebuilding lost leaf tissue, and how leaf damage reduced carbon assimilation via photosynthesis. (caryinstitute.org)
• Tree growth (stem diameter, plant height and crown expansion) and herbivory (percentage leaf loss due to leaf chewers) were monitored annually from 2011 to 2013. (integrativebiology.ac.cn)

Plant3

• There were two very early pathways to tetrapod herbivory in edaphosaurid evolution, one toward generalized browsing on high-fiber plant items ( Edaphosaurus ) and the other ( Gordodon ) toward more specialized browsing, at least some of it likely on higher nutrient, low fiber plant items. (palaeo-electronica.org)
• Geometric constraints and the anatomical interpretation of twisted plant organ phenotypes. (bio-protocol.org)
• Polymorphism in plant defence against herbivory: Constitutive and induced resistance in Cucumis sativus. (arccjournals.com)

Findings1

• Important findings Tree species richness promoted growth but had no effect on herbivory. (integrativebiology.ac.cn)

Ecological2

• The observed distributions of the species in ecological and morphological space are interpreted as being mainly attributable to individualistic responses to the specific constraints of the alpine environment. (springer.com)
• It was an exercise in the article on what can be achieved that has any ecological credibility, given the inherited constraints on large carnivore reinstatement. (self-willed-land.org.uk)

Plants2

• It has been found that being restricted to a largely vegetarian diet puts constraints on the growth and size of bears who live off of them, largely because their digestive systems do not process plants as well as animal fats and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
• Natural herbivory was reduced in z3HAC-exposed lima bean plants, but not in pepper. (arizona.edu)

Growth2

• Growth strategies of the invasive species Ludwigia grandiflora face to environmental constraints. (idiv.de)
• Flooding and herbivory effects on growth and traits of the invasive species ( Deschampsia Caespitosa ) in the Sougéal marsh (Natural Regional Park). (idiv.de)

Response1

• Role of Aromatic Aldehyde Synthase in Wounding/Herbivory Response and Flower Scent Production in Different Arabidopsis Ecotypes. (bio-protocol.org)

Limitation1

• Seed dispersal limitation is widely reported, but the constraints to forest succession imposed by barriers to seedling establishment are poorly understood. (elsevierpure.com)

Framework1

• The Spandrels paper ensured that no student of adaptation would ever again fail to think about constraints, but what Gould and Lewontin did not provide was a conceptual and empirical framework up to the task of integrating constraints into studies of adaptation. (coek.info)

Effect1

• At least one person spotted the potential of a trophic imbalance if fallow deer did migrate into Bwlch Corog, there being no possibility for a predator of a size capable of having a controlling effect on the herbivory of the deer. (self-willed-land.org.uk)

Animals1

• This study suggests that herbivory by animals may be the answer. (caryinstitute.org)

Life1

• Seedlings, a life stage vulnerable to herbivory, were assessed. (caryinstitute.org)

Influence1

• Identifying the greatest sales that the company may accomplish while ignoring any manufacturing constraints that influence numerous goods (Step 2) is necessary in order to determine whether or not there is a limiting factor. (virginialeenlaw.com)

Development1

• finding that empty space morphologies can be readily produced in development helps reject constraint and lends support to adaptive hypotheses. (coek.info)

Environment1

• The number of species that can exist in an environment is controlled by limiting constraints. (virginialeenlaw.com)

Subject1

• Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations. (ontario.ca)

Experienced 261

• Overall, fixers experienced 26% more herbivory than non-fixers. (caryinstitute.org)