Constitutional proportional representation political systems. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is the difficulty of reconciling the proportional representation of political parties with the representation of "us", the voters, in a system which can be described properly as a representative democracy. (opendemocracy.net)
The latter, which goes with "independence", but can admit a degree of un-whipped allegiance to or sympathy with a political stance, admits the possibility of a more fruitful and pluralist form of representative democracy with electors being seen as full citizens with a voice and opinions and not just as members of a constituency. (opendemocracy.net)
Of course, no true democracy can accept a system which is entirely party-based. (opendemocracy.net)
Moves to replace the first-past-the-post parliamentary electoral system with a proportional representation system that might hamper Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy, seem to be gathering steam. (brookings.edu)
There is no real need to get even more into the details of the daily political clutter, but it's safe to say that what looks like a multi-party democracy, is nothing but a two-sided coin of political opportunism. (valuewalk.com)
Democracy is a form of government in which sovereignty rests ultimately with the citizens of a political unit. (citizendium.org)
In the modern world, constitutional democracy is the natural opposite of Autocracy . (citizendium.org)
The minimal definition in institutional terms of a constitutional democracy is that it should provide for a regularized system of periodic elections with a free choice of candidates, the opportunity to organize competing Political Parties , adult suffrage, decisions by majority vote with minority rights protection, an independent judiciary, constitutional safeguard of basic civil liberties and so called Natural Rights , and the opportunity to change governmental procedures by popular mandate. (citizendium.org)
Two features of constitutional democracy require emphasis in contrasting it with totalitarianism: A Constitution [2] and the political party. (citizendium.org)
The political party is the other chief instrument of constitutional democracy, as it is the agency in which the electorate is involved in the exchange and transfer of power. (citizendium.org)
The political parties of constitutional democracy tend to be decentralised [4] , concerned with the integration of diverse talents and interests, and open to public participation. (citizendium.org)
[6] The political party in a constitutional democracy serves the function of representing a mass electorate in the exercise of power and also a mechanism that allows the peaceful replacement of one set of power holders with another. (citizendium.org)
AMY, DOUGLAS J. Real Choices/New Voices: How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy . (fairvote.org)
A Jump Start for American Democracy: Proportional Representation Would Offer Us True Political Choices. (fairvote.org)
The constitutional court's decision shows that electoral democracy is possible without parties. (polity.org.za)
Its quirks and supposed deficiencies, by historical accident rather than design perhaps, have made an enormous contribution to Israeli political stability and to the normalisation of democracy in a society that by any comparative reckoning should never have had it so good. (fathomjournal.org)
Third, this system does not always reflect the popular choice - which is what democracy is all about. (kuenselonline.com)
Mr. Speaker, the Prime Minister should be very careful in assuming that his election victory gives him a mandate and entitles him to make a change in the election system and our democracy," Ambrose warned. (macleans.ca)
jennifer.mccoy ( Jennifer McCoy , professor of political science at Georgia State University): It shows that Americans are terribly divided over the perception of democracy itself - including whether it is even under threat and who is responsible for the threat. (fivethirtyeight.com)

In the previous parliamentary elections half of parliamentary representatives (deputies) were elected on proportional basis, while the other half were elected in single-mandate constituencies. (wikipedia.org)
Following the Orange Revolution and the 2004 presidential elections in December 2004 Ukrainian parliament adopted significant changes (amendments) to the Constitution of Ukraine by introducing concepts of political coalition, coalition government, imperative mandate as well as transferred some power from the President to the parliament, making Ukraine a parliamentary-presidential democracy. (wikipedia.org)
Mongolia has had nine parliamentary elections and eight presidential elections since 1990, and political power has peacefully switched between two main political parties, the Mongolian People's Party (the MPP) and the Democratic Party (the DP). (constitutionnet.org)
Following the June 2020 elections, constitutional amendments were unexpected as the 2019 constitutional amendments had just come into force a month previously. (constitutionnet.org)
In other words, he and his supporters, the so-called party of power, were able to erode the link between elections and genuine political competition. (ditext.com)
Equally important, the shift to a full proportional representation system for parliamentary elections will likely make that institution more effective. (ditext.com)
CrossRef Google Scholar Alistair Cole and Peter Campbell, French Electoral Systems and Elections Since 1789 , Aldershot, Gower, 1989, p. 3. (cambridge.org)
Besides the strong position of Babiš's ANO party - the acronym means "yes" in Czech -, the continued fragmentation of the Czech political spectrum is one of the most important outcomes of this election, with as many as nine political parties in the new parliament (up from seven in the 2013 elections and from five in 2010). (dgap.org)
A campaign by Suu Kyi for constitutional amendments that would enable her to become president following elections expected in November 2015 seems to be running into a brick wall. (brookings.edu)
As such, the 2013 parliamentary elections introduced a mixed electoral system, comprising of both a single-member district system to elect 123 MPs and a proportional representation (PR) system to elect the remaining 27 reserved seats. (jordantimes.com)
As the 2013 electoral system was inefficient to foster the development of political parties, the 2016 elections abandoned the one-person-one-vote system altogether and introduced block voting for all seats while lowering the number of MPs to 130 instead of 150. (jordantimes.com)
There are currently 47 registered political parties with the Ministry of Political and Parliamentary Affairs, 15 of which participated in the last elections, while the remaining abstained. (jordantimes.com)
It is imperative for a threshold to be represented in the next parliamentary elections: Political parties need to perform better and state funding should not be given as a mere contribution without accountability. (jordantimes.com)
Proportional Representation: A New Option for Local Elections,' National Civic Review 82, no. 3 (Summer 1993), 275-281. (fairvote.org)
HALLETT, GEORGE H. 'Proportional Representation with the Single Transferable Vote: A Basic Requirement for Legislative Elections. (fairvote.org)
We looked at this because some political scientists contend that premature elections, especially those held soon after a conflict, often lead to renewed instability, violence, and authoritarian rule-rather than to sustained peace and meaningful political change. (ethiopia-insight.com)
So , if the constitution requires elections every five years, and there is no constitutional or statutory provision for their postponement, what legal options exist to delay a vote? (ethiopia-insight.com)
South African president Cyril Ramaphosa recently signed into law a change to the country's electoral act to allow individuals to contest national and provincial elections independently of political parties. (polity.org.za)
With the tv channels and mass media behind him, Koizumi seized the political initiative and ran with it, turning the legislative elections into a single-issue plebiscite: the election was about 'reform', and reform meant privatization of Japan Post-Yes or No? (newleftreview.org)
but Ireland uses by-elections to achieve this, even though they violate the principle of proportional representation and are not required by the constitution. (macgillsummerschool.com)
The elections followed the passage of significant constitutional and Election Code reforms that transpired beginning in June of 2019 and, after several rounds of inclusive negotiations, resulted in a modification of Georgia's mixed electoral system and a reduction in the national proportional threshold from 5 percent to 1 percent to achieve parliamentary representation. (iri.org)
This report is informed by six long-term analysts (LTAs) deployed to Tbilisi from September to November 2020 who engaged with government authorities, political parties, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), election-commission officials and other stakeholders to assess the process of election administration, the campaign environment, results management, media space, inclusion and preparedness for holding elections during the COVID-19 pandemic. (iri.org)
They have organised themselves and demanded a complete proportional system for election to the CA. They believe their socio-economic marginalisation and political exclusion will be taken into consideration after the CA elections. (ipcs.org)
The Indian constitution adopts the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system of elections, otherwise known as simple majority where a candidate with the most number of votes from a constituency wins the seat. (jatinverma.org)
This system is used in India in direct elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. (jatinverma.org)

In his book "What I dream of when I happen to sleep," broadly distributed as part of his election campaign, Babiš presents far-reaching suggestions for changing the Czech political system: dissolving the upper chamber of Parliament, halving the number of MPs in the lower chamber, changing electoral law from proportional and regional to majoritarian/single district representation. (dgap.org)
On a second dimension - the electoral system for the lower chamber of the legislature - contemporary democracies broadly divide into majoritarian, proportional, and mixed systems. (protectdemocracy.org)
In almost all majoritarian systems, voters choose representatives in single-member districts. (protectdemocracy.org)
Majoritarian electoral systems are actually more common among parliamentary democracies: For example, the United Kingdom and Canada both combine parliamentary systems with single-member electoral districts. (protectdemocracy.org)

[13] Liechtenstein is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the prince of Liechtenstein . (wikipedia.org)
To be in Kathmandu and Nepal was to have a real feel of the excitement that rocked Nepal in those tumultuous days, in its historic moment of epochal political transition from monarchy to republic, and that too under revolutionary Communist leadership. (links.org.au)

The election to the Ukrainian parliament, Verkhovna Rada, was held according to the party-list proportional election system-that is, in a single nationwide electoral district with votes being allocated to the political parties or election blocs rather than to individual candidates. (wikipedia.org)
According to the election law and the system adopted, the political parties or election blocs need to collect at least 3% of the national vote in order to gain seats in parliament. (wikipedia.org)
Mongolia's recent constitutional amendments - the third set of reforms in four years - have enlarged parliament and reintroduced a mixed electoral system. (constitutionnet.org)
The third, maximalist position sought drastic revisions to the 1992 Constitution, such as replacing the unicameral parliament with the bicameral one or shifting to an indirect election of the President by the parliament or to a presidential system. (constitutionnet.org)
A week later however, on 16 June 2022, the Parliament took the minimalist position in Resolution No. 34 to promote citizens' participation and transparency in the constitutional amendment process. (constitutionnet.org)
But the French parliament is made out of 26 different parties, one might say, so how is this a two-party system? (valuewalk.com)
This system had introduced a proportional representation, which was indeed more democratic, yet created a parliament constellation of numerous parties unable to find common ground. (valuewalk.com)
This bipartisan divide is created by the electoral system which does not attribute council, senate, or parliament seats according to proportionality, but according to a tough run-off voting system which is equally awful to minor parties as the British first past the pos t system, where the candidate with the most votes gets the entirety of the political power. (valuewalk.com)
Semi-presidential systems have both a directly elected president and a prime minister chosen by the parliament, and both have important powers. (protectdemocracy.org)
The Royal committee for constitutional reform, along with the government and Parliament, have debated and worked on reforming the Constitution, with the electoral law at the core of these reforms. (jordantimes.com)
This system was introduced to further institutionalise political parties in Parliament. (jordantimes.com)
While only 18 per cent of the 2013 Parliament were representatives of national lists and political parties, the 2016 Parliament has about one-third of its members representing political parties. (jordantimes.com)
Political parties that win representation in Parliament should be incentivised, while those who do not should not be given full funding. (jordantimes.com)
The South African Constitutional Court yesterday upheld an application by opposition political parties setting aside the refusal of the Speaker of Parliament to direct that a vote of no confidence in President Jacob Zuma be decided by secret ballot. (ox.ac.uk)
He told a recent seminar in Cairo that political parties should field Coptic candidates for Parliament. (persecution.org)
Allocating a quota for Christians in the Parliament might have been necessary under the individual candidacy system. (persecution.org)
The Westminster system has also failed England, leaving local councils without powers, and an undemocratic Parliament in Westminster, whilst Scotland and Wales enjoy devolved governments. (chartist.org.uk)
Even the UK, the most radically anti-proportional parliament in Europe, returned ten parties after the most recent general election (and, lest anyone think that was a fluke, eleven in the one before that). (fathomjournal.org)
A parliament without the Opposition Party may not give the political legitimacy of a parliament. (kuenselonline.com)
It also presented an opportunity for Georgia to test new reforms intended to increase political competition and gender diversity in parliament after decades of single-party domination. (iri.org)
Against the backdrop of recurring political instability and a neo-liberal policy environment, the contributors raise many fundamental issues about the functioning of these institutions, their capabilities and the need for reform, and, in the case of the Parliament, the possibility of a shift to the presidential system of government and a model of cooperative federalism. (orientblackswan.com)

This article asks what international evidence suggests about the likelihood of major reform of the system used to elect the British House of Commons. (cambridge.org)
CrossRef Google Scholar see also Eckhard Jesse, 'The West German Electoral System: The Case for Reform, 1949-1987', West European Politics , 10: 3 (July 1987), pp. 434-48, at p. 436. (cambridge.org)
Nor do they vote based on stances on carers, political reform or mental health provision. (libdemvoice.org)
Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio. (fairvote.org)
He argues below that the case against Israel's very proportional system of parliamentary representation is as empirically weak now as it was then, and that the demand for its reform continues to parallel frustrations with political facts of life that have nothing to do with constitutional provisions. (fathomjournal.org)
A day after the minister of democratic institutions had excited Conservatives with an interestingly worded response , the official Opposition pressed yesterday to mark a potential weakness in the government's promise of electoral reform: specifically, the Liberal side's reluctance to commit to a referendum before legislating some alternative to our first-past-the-post system. (macleans.ca)
Congress may also designate or form other commissions to deal with specific issues, such as constitutional reform. (country-studies.com)

In this article we draw on a small but important body of work that has begun to contrast federal with unitary and other systems in order to determine how well federal systems fare by comparison. (juspoliticum.com)
Our findings are far from conclusive, but they are instructive, in large part because they all point in the same direction and to the same conclusion: unitary systems out-perform federal systems on almost all measures of government effectiveness and efficiency, and citizen well-being. (juspoliticum.com)
Part I compares federal systems with unitary systems on a number of dimensions. (juspoliticum.com)
Part II examines a variation on the federal/unitary distinction by exploring the claimed benefits of consociational government in contrast to either federal or unitary structures - though it does show that consociational structures are only likely to flourish in unitary systems. (juspoliticum.com)

On one dimension (the system of government), contemporary democracies broadly divide into parliamentary, presidential, and semi-presidential systems. (protectdemocracy.org)
Presidential democracies are prevalent, especially in Latin America, but most of them opt for proportional representation for electing the lower chambers of their legislatures. (protectdemocracy.org)
In most modern constitutional democracies there is a constitutional document providing for fixed limitations on the exercise of power. (citizendium.org)
The mix system of election has been in place in many democracies - especially in the Scandinavian countries - which has similar political systems as Bhutan. (kuenselonline.com)
This fulfils the principle of inclusion, which can be crucial to stability in divided societies and has benefits for decision making in established democracies, such as achieving a more balanced representation of minorities in decision-making bodies and providing role models of minorities as elected representatives. (jatinverma.org)

Babiš himself is a bundle of contradictions: A self-proclaimed anti-establishment leader and anti-corruption crusader, he profited from the 'old system' of mainstream parties, is the second-richest Czech businessman and a media mogul, and was until recently also the country's finance minister. (dgap.org)
And once freed from the rigidity of a two-party system where gridlock is preferable to giving the other side a win, members of Congress could more easily form issue-specific coalitions to address the country's most pressing problems. (democracyjournal.org)
3/10/07 Egypt For the full article (Gulf News.com ) As Egypt is debating constitutional changes, touted as the largest in decades, Coptic Christians, who make up an estimated 10 million of the country's 75 million population, are pushing for wider political representation. (persecution.org)
And often this spawns incoherence in the country's system of governance . (polity.org.za)
The fundamental problem is the country's proportional representation system . (polity.org.za)
It handles not only the management of 25,000 local branches-the central social institution in many rural and island communities-and nation-wide postal delivery, but also the country's major savings and life-insurance systems. (newleftreview.org)

In our view, grafting a multiparty system with proportional representation onto existing constitutional and legislative arrangements risks exacerbating longstanding congressional pathologies. (democracyjournal.org)

The change follows a June 2020 constitutional court judgment that the Electoral Act was unconstitutional because it didn't allow independent candidates. (polity.org.za)

The former, which goes with the party system, justifies whipping and a pragmatic approach to the keeping of manifesto promises, with "representation" of electors being confined to constituency matters. (opendemocracy.net)
Despite having an element of a constituency approach, which many supporters of electoral reforms want for provincial and national polls, is also driven by a party system. (polity.org.za)
The second is the barely noticed, eccentric practice of constituency boundary revision, which sets Ireland quite apart from other countries that use proportional representation. (macgillsummerschool.com)
The newly reduced threshold resulted in nine parties acquiring the requisite vote share to achieve parliamentary representation, though the reduction of single-member districts from 73 to 30 was expected, the subsequent delimitation of constituency boundaries fell short of international standards for equal suffrage. (iri.org)
Duverger, a French political scientist, argued that the FPTP system tends to bring about a two-party system at the constituency level. (jatinverma.org)

In this chapter, we discuss Norwegian political communication research, emphasising the dominating theoretical strands that can be singled out for this particular national research community: election communication, social media and politics, political journalism, public-sphere studies, and studies of political rhetoric. (diva-portal.org)
For decades various teams of political scientists have been working out National Equivalent Vote Shares (NEVS) based on local election results. (libdemvoice.org)
A considerable amount of these new parties do not include very new faces: most of them are created by moderately famous politicians who were unable to climb the political ladder any further, and try to reach better election results this way. (valuewalk.com)
Proportional Representation: The Case for a Better Election System. (fairvote.org)
A Right to Representation: Proportional Election Systems for the Twenty-first Century. (fairvote.org)
The Israeli electoral system has never wanted for critics nor for well-intentioned reformers, yet its basic contours have remained remarkably unchanged since the first general election in 1949. (fathomjournal.org)
In Israel, the number of parties returned at each recent election has held steady at around twelve, and this number, believe it or not, is an accurate reflection of the existing political cleavages in Israel's very diverse and deeply divided political society. (fathomjournal.org)
By the letter of its party platform, the Liberal government is committed only to implementing changes to the electoral system-"We are committed to ensuring that 2015 will be the last federal election conducted under the first-past-the-post voting system"-after an "all-party" committee of parliamentarians has reviewed the options and made recommendations. (macleans.ca)
The constitutional reforms were perceived as a step forward for Georgia, particularly as they were later coupled with electoral amendments that partially incorporated recommendations from observers following the 2018 presidential election. (iri.org)
Printed in March 1812, this political cartoon was made in reaction to the newly drawn state senate election district of South Essex created by the Massachusetts legislature to favor the Democratic-Republican Party . (wiki2.org)
The countdown to the Second Constituent Assembly (CA) election has already begun, however, the inclusive representation and participation of Dalits in the election is still a major challenge. (ipcs.org)
What is the status of Dalit representation in the election? (ipcs.org)
I agree with him that those systems were working too slowly in this case, and on the substantive point that Phil Goff can't win the election without a fantastic political deus ex machina such as that which benefited George W Bush. (kiwipolitico.com)
This course of action could not be more different to that taken by Helen Clark who, with her swift acceptance of the political reality in which she found herself, ensured that the party retained its dignity after the 2008 election defeat. (kiwipolitico.com)
Ninety days prior to an election, a legally recognized political party must register its candidates for Congress with the TSE. (country-studies.com)

LOW-BEER, JOHN R. 'The Constitutional Imperative for Proportional Representation. (fairvote.org)

This naturally caused political instability that led to criticism of the model both from its contemporaries [1] and revisionists in the present. (citizendium.org)
Naysayers, particularly from the English-speaking world, have accused Israel's proportional representation system of breeding constant instability and empowering fringe elements and extremists, while an undercurrent of domestic discourse pines for 'strong leadership' that isn't always looking over its shoulders to please coalition partners. (fathomjournal.org)

The new constitutional amendment also abolished single member-districts and replacing them with an increased multi-member proportional representation. (wikipedia.org)
The amendments were facilitated by two significant rulings from the Constitutional Court, which overruled its previous precedent preventing a mixed electoral system and struck down a 2019 constitutional amendment. (constitutionnet.org)
Certain areas of political and social life become immune to government intervention, without a constitutional amendment, and peaceful change in the political order is made possible. (citizendium.org)
Second, such an amendment arguably violates constitutional principle. (ethiopia-insight.com)

National and provincial deputies must be Ecuadorian by birth, in full possession of the rights of citizenship, and affiliated with one of the political parties legally recognized by the TSE. (country-studies.com)

We will establish a Constitutional Convention to create a written constitution. (chartist.org.uk)
Learning from examples like Iceland, we will create an open, democratic national Constitutional Convention, free from Westminster influence and with the maximum public participation, to draw up a new, written constitution for the United Kingdom. (chartist.org.uk)
The interim Constitution of Nepal (2007, Article 33) stipulates the obligation for the proportional inclusion of Dalits in all state structures: "to enable Dalits to participate in all organs of the state structure on the basis of proportional inclusion. (ipcs.org)
The unfortunate dissolution of the Constitutional Assembly which could not even accomplish its assigned task of promulgating a constitution for federal Nepal has shattered the dream of Dalits to participate equally and share the same space in writing a Constitution in Nepal. (ipcs.org)
The Constitution gives Congress important powers in legislation and in political and judicial control. (country-studies.com)

In proportional systems, voters choose representatives in multimember districts, and legislative seats are assigned in proportion to a party's vote share in the district. (protectdemocracy.org)
In mixed systems, voters choose some representatives through single-member districts and some through multimember districts. (protectdemocracy.org)
In thinking through these institutional challenges, we focus our attention on the House of Representatives-motivated, among other things, by the practical consideration that the Senate's allocation of two seats per state makes it difficult if not impossible to implement a more proportional system of representation without also altering fundamental features of the upper chamber. (democracyjournal.org)
The first is the hoary argument about the adequacy of the Irish electoral system, the single transferable vote system of proportional representation, and the allegation that it promotes inappropriate priorities among elected representatives. (macgillsummerschool.com)

In setting the scene Gordon remarks " - our current political system consists of, in essence, a struggle for power between the two main parties. (opendemocracy.net)
If "we the people" rebelled against party rule, made that theory a reality, and elected a substantial number of such candidates, it would have a profound effect on the power struggle that Gordon describes and, in particular, would make discussion of proportional representation of parties an exercise in dry swimming. (opendemocracy.net)
Arguably, any constitutional settlement must keep this possibility alive if only to keep the political parties honest. (opendemocracy.net)
However, none of these ideas made it into his party's program and they would be hard to enact in any case: Even with the support of all other anti-establishment parties, the ANO would still lack a constitutional majority. (dgap.org)
The collapse of the political center and the surge of the protest vote have benefited new parties. (dgap.org)
And indeed, according to a 2013 report by the commission on political and campaign finances CNCCFP, there are 408 organizations counting as political parties in France, which is 15 times more than there were in 1990. (valuewalk.com)
What is interesting as well is that the total number of parties keeps steadily increasing, yet the number of political movements eligible for public funds stays at a stable level of around 50 since 1995. (valuewalk.com)
Most parties are created by moderately famous politicians who were unable to climb the political ladder any further. (valuewalk.com)
These 26 parties work together in five big political groups which either call themselves left- or right-wing, and who end up voting in either direction. (valuewalk.com)
French general and statesman Charles de Gaulle led a new constitutional change that would "stabilize" the parliamentary unrest, by making the parties constantly pivot towards each other. (valuewalk.com)
The conditions that made presidentialism in America stable - a moderate two-party system, with considerable overlap between the parties and relatively nonideological politics - have vanished. (protectdemocracy.org)
Proportional representation would allow one or two more parties to become important contenders, would enlarge possibilities for building coalitions across parties, and would likely attenuate polarization. (protectdemocracy.org)
Because voters in single-member districts tend to treat third parties as spoilers or wasted votes, this system generates two dominant parties at the district level. (protectdemocracy.org)
However, given the absence of a threshold criterion and the number of reserved seats, the outcome was a mosaic of 23 different political parties/ blocs occupying the 27 seats, four of which had two MPs or more. (jordantimes.com)
Fifteen political parties participated and won 42 seats, compared with 61 national lists that participated in 2013, competing over the 27 seats. (jordantimes.com)
According to the 2012 Political Parties Law, each existing licensed political party receives an amount of JD50,000 annually as a contribution from the state. (jordantimes.com)
An increasingly popular solution is to replace our two-party system with multiple parties and proportional representation. (democracyjournal.org)
For these reasons, we think it best not to assume that imposing a system of multiple parties with proportional representation would necessarily (or even likely) be accompanied by other changes designed to smooth the transition from our current system or to maximize the reform's potential upside. (democracyjournal.org)
some nations have two party systems, where the electorate is split down along racial, ethnic and economic coalitions readily identifiable with their respective political party [5] , others have broader systems, where smaller parties take in sizeable portions of the vote, ensuring coalition governments need to be formed in order to create a functionable government. (citizendium.org)
These events prompted three opposition political parties, the United Democratic Movement (UDM), Economic Freedom Fighters, and Democratic Alliance, to propose a motion of no confidence in the President. (ox.ac.uk)
Worldwide, the Occupiers deny a connection is even warranted - the Spanish Indignados are the most vocal - saying that political parties of the Left and Right inevitably work to maintain social order. (jacobin.com)
The Constitutional Court rejected opposition parties' legal petitions alleging irregularities during the provincial-level vote count and a lack of transparent decision making by the National Electoral Commission. (state.gov)
For political parties, extra votes count towards securing another seat. (polity.org.za)
What's needed is to completely overhaul the electoral system, lest it continues to churn out minute parties, resulting in intractable coalition politics. (polity.org.za)
The people's verdict was equally stunning and unexpected for the political parties, too. (links.org.au)
Political parties and candidates were able to organize and campaign freely and citizens had access to a variety of political news media and information. (iri.org)
What have been the approaches of the major political parties to bring the Dalits into the political mainstream? (ipcs.org)
The polarised political landscape and the perceptions of major political parties are major contributing factors for unequal participation of Dalits. (ipcs.org)
The political representation of Dalits in the formal political structure seems to lies in the question of power for the major political parties rather than that of representation, which is another determining factor for low Dalits participation. (ipcs.org)
these issues are therefore constrained by the basic objectives of the parties either to capture or survive the political process. (ipcs.org)
Will major political parties succeed in building consensus on various issues including ethno-federalism? (ipcs.org)
The FPTP system tends to magnify the seat share of the party with the largest vote share , while parties receiving a lower vote share tend to get a much lower seat share. (jatinverma.org)
Facilitate minority parties' access to representation. (jatinverma.org)

Since the 2012 demonstrations, Jordan has implemented a number of constitutional reforms in its efforts to expedite the process of democratisation. (jordantimes.com)

Will Recent Constitutional Amendments Promote Political Pluralism in Mongolia? (constitutionnet.org)
According to Article 35, a simple majority is required to move the motion for constitutional amendments and three-fourth to amend it. (kuenselonline.com)

Currently, all the seats in the National Assembly (NA) are allocated through the first-past-the-post system whereby each candidate, including the party president, must contest and win his or her seat. (kuenselonline.com)
Second, the first-past-the-post system has the drawback that a party president or key members of a party could also fail to win their seats. (kuenselonline.com)
Conversely, this system could also result in a situation whereby a party wins the popular votes but not the majority in terms of seats - and thereby lose the chance to govern. (kuenselonline.com)
Given the above, our electoral laws need to be reviewed and consider a mix of first-past-the-post and proportional representation system and assign few more seats in the National Assembly as per the proportional representation. (kuenselonline.com)
The two remaining seats from the proportional allocation will go to the other party. (kuenselonline.com)
The Mix System would also rescue the key party leaders by putting them in the House, even if they fail to win their seats. (kuenselonline.com)
That the ldp now occupies 62 per cent of seats-296 out of 480, up by 59 from the previous Diet-owes more to the iniquitous Japanese electoral system than to the enthusiasms of the voters. (newleftreview.org)
If a party gets 40% of the total votes, for example, a perfectly proportional system would allow it to get 40% of the seats. (jatinverma.org)

The thinking goes that what the electorate needs is more, and presumably better, choices that reflect our varied ideological orientations and assorted political priorities. (democracyjournal.org)

Unlike in Poland or Hungary, the Czech Senate can effectively block any constitutional change and thereby stabilize the constitutional system. (dgap.org)

But make no mistake, these endorsements serve a strategic purpose: the Green Party of Joly assured themselves ministerial positions in government, the far-left of Mélenchon got political concessions, while the centre-left simply did not see a possibility to get into government with Sarkozy, so they stubbornly supported his opponent. (valuewalk.com)
He is the former Director of the Constitutional Litigation Unit of the Legal Resources Centre. (ox.ac.uk)
We were now fighting for a kind of a bridgehead, a foothold, a return in the full sense of the word which was related to creating a new constitutional order, new constitutional dispensation and in technical terms my South Africa Constitutional Study Centre relocated from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies in London to the University of the Western Cape. (nelsonmandela.org)
But the system is what it is, and you either work with it or you cut yourself loose from it in a fashion which places the system - rather than your own conduct and the competence of the sitting leader - front and centre as the object of critique. (kiwipolitico.com)
Sudha Pai retired as Professor at the Centre for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. (orientblackswan.com)

As comparative political scientists have long known, proportional representation can work well with a presidential system. (protectdemocracy.org)
Two political scientists whose work stands out in this area are John Gerring and Erik Wibbels. (juspoliticum.com)

A Vote for Change: Some Insiders Say Proportional Representation Could Lead Us Out of Legislative Gridlock. (fairvote.org)

He is the author of many studies of democratic institutions, the governance of deeply divided societies, and electoral systems. (journalofdemocracy.org)

In a narrow sense, that is right but, by definition, it locks us into a party-based system and forces "independents" to band together in a "party" of some kind if they are to have both potency and constitutional legitimacy. (opendemocracy.net)

But Congress, as is true of other legislatures in presidential systems across the world, has limited capacity to distribute such spoils on its own. (democracyjournal.org)

Ukraine's political development since 1991 has been driven by four interrelated factors: the institutional legacy of the Soviet Union, divisions in Ukrainian society, institutional design, and above all, the practice of 'power politics. (ditext.com)

Designed to tackle perceived gaps in the state's policy making and implementation structures, to hasten the process of restoration of political and economic sovereignty and to ensure that a similar collapse will not recur, this agenda has identified specific institutions that are seen as being in need of fundamental overhaul. (macgillsummerschool.com)

John Jackson on Repairing British politics: A Blueprint for Constitutional Change by Richard Gordon. (opendemocracy.net)
It would affect all aspects of our present constitutional settlement and of proposals to change it. (opendemocracy.net)
INMAN, MARY A. 'C.P.R. (Change through Proportional Representation): Resuscitating a Federal Electoral System. (fairvote.org)
That a change to the electoral system should necessarily be submitted to a referendum is an interesting proposition, and the Conservatives are not quite beyond reproach in making it. (macleans.ca)
political cultural change is at least as important. (macgillsummerschool.com)
Or are they a reflection of rapid social change, of strong traditional societies, and the lack of honest and committed political leadership? (orientblackswan.com)

The only constitutional provision for a confrontation between the Houses of the Diet, under Article 59.ii, is for the bill to be remitted to the Lower House, where it would pass into law provided it secured a two-thirds majority. (newleftreview.org)

The government is also accused of backing away from a commitment to make the political system more democratic. (brookings.edu)
The greatest threat to our system of government stems from the divisive and polarized nature of the two-party system. (protectdemocracy.org)
In presidential systems, voters elect a legislature and also separately elect a president as head of government. (protectdemocracy.org)
A Return to Tradition: Proportional Representation in Tribal Government. (fairvote.org)
In government, we should commit to the introduction of genuinely proportional representation. (chartist.org.uk)
The transition from the apartheid-era local government system was handled separately from the national and provincial spheres. (polity.org.za)
This is why the country has different systems of government at the local, provincial and national levels. (polity.org.za)
It's simple to understand.In a political environment, FPTP enables voters to clearly express a view on which party they think should form the next government. (jatinverma.org)

In parliamentary systems, voters elect a legislature, and then the legislature chooses a leader (usually a prime minister), who is typically the head of the largest party. (protectdemocracy.org)
Unless the threshold is unduly high, or the district magnitude is unusually low, then any political party with even a small percentage of the vote can gain representation in the legislature. (jatinverma.org)

Our political system is broken and our democratic institutions are not fit for purpose. (chartist.org.uk)
These are the central questions that Constitutional and Democratic Institutions in India grapples with. (orientblackswan.com)

We will only support replacements that are genuinely democratic and elected on a proportional basis. (chartist.org.uk)
Its 349 members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-year term. (funkidslive.com)

Arend Lijphart is Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. (journalofdemocracy.org)
In Choosing an Electoral System , edited by Lijphart and Grofman, 113-20. (fairvote.org)

Cincinnati's 1988 Proportional Representation Initiative. (fairvote.org)

Babiš's political position is far less dominant than that of his Hungarian and Polish counterparts. (dgap.org)
And post-2014, there was the emergence of a second dominant party system. (jatinverma.org)

Taking a longer lens, the judgment may in time be seen as impelled by the current political crisis, but as creating its own constitutional risks. (ox.ac.uk)
Despite the Big Bang deregulation of Japanese financial markets in 1998, people have preferred to entrust their money to the security of the Postal Savings System, even with interest rates under 1 per cent, rather than expose it to the risks of casino capitalism. (newleftreview.org)

Political sociologist Robin Archer offers a compelling argument that points out specific conditions - the weakness of the early industrial union organizing efforts, the level of state repression, the structural divides determined by religious affiliations, the bonkers politics of Daniel DeLeon's Socialist Labor Party and the equally malignant and self-interested craft union response - conditions that in combination were true nowhere else. (jacobin.com)

But proportional representation is more than just compatible with a presidential system. (protectdemocracy.org)
6. Time to Imagine a Presidential System? (orientblackswan.com)

But now there is almost a consensus that replacing this system with the proportional slate system will give Copts the chance for bigger representation," Yousuf Sedhoum, editor of the Copts' mouthpiece Watani, told Gulf News. (persecution.org)

Two other political forces that where virtually assured to pass a 3% barrier where the Socialist Party of Ukraine headed by Oleksander Moroz and the bloc of the current Speaker of Verkhovna Rada, Volodymyr Lytvyn (based on his former Agrarian Party of Ukraine renamed to the People's Party). (wikipedia.org)
Adrian Blau, 'Majoritarianism Under Pressure: The Electoral and Party Systems', in Robert Hazell (ed. (cambridge.org)
But a fight is a fight, and even in the US - where the electoral system is horribly rigged against smaller contestants - political movements such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party still fight for their beliefs until the end, even if that means fighting for support in single digits. (valuewalk.com)
The second point is that the current U.S. combination - presidentialism atop deep and deepening polarization in a two-party system - has become dysfunctional. (protectdemocracy.org)
Radicals, since at least the 1936 reelection of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, have battled over two key electoral strategies: relate in whatever way possible to progressive forces around the Democratic Party or denounce the two-party system as a sham and build a progressive third party. (jacobin.com)
The existing electoral system is, by design since 1994, inherently biased towards a party system. (polity.org.za)
Ordinarily I would assume the former - incompetence is usually a more apt explanation than malice - but I'm sorely tempted in this case to believe that, as Chris Trotter says , Carter has seen his own political end, and determined to take the rest of the party down with him (update: I think this is a more accurate assessment than Tim Watkin's suicide by cop ). (kiwipolitico.com)
I don't know anything about the personal relationship between Clark and Carter, but from what I know of her political mind I suspect this will cause it considerable strain, with the episode perhaps costing Carter not only his credibility, his job, and his party membership, but the only political friend and ally he had not already alienated. (kiwipolitico.com)
Some say that this situation is a consequence of the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system , where a party with the highest votes gets the seat even if it doesn't win a majority. (jatinverma.org)

This is expected to incentivise them to run developed campaigns discussing core policy issues, and with time, we may finally see them develop more advanced ideological stances, which will enrich plurality within the political scene. (jordantimes.com)

However, a 'state of emergency' as envisioned in Article 93 could be declared only in case of an external invasion, a breakdown of law and order that endangers constitutional rule, a natural disaster, or an epidemic. (ethiopia-insight.com)
And the case for a referendum is strong , in part because the Liberal commitment was not to a particular alternative to first-past-the-post and particularly if you believe, as the Liberal platform would seem to concede, that the system for electing those 184 Liberal MPs is inherently flawed. (macleans.ca)
In any case, the suggestion that deficiencies in the Irish political system might be corrected by reforming institutional arrangements needs to be examined carefully. (macgillsummerschool.com)

The theoretical framework that is utilized in this thesis comes from ideological criticism as well as the concept of representation in film. (lu.se)
What has not been studied extensively are the political, social, and ideological dimensions of their films, which this thesis will explore in depth. (lu.se)

Gordon explains that his proposals stem from his opinion that proportional representation should be a constitutional requirement and that its precise form should be determined following extensive empirical and comparative research. (opendemocracy.net)
Further, I think that the empirical and comparative research should be presented to "us" so that "we" can consider, separately from Gordon's other proposals, whether "we" want proportional representation before "we" consider what form it should take. (opendemocracy.net)

Ultimately, the Speaker must decide on the procedure so as to ensure the effectiveness of constitutional oversight mechanisms. (ox.ac.uk)
The nature of society has a decisive impact on the extent and effectiveness of Dalit political presence and participation. (ipcs.org)

Anatomy8

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology11

Phenomena and Processes16

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Democracy19

Elections25

Majoritarian4

Monarchy2

Parliament21

Reform7

Unitary4

Democracies5

Country's6

Multiparty1

20201

Constituency5

Election15

Imperative1

Instability2

Amendment4

Deputies1

Constitution5

Representatives4

Parties33

Reforms1

Amendments2

Seats8

Electorate1

Stabilize1

Centre5

Scientists2

Legislative1

Governance1

Legitimacy1

Legislatures1

19911

Fundamental1

Change6

Provision1

Government8

Legislature2

Democratic institutions2

Basis2

Lijphart2

Initiative1

Dominant2

Risks2

Equally1

Presidential2

Consensus1

Party9

Plurality1

Case3

Ideological2

Proposals2

Effectiveness2