• Each candidate enhancer sequence is PCR amplified from genomic DNA, cloned into an expression vector upstream of a minimal promoter driving expression of a reporter gene (e.g., lacZ) and the resulting construct injected into single cell mouse embryos. (yale.edu)
  • hA3-induced G-to-A mutation rates were significantly influenced by the wider sequence context of the target G. Moreover, hA3G, and to a lesser extent hA3F, displayed clear tetranucleotide preference hierarchies, irrespective of the genomic region examined and overall hypermutation rate. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A computational evaluation of the lncRNAs through systematic conservation analyses of both sequences as well as their genomic architecture is required.Results: Our results show that a subset of mouse candidate lncRNAs could be distinguished from random sequences based on their alignment with zebrafish phastCons elements. (sissa.it)
  • In summary, we show that interesting genomic regions in zebrafish could be marked based on their sequence homology to a mouse lncRNA, overlap with ESTs and proximity to genes involved in nervous system development.Conclusions: Conservation at the sequence level can identify a subset of putative lncRNA orthologs. (sissa.it)
  • Funding will support an innovative genomic sequencing project to better protect and conserve the Wood Bison population in Canada. (genomecanada.ca)
  • He thanked CDC and KTL for their support in providing accurate genomic sequencing results of polioviruses in a timely manner, as this greatly facilitated planning and targeting the polio eradication activities. (who.int)
  • Genetic analysis of patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency: genomic sequencing reveals otherwise undetectable mutations. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)
  • Much of this sequence can be localized to approximately 90,000 conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) that show evidence of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. (plantcytogenomics.org)
  • Advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing and protein mass spectrometry has substantially increased the availability of protein sequences and whole genomes for comparison since the early 2000s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alignment of HACNS4 to orthologous sequences from nonhuman genomes. (yale.edu)
  • Identifying the sequences that direct the spatial and temporal expression of genes and defining their function in vivo remains a significant challenge in the annotation of vertebrate genomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We similarly analyzed patient-derived hypermutated HIV-1 genomes using a new method for estimating reference sequences. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we report sequencing of genomes from three Brassicaceae species ( Leavenworthia alabamica, Sisymbrium irio and Aethionema arabicum ) and their joint analysis with six previously sequenced crucifer genomes. (plantcytogenomics.org)
  • Indeed, starting from ~2,800 mouse lncRNAs we could predict that between 4 and 11% present conserved sequence fragments in fish genomes. (sissa.it)
  • We believe this study will result useful as a reference to analyze the conservation of lncRNAs in newly sequenced genomes and transcriptomes. (sissa.it)
  • Now researchers combing through the DNA sequences of vertebrate genomes have identified three distinct periods of evolutionary innovation that accompanied this remarkable diversification. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By comparing the genomes of species whose evolutionary lineages diverged at different times in the past, researchers can see when in evolutionary history a particular conserved sequence first appeared. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In particular, the NS5B region contained long stem-loop structures of up to 38 internally paired nucleotides which were evolutionarily conserved between human and chimpanzee HGV/GBV-C variants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Sequence and expression pattern of an evolutionarily conserved transcript identified by gene trapping. (nih.gov)
  • In the absence of antigenically matched hemagglutinin-based vaccines, DNA vaccination with conserved influenza genes may provide a useful first line of defense against a rapidly spreading pandemic virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The reports on base sequences of spider silk protein genes have gained importance as the mechanical properties of silk fibers have been revealed. (bioone.org)
  • Conserved sequences outside of known genes are likely to be gene regulatory elements. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Because regulatory elements are typically located near the genes they govern, the researchers assigned each conserved element to the closest gene. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the first period of evolutionary innovation, in addition to changes affecting developmental genes, the study found a dramatic enrichment in conserved elements near genes for proteins known as "transcription factors," which bind to DNA and regulate whole groups of other genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The DNA sequences for the genes encoding the heavy and light subunits of methanol dehydrogenase from Methylophilus methylotrophus W3A1 have been determined. (rcsb.org)
  • Current diagnostic PCR assays target a variety of SARS CoV-2 genes and the vast majority target sequences in regions of the SARS CoV-2 genome that are highly conserved. (who.int)
  • Whole genome sequencing can also provide insights into the specific genes or mutations that may be linked to antibiotic resistance. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • To this end, we have focused on identifying noncoding sequences highly conserved in nonhuman vertebrate species that display high rates of nucleotide substitution on the human lineage, which may indicate positive selection for new regulatory functions. (yale.edu)
  • A potentially homologous RNA structure was identified in this region of the avian encephalitis virus genome, despite little nucleotide sequence relatedness between it and HAV. (ox.ac.uk)
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has a relatively conserved nucleotide sequence. (medscape.com)
  • Illuminating enhancer transcription at nucleotide resolution with native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-Seq). (mpg.de)
  • We describe a general approach to rapidly obtain the DNA sequence encoding the variable region of any immunoglobulin chain using the polymerase chain reaction and a mixture of upstream primers corresponding to the leader sequence, and one downstream primer designed from the conserved nucleotide sequence of the constant region. (lu.se)
  • The extent to which a sequence is conserved can be affected by varying selection pressures, its robustness to mutation, population size and genetic drift. (wikipedia.org)
  • In coding sequences, the nucleic acid and amino acid sequence may be conserved to different extents, as the degeneracy of the genetic code means that synonymous mutations in a coding sequence do not affect the amino acid sequence of its protein product. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, human-specific developmental features, as elaborations on the common theme of mammalian development, are likely to arise in part from changes in the conserved genetic architecture of the developmental regulatory machinery. (yale.edu)
  • With the advent of next generation sequencing, our understanding of the genetic diversity of cellular and viral life has expanded exponentially. (lu.se)
  • Metagenomic sequencing engables a thorough mapping of the genetic material in the clinical sample, providing a broader understanding of the microbiological profile. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In contrast to metagenomic detection of unknown pathogens which sequences all available genetic material, 16S sequencing specifically targets the small ribosomal subunit. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • By sequencing the entire genome, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic composition is obtained. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In epidemiological contact tracing, this technology enables the mapping of infection spread and identification of sources of infection through the comparison of genetic sequences. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • To identify putative regulatory sequences evolving rapidly on the human lineage, we developed a test statistic (in collaboration with Shyam Prabhakar of the Genome Institute of Singapore) for assessing the significance of human-specific sequence acceleration in conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs). (yale.edu)
  • In our approach, sites within CNSs were binned based on their degree of sequence conservation in six nonhuman species: chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, mouse, rat, dog and chicken, and human-specific substitutions were identified by parsimony (Fig. 1A). (yale.edu)
  • A search for short sequence patterns revealed a number of motifs which are over-represented in EC-CNSs relative to CNSs from the control gene sets. (duke.edu)
  • In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). (wikipedia.org)
  • HACNSs show a statistically significant excess of human-specific sequence changes (circled) at positions highly conserved in other species. (yale.edu)
  • A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. (usda.gov)
  • Though the species of this group show a high degree of karyotypic similarity, D. soaresi was unique in presenting large blocks of het- ITSs (heterochromatic internal telomeric sequences) in the majority of the centromeres. (pensoft.net)
  • The amino acid sequence of PACAP is identical in all mammals , and in species such as chicken, frog, salmon, only 1-3 amino acids are different. (eurogentec.com)
  • The rainbow trout genome sequence is not available yet, which does not allow miRNA prediction for this species which is of great economic interest for aquaculture and sport fisheries, and is a model research organism for studies related to carcinogenesis, toxicology, comparative immunology, disease ecology, physiology and nutrition. (usda.gov)
  • The new study identified millions of these regulatory innovations by using computational methods to look for DNA sequences that are still the same in species that have evolved separately over long periods of time. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The BIG project will apply new genomics solutions to conserving a species of significant symbolic and cultural importance, particularly to many Indigenous and First Nations communities . (genomecanada.ca)
  • Sequencing of the approximately 250-bp-long ITS amplicons of the three MCC member species showed differences in 24 to 34 bases, thereby yielding variable deduced restriction maps. (cdc.gov)
  • ITS PCR-restriction analysis using the in silico-selected restriction enzyme MaeII or HphI differentiated the three MCC members from one another and from other RGM and SGM species without sequencing. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence comparison between VDE from different species were made and particular interest was focused on four highly conserved histidines (H121,124,167,173) and their possible involvement in enzymatic activity. (lu.se)
  • 16S sequencing is performed to determine which bacterial species are present in a clinical sample or isolate. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Conserved proteins undergo fewer amino acid replacements, or are more likely to substitute amino acids with similar biochemical properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • As with proteins, nucleic acids that are important for the structure and function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) can also be conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • A superfamily of proteins that share a highly conserved MADS domain sequence motif. (bvsalud.org)
  • Science: molecular biology) a base sequence in a dna molecule (or an amino acid sequence in a protein) that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution . (biologyonline.com)
  • Here we report that 45% of these sequences functioned reproducibly as tissue-specific enhancers of gene expression at embryonic day 11.5. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ChIP-seq identification of weakly conserved heart enhancers. (nature.com)
  • We now report that all TAChR-reactlve B6 T cell clones which responded to the dominant antigenlc epltope and expressed the dominant TCR V β 6 gene segment exhibited conservation of amlno acid sequence in the VDJ junctional region (CDR3) of the TCR β chain. (uthscsa.edu)
  • The conserved sequence motif contained a glutamlc acid residue in the CDR3 of TCR β. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Analysis of TCR β sequences from antigen-primed lymph node cells (LNC) showed a similar enrichment for sequences having a glutamlc acid in CDR3, although the overall appearance of the LNC sequences was somewhat more heterogeneous and consistent with a gradual In vitro selection of the subset of TCR found in the T cell clones. (uthscsa.edu)
  • In particular, the unusually conserved CDR3 sequence suggests that the conserved V β gene utilization seen previously is directly related to recognition of the immunodominant peptlde epltope in association with the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravls-susceptlbllity determining MHC class II molecule I-A b . (uthscsa.edu)
  • The testing of the top predictions in transgenic mice resulted in a threefold enrichment for sequences with forebrain enhancer activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we aimed to validate archaeal primers suitable for high throughput next generation sequencing. (frontiersin.org)
  • Conserved sequences are sequences which persist in the genome despite such forces, and have slower rates of mutation than the background mutation rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common mutation results in the replacement of the protein building block (amino acid) arginine with the amino acid tryptophan at position 88 in the septin-9 protein sequence, written as Arg88Trp or R88W. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Scan several protein sequences or a whole genome (all ORFs) against HAMAP family profiles. (expasy.org)
  • For contact tracing or inquiries related to antibiotic resistance, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial isolates is offered. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • It is a platform and database for the automated analysis of whole genome sequencing data. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The study of sequence conservation overlaps with the fields of genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, bioinformatics and mathematics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over many generations, nucleic acid sequences in the genome of an evolutionary lineage can gradually change over time due to random mutations and deletions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second, more practical consideration is that evolutionary conservation provides a means to interpret the statistical and ultimately biological importance of human-specific sequence changes. (yale.edu)
  • In this study, we made use of extreme evolutionary sequence conservation as a filter to identify putative gene regulatory elements, and characterized the in vivo enhancer activity of a large group of non-coding elements in the human genome that are conserved in human-pufferfish, Takifugu (Fugu) rubripes, or ultraconserved in human-mouse-rat. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This evolutionary comparison has helped to clarify the derived amino acid sequence in the human and strongly supports the hypothesis that the F8A gene encodes a protein. (wustl.edu)
  • Since protein structure is more conserved over evolutionary timescales than its amino acid sequence, reliable structure prediction by AlphaFold has revolutionised our ability to predict protein function. (lu.se)
  • Many functional sequences are also modular, containing regions which may be subject to independent selection pressures, such as protein domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, ubiquitous mAbs A4 and B7 and sub-ubiquitous mAb A8 may have their epitopes on the commonly conserved regions of the three isozyme groups. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conservation across orthologous bases suggests that at least 17% of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is under selection, with nearly one-quarter of the sequence under selection lying outside of coding regions. (plantcytogenomics.org)
  • Highly conserved regions are less likely to mutate, therefore there is a high likelihood that the diagnostic test will remain accurate in the presence of variants. (who.int)
  • The 16S rRNA gene is highly conserved with certain variable regions. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The laboratory procedure is based on amplifying and sequencing four variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene with two amplicons. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples of highly conserved sequences include the RNA components of ribosomes present in all domains of life, the homeobox sequences widespread amongst eukaryotes, and the tmRNA in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Highly conserved DNA sequences are thought to have functional value, although the role for many highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences is poorly understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within a sequence, amino acids that are important for folding, structural stability, or that form a binding site may be more highly conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small, highly conserved, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression of target mRNAs through cleavage or translational inhibition. (usda.gov)
  • Mycobacterium genus-specific primers derived from highly conserved sequences in the ITS region and the flanking 16S rRNA gene were used. (cdc.gov)
  • A helix initiation motif and a helix termination motif segment can be found at either end of the alpha-helical rod and are highly conserved in sequence between keratins. (medscape.com)
  • As with most other keratin disorders, most mutations in pachyonychia congenita occur in these highly conserved helix boundary domains at the end of the rod domain. (medscape.com)
  • 1 June 2021 using primer-probe sets targeting the highly conserved sequences of the envelope ( E ), Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. (bvsalud.org)
  • Homology search tools may take an individual nucleic acid or protein sequence as input, or use statistical models generated from multiple sequence alignments of known related sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • B) Amino acid sequence alignments. (hivinhibitor.com)
  • However, a region of markedly suppressed synonymous codon variability was identified in alignments of HAV sequences near the 5' end of the 3D(pol)-coding sequence of HAV, consistent with noncoding constraints imposed by an underlying RNA secondary structure. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Among the 12 conserved cysteine residues, there have been 3 amino acids between the very first two cysteine residues (Cys1 ys2 ), a sequence of 16 or 17 amino acids involving Cys4 ys5 , plus a sequence of 82 residues between Cys6 ys7 (Figure 1). (hivinhibitor.com)
  • The sequences of these clones revealed an intronless gene conding for 380 amino acids, with 85% identity the predicted human sequence. (wustl.edu)
  • Changes in the SEPTIN9 gene may alter the sequence of amino acids in certain septin-9 isoforms in ways that interfere with their function. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conservation can occur in coding and non-coding nucleic acid sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, sequence conservation in ncRNAs is generally poor compared to protein-coding sequences, and base pairs that contribute to structure or function are often conserved instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low sequence conservation and lack of functional annotations make it difficult to identify homologs of mammalian lncRNAs in other vertebrates. (sissa.it)
  • The mechanisms of heterosubtypic immunity are not completely understood but likely include both T-cell immunity, in particular CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) ( 16 , 17 ) and CD4+ T cells (13) , as well as antibodies to conserved epitopes (18) . (cdc.gov)
  • Aldolase C-specific mAbs B8, H1, B4, and E10, but not D9, have their epitopes on a region within amino acid positions 79-193 of antigens, where the type-C isozyme group-specific sequence-3 (IGS-3) is situated. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For example, the promoter of a conserved gene or operon may also be conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1987 the sdhCAB operon of B. subtilis was cloned and sequenced. (lu.se)
  • The similar protein-coding neighborhood and transcriptional information about the conserved candidates provide support to the hypothesis that they share functional homology. (sissa.it)
  • Margaret Dayhoff's 1966 comparison of ferrodoxin sequences showed that natural selection would act to conserve and optimise protein sequences essential to life. (wikipedia.org)
  • The codon usage bias in some organisms may restrict the types of synonymous mutations in a sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations that disrupted secondary RNA structure or the AAACA/G motif, without altering the amino acid sequence of 3D(pol), ablated replication of a subgenomic HAV replicon in transfected human hepatoma cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These sequences have presumably been conserved by natural selection because they serve an important function, so most mutations that change them would be harmful to the organism. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Consequently, established primers specifically amplifying the archaeal 16S ribosomal gene region are scarce compared to the variety of primers targeting bacterial sequences. (frontiersin.org)
  • The application of next-generation sequencing technology in microbial community analysis increased our knowledge and understanding of the complexity and diversity of a variety of ecosystems. (frontiersin.org)
  • The basis of the GENSAM project is the joint national management of clinical microbial sequencing data. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The identification of B. germanica embryo small RNA sequences unveiled miRNAs not detected in previous studies, such as those of the MIR-309 family and 54 novel miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conserved sequences are typically identified by bioinformatics approaches based on sequence alignment. (wikipedia.org)
  • High-sensitive nascent transcript sequencing reveals BRD4-specific control of widespread enhancer and target gene transcription. (mpg.de)
  • We are dissecting a number of elements in detail using a synthetic approach, in which subsets of the human-specific sequence changes in each element are transferred into the chimpanzee enhancer sequence. (yale.edu)
  • In vivo enhancer analysis of human conserved non-coding sequences. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We tested 167 of these extremely conserved sequences in a transgenic mouse enhancer assay. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our contribution was towards the development of a targeted bisulfite sequencing assay. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, strategies based on conserved influenza antigens should be explored. (cdc.gov)
  • Identification of a conserved RNA replication element (cre) within the 3Dpol-coding sequence of hepatoviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Replication competence could be rescued by reinsertion of the native 110-nt stem-loop structure (but not an abbreviated 45-nt stem-loop) upstream of the HAV coding sequence in the replicon. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Metagenomic sequencing is offered in cases where infection is suspected but other methods have failed to identify a pathogen. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The result of of metagenomic sequencing is the outcome of a collaborative effort between bioinformaticians and clinical microbiologists, where the clinical interpretation confirms and complements the technical analysis. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Distant conserved sequences flanking endothelial-specific promoters contain tissue-specific DNase-hypersensitive sites and over-represented motifs. (duke.edu)
  • Identification of "human accelerated" conserved noncoding sequences (HACNSs). (yale.edu)
  • The systematic identification of conserved developmental regulatory elements has made it possible to study the impact of human-specific changes in regulatory DNAs on a genome-wide scale. (yale.edu)
  • Identification of sequence variations in the miRNA -target interactions may be particularly useful for rainbow trout breeding programs. (usda.gov)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Monoclonal anti-human aldolase C antibodies that react to the isozyme group-specific sequences and generally conserved sequences of human aldolase C'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Kaihara R, Matsuhashi S , Kusakabe T , Kondo T, Iwanaga A, Hori K. Monoclonal anti-human aldolase C antibodies that react to the isozyme group-specific sequences and generally conserved sequences of human aldolase C . Journal of biochemistry . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Human-specific substitutions at sites conserved from chimpanzee to chicken are expected to be uncommon events, and were consequently given more weight than substitutions at less conserved sites. (yale.edu)
  • We sequenced small RNA libraries representing 11 developmental stages of B. germanica ontogeny (with especial emphasis on embryogenesis) and the changes in miRNA expression were examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nucleic acid sequence of a protein coding gene may also be conserved by other selective pressures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleic acid sequences that cause secondary structure in the mRNA of a coding gene may be selected against, as some structures may negatively affect translation, or conserved where the mRNA also acts as a functional non-coding RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • All nucleic acid in the clinical sample is sequenced and the resulting data is analysed by experienced bioinformaticians. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The Fp and Ip subunits are both very conserved with respect to composition and polypeptide sequence [1]. (lu.se)
  • However, a disadvantage of this primer pair was its low specificity for the archaeal domain in the experimental application leading to high amounts of bacterial sequences within the dataset. (frontiersin.org)
  • The method uses an internal control sequence (spike) which is amplified and sequenced simultaneously with the sample to facilitate the assessment of the bacterial content and to detect amplification-inhibiting factors in the sample that may lead to a negative result. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Non-coding sequences important for gene regulation, such as the binding or recognition sites of ribosomes and transcription factors, may be conserved within a genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • We here use a purified recombinant mitochondrial transcription system and demonstrate that conserved sequence box II is a sequence-dependent transcription termination element in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Using this approach, we identified 992 conserved noncoding sequences that are evolving rapidly on the human lineage (Fig. 1B and 1C). (yale.edu)
  • We termed these elements human-accelerated conserved noncoding sequences (HACNSs). (yale.edu)
  • We identified sequence signatures enriched in a subset of these elements that targeted forebrain expression, and used these features to rank all approximately 3,100 non-coding elements in the human genome that are conserved between human and Fugu. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pan-conserved segment tags identify ultra-conserved sequences across assemblies in the human pangenome. (stanford.edu)
  • A phylogenetically conserved sequence within viral 3'untranslated RNA pseudoknots regulates translation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family , has an amino acid sequence identity of 68% with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). (eurogentec.com)
  • In the Fp subunit of SQR, and the closely related membrane-associated fumarate reductase of anaerobic organisms, FAD is covalently attached via an 8α-N(3)-histidyl linkage to a histidine (His) in a conserved sequence in the N-terminal part of the polypeptide. (lu.se)
  • MiRNAs are most often identified through computational prediction from genome sequences. (usda.gov)