• Selective disulfide folding of synthetic α-PnIB demonstrated that both sulfated and non-sulfated toxins co-elute on reversed-phase HPLC and that α-PnIB possesses the same disulfide connectivity as other 'classical' α-conotoxins reported previously. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conotoxins Toxins from cone shells (Conus spp. (forexsignalx.com)
  • Researchers in this area are focused on the discovery and biochemical characterisation of venoms and marine toxins, especially the conotoxins produced by cone snails to rapidly immobilise their prey. (edu.au)
  • The cone snail's venom contains chemicals called conotoxins which block the nervous system of their prey. (irishnews.com)
  • The cone snail's venom contains chemicals called conotoxins, which the creature uses to paralyse its prey by blocking parts of their nervous system. (irishnews.com)
  • Cone Snail Glutaminyl Cyclase Sequences from Transcriptomic Analysis and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Two Pyroglutamyl Conotoxins. (ncbs.res.in)
  • 1 History Conotoxins are elements of the neurotoxic peptides isolated through the venom from the sea cone snail from the Genus Conus. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • Conotoxins - or cone snail venom products, as they are also called - are starting to get attention as a potential at-home replacements for Botox. (dentox.com)
  • Based on observed M(r)S, this venom contained all known conotoxins previously isolated and identified from this species. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The database and computational tools found on this website may be used for academic research only, provided that it is referred to ConoServer, the database of conotoxins (http://www.conoserver.org) and the above reference is cited. (conoserver.org)
  • Geographutoxin II GTX II, the most potent of this family of conotoxins, competitively inhibits binding of saxitoxin to neurotoxin receptor site 1 on muscle sodium channels at concentrations similar to those that inhibit sodium channel function. (dtic.mil)
  • α-conotoxin AuIB is the only one of the 4/6 type α-conotoxins (α-CTxs) that inhibits the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABABR)-coupled N-type calcium channel (CaV2.2). (myjournals.org)
  • Nicotinic receptor structure and function probed with conotoxins. (edu.au)
  • Interestingly, the doubly protonated species of only two of these conotoxins, α-PnIA and α-PnIB, showed additional related ions at +40 m/z (+80 Da), indicating the presence of either sulfation or phosphorylation in both components. (elsevierpure.com)
  • α-Conotoxins that are thought to act as antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing α3-subunits are efficacious in several preclinical models of chronic pain. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Orthosteric and/or Allosteric Binding of α-Conotoxins to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Their Models. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Globular and ribbon isomers of Conus geographus α-conotoxins antagonize human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (nih.gov)
  • NCCIH is interested in supporting research on the development of novel biologics from natural products (e.g., venoms and conotoxins) and microbial and microbiome therapies to modulate symptoms on nervous system disorders including pain, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, mild depression, and stress, etc. (nih.gov)
  • An extensive series, this one has material from Krishnan's PhD days (1974-1975) on mammalian brains till his latest studies on conotoxins and venoms in 2013. (ncbs.res.in)
  • One class of toxins of interest to neurochemical researchers are the various cone snail toxins known as conotoxins . (wikidoc.org)
  • Here we establish that three α-conotoxins, Vc1.1, AuIB and MII have distinct selectivity profiles for these three potential targets. (nih.gov)
  • Conotoxins have revolutionised pain research since their extraordinary potency and selectivity enables us to study the individual subtypes of ion channels, which was not possible before," explains Markus Muttenthaler. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 9. Key Structural Determinants in the Agonist Binding Loops of Human β2 and β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Contribute to α3β4 Subtype Selectivity of α-Conotoxins. (nih.gov)
  • In this work we studied the effects of nAChR antagonists, marine snail α-conotoxins and snake α-cobratoxin, on the survival and proliferation of C6 glioma cells. (nih.gov)
  • Commonly, conotoxins work as antagonists on different ion channels and receptors in the nerves, which means they inhibit the normal signals induced by neurotransmitters. (sciencenordic.com)
  • Dr. Olivera is an expert on conotoxins that can modulate nerve function. (omf.ngo)
  • These conotoxins display well-defined, protein-like structures, which are stabilised through multiple disulfide bond frameworks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Conotoxins exhibit an unprecedented degree of post-translational modifications, the most common one being the formation of disulfide bonds. (ku.dk)
  • Conotoxins are small peptides consisting of around 10-35 amino acids and exists in over 100,000 variants, with various targets. (sciencenordic.com)
  • OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE . (nih.gov)
  • Together, these findings suggest that inhibition of α9α10 nAChR is neither necessary nor sufficient for relief of allodynia and establish that α-conotoxins selective for GABA(B) receptor-dependent inhibition of N-type Ca(2+) channels relieve allodynia, and could therefore be developed to manage chronic pain. (nih.gov)
  • Geographutoxin II GTX II, the most potent of this family of conotoxins, competitively inhibits binding of saxitoxin to neurotoxin receptor site 1 on muscle sodium channels at concentrations similar to those that inhibit sodium channel function. (dtic.mil)
  • This 1978 paper was succeeded by publications describing the μ-conotoxins, which block the sodium channels of our tissues. (edu.ph)
  • Current research focuses now on conotoxins that could already target nerve endings outside the spinal cord, which would facilitate administration. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Potent interactions of Vc1.1 with other targets have suggested that the pain-relieving actions of α-conotoxins might be mediated by either α9α10 nAChRs or a novel GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of N-type calcium channels. (nih.gov)
  • Conotoxins can furthermore be functionalised and provide outstanding leads for new molecular probes: In another paper published in the "Australian Journal of Chemistry," the researchers developed a new methodology to label conotoxins and use them to visualise ion channels in cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Conotoxins are also active on human receptors (e.g., ion channels), which is of particular interest as they thus can be used as tools to study pain pathways in humans. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was found that α-conotoxins and α-cobratoxin promoted the proliferation of C6 glioma cells, while nicotine had practically no effect at concentrations below 1 µL/mL. (nih.gov)
  • 18. α-Conotoxins Identify the α3β4* Subtype as the Predominant Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Expressed in Human Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. (nih.gov)
  • With the help of conotoxins, researchers can now define the physiological as well as pathological relevance of the different receptor subtypes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The database and computational tools found on this website may be used for academic research only, provided that it is referred to ConoServer, the database of conotoxins (http://www.conoserver.org) and the above reference is cited. (conoserver.org)
  • Since then, research has expanded to include the ω-conotoxins that impede synaptic transmissions, and the conotoxins have been established as reliable reagents for neuroscience and medicine. (edu.ph)
  • 19. Molecular Determinants Conferring the Stoichiometric-Dependent Activity of α-Conotoxins at the Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype. (nih.gov)