Concentrations halothane. Medical search. Frequent questions

Concern for hepatitis resulted in a dramatic reduction in the use of halothane for adults and it was replaced in the 1980s by enflurane and isoflurane. (wikipedia.org)
Measurements were taken in three ORs, in the recovery room and in the OR reception area for nitrous - oxide (10024972) (N2O), ethrane (13838169), halothane (151677), and isoflurane (26675467). (cdc.gov)
Isoflurane was found in all 12 personal and area air samples at concentrations from 0.09 to 1.96ppm. (cdc.gov)
Isoflurane was detected in a personal sample from the recovery room and in the area sample from the OR reception area at concentrations of 0.69 and 0.65ppm, respectively. (cdc.gov)
2005. Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in mechanically ventilated Dumeril monitors. (vin.com)
Chapter IV: Determination of minimum faveolar concentration of isoflurane and cardiopulmonary values in Iguana iguana . (vin.com)
In: The determination of minimum faveolar concentration of isoflurane and arterial blood gas and acid-base values in Iguana iguana . (vin.com)
2003. Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in green iguanas and the effect of butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration. (vin.com)
In the article "Alzheimer's alert over anaesthetics" Helen Phillips cites work by Pravat Mandal showing that the inhalational anaesthetics halothane and isoflurane, and the intravenous anaesthetic propofol, "encourage clumping of amyloid beta protein" (28 October 2006, p 12). (newscientist.com)
Inhalational agents with irritant physicochemical characteristics like desflurane and high concentrations of isoflurane are more likely to cause laryngospasm than non-irritant agents like sevoflurane and halothane. (ahrq.gov)
Preischemia plasma glucose increased with increasing anesthetic concentration and was highest in the isoflurane groups, varying from a low (±SD) of 7.19±1.79 μmol/ml in the 0.5 MAC halothane group to a high of 12.68±3.65 μmol/ml in the 2.0 MAC isoflurane group. (psu.edu)
Conversely, were a methoxyflurane vaporizer (such as the Ohio bottle) used to vaporize isoflurane, lethally high concentrations might be produced. (asevet.com)
However, the rapid changes in depth of anesthesia which may be achieved with halothane and isoflurane may cause major difficulties to occur if their concentration is not known. (asevet.com)
Vaporizer Among Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane and Sevoflurane,any one can be chosen for application as required by the customer. (co.ke)
Available for Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Enflurane and Halothane agents. (bplmedicaltechnologies.com)
Results All the investigated VAs (chloroform, halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane) inhibited both the agonist-induced (pregnenolone sulfate, CIM0216) and heat-activated Ca2+ signals and transmembrane currents in a concentration dependent way in HEK293T cells overexpressing recombinant TRPM3. (unideb.hu)
State-of-the-art non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology identifies and measures five anesthetic agent gases: Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane. (zurichcorp.com)
The Drager Vamos is a variable anesthetic gas monitor used for measuring and monitoring the CO2 concentration, functional oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and the concentrations of N2O, and the following volatile anesthetic agents: Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, and Desflurane. (zurichcorp.com)
the inhalational anesthetic is most often halothane, but other anesthetics (eg, isoflurane , sevoflurane , desflurane ) may also be involved. (msdmanuals.com)

Currently, halothane is rarely used in economically developed nations due to the availability of newer and safer volatile anesthetics, such as enflurane and sevoflurane . (medscape.com)
2000. Determination of the minimum anesthetic concentration and cardiovascular dose response for sevoflurane in chickens during controlled ventilation. (vin.com)
Therefore, temperature-dependent effects of halothane and sevoflurane on cardiac ICa,L were analyzed. (asahq.org)
At 21 degrees C, the slope of this relation was 0.52 and 0.12 mm/vol % for halothane and sevoflurane, respectively, and decreased at 36 degrees C to 0.29 and 0.09 mm/vol %, respectively. (asahq.org)
Halothane (1-2 MAC) and sevoflurane (1-3 MAC) evoked stronger inhibitions of ICa,L at 21 degrees C than at 36 degrees C. In spite of different temperature-dependent current amplitudes, the fractional (percent) inhibition of ICa,L showed the same linear relationship to the concentrations of halothane and sevoflurane in the bath medium at both temperatures, as revealed from present and previous experiments. (asahq.org)
Inhibition of ICa,L by halothane and sevoflurane is determined by the aqueous concentration of the anesthetics, independently of the temperature. (asahq.org)
Differential effects of halothane and sevoflurane on hypoxia-induced intracellular calcium transients of neonatal rat carotid body type I cells. (ox.ac.uk)
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the magnitude of the increase in intracellular calcium with hypoxia in carotid body type I (glomus) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
We wished to ascertain if the effects of these agents in single cells paralleled their known effects on the human hypoxic ventilatory response, where halothane depresses this response more than does sevoflurane. (ox.ac.uk)
Halothane and sevoflurane were administered in concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 1.45 and 0.1 to 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), respectively (rat values). (ox.ac.uk)
RESULTS: Halothane depressed the increase in intracellular calcium with hypoxia more than did sevoflurane (P=0.036). (ox.ac.uk)
Although halothane was depressive at all concentrations tested, sevoflurane depressed the calcium response only at 2 MAC. (ox.ac.uk)
Both agents also depressed the calcium response to elevated extracellular potassium-halothane more so than sevoflurane (P=0.004). (ox.ac.uk)
Sevoflurane or Halothane. (anesthesiageneral.com)
When we administer anesthesia, we pay a great deal of attention to the concentration of nitrous oxide and halogenated agents such as sevoflurane or desflurane that our patient receives. (airwayjedi.com)

Higher fluoride concentrations with enflurane & methoxyflurane are seen when compared to non-obese patients. (medicine-handbook.com)

Since the risk of halothane hepatitis in children was substantially lower than in adults, halothane continued to be used in pediatrics in the 1990s as it was especially useful for inhalation induction of anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
1963. A comparative study of halothane and halopropane anesthesia including method for determining equipotency. (vin.com)
Side stream anesthesia multigas sensor, can simultaneously measure the concentration waveform and data of CO2, N2O, anesthetic gases, as well as respiratory rate. (ecplaza.net)
A synergism between labetalol HCl and halothane anesthesia has been shown (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ). (druglib.com)
We conclude that increasing concentration of volatile anesthesia with iv phenylephrine blood pressure support produces higher levels of plasma glucose and brain lactate with cerebral ischemia. (psu.edu)
Additionally, faster recovery as compared to halothane and minimal risk of fulminant hepatitis will boost inhalation anesthesia business growth during the forecast period. (gminsights.com)
Induction of anesthesia necessitates higher concentration of drug as compared to the amount required for maintenance, thus increasing the demand for inhalation anesthetics. (gminsights.com)
Plummer JL, Beckwith AL, Bastin FN, Adams JF, Cousins MJ, Hall P: Free radical formation in vivo and hepatotoxicity due to anesthesia with halothane. (edu.pl)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of halothane on Na transport activities. (asahq.org)
In addition, the effects of halothane were assessed in the absence of extracellular calcium (Ca) with or without 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, an intracellular Ca chelating agent. (asahq.org)

Chemically, halothane is an alkyl halide (not an ether like many other anesthetics). (wikipedia.org)
The effects of varying concentrations and types of volatile anesthetics on neurochemical sequelae of brain ischemia were evaluated in the rat. (psu.edu)
Zapp, M, Kofke, WA & Davis, DW 1992, ' Comparison of the effects of volatile anesthetics in varying concentrations on brain energy metabolism with brain ischemia in rats ', Neurochemical Research , vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 301-305. (psu.edu)
Concentrations of anesthetics brought into solution by gassing at both temperatures were determined with gas chromatography. (asahq.org)
Using voltage-clamp techniques, the authors examined the effect of two general anesthetics (ketamine and halothane) on a rat brain potassium channel of known amino acid sequence, and further assessed whether the inhibition of the channel is altered by a partial deletion of the C-terminal sequence of this channel. (silverchair.com)
Anesthetics, volatile: halothane. (silverchair.com)
Some anesthetics, including halothane, sensitize the coronary heart to arrhythmogenic consequences of sympathomimetic sellers. (yourzdoctor.com)
C. elegans is immobilized by volatile anesthetics only at high concentrations and with an unusually slow time course. (silverchair.com)
Long-term occupational exposure to trace concentrations of volatile anesthetics is known to have adverse effects on the health of exposed personnel. (edu.pl)

In rare cases, repeated exposure to halothane in adults was noted to result in severe liver injury. (wikipedia.org)
Type I (mild) halothane hepatotoxicity occurs within hours of halothane exposure. (medscape.com)
Type II (fulminant) halothane hepatotoxicity usually occurs 5-7 days following exposure, although it can be delayed by up to 4 weeks. (medscape.com)
Exposure of epithelial type II cells to halothane reduced the activity of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase, and amiloride-sensitive Na channels, whereas Na cotransporters were unchanged. (asahq.org)
The decrease in sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity was maximal for 30 min of exposure and reached 50, 42, and 56% for halothane concentrations of 1, 2, and 4%, respectively, and did not change for longer exposure times. (asahq.org)
[1-3] Because of the hypnotic effects of these agents, attention has focused mainly on the central nervous system, and several studies have reported that halothane exposure depressed voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels and potassium (K) channels. (asahq.org)
Exposure to CO 2 at high concentration is a much debated stunning method in pigs. (frontiersin.org)
The aim was to assess timing of unconsciousness in pigs during exposure to high concentrations of CO 2 based on changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and the relation with the behaviors sniffing, retreat and escape attempts, lateral head movements, jumping, muscular contractions, loss of posture, and gasping. (frontiersin.org)
The two most commonly used stunning methods applied under commercial slaughterhouse conditions in pigs are electrical stunning and exposure to high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
11, 12 Clinically, MH status may be assessed by exposure in the laboratory of a patient's muscle biopsy specimen to incremental doses of specific trigger agents (caffeine, halothane) and measuring the in vitro contracture response using the contracture test (IVCT). (bmj.com)
Exposure to high concentrations of this vapor in certain vapor was allowed to absorb (or desorb) from tissues based on mass occupations has been associated with bronchial wall thickening transfer coefficients. (cdc.gov)
The relationship between exposure concentration and tissue continued uptake of vapor from the air into tissues. (cdc.gov)
Recovery from exposure to 1 or 4 vol% halothane was determined for mating, chemotaxis, and gross movement. (silverchair.com)
Recovery was complete after exposure to 1 vol% halothane but was significantly reduced after exposure to immobilizing concentrations. (silverchair.com)
Exposure to high concentrations of waste anesthetic gases - even for a short time - may cause difficulties in judgment, loss of coordination, impaired manual dexterity, drowsiness, headache, irritability, fatigue, and nausea. (airwayjedi.com)
The results suggest that exposure to wasted halothane may be harmful to the livers of operating room personnel. (pjoes.com)
After whole-body autoradiography to study the distribution of inhaled 14C-labeled chloroform in mice, most of the radioactivity was found in fat immediately after exposure, while the concentration of radioactivity in the liver increased during the postanesthetic period, most likely due to covalent binding to lipid and protein in the liver (Cohen and Hood 1969). (cdc.gov)
Following oral exposure in animal studies, distribution of chloroform appears to be similar to following inhalation exposure, with the primary concentrations in lipophilic tissues (Brown et al. (cdc.gov)
Regardless of the route of exposure, chloroform is excreted from the body primarily as expired carbon dioxide, although at higher concentrations, where metabolism is saturated, appreciable levels of parent compound may be exhaled as well (Brown et al. (cdc.gov)

To examine possible mechanisms of action of halothane at clinically relevant concentrations the authors studied the effect of halothane on increases in pulmonary resistance (R(L)) produced by either vagus nerve stimulation (VNS, which caused neurally mediated constriction) or the inhalation of nebulized acetylcholine (ACh, which directly stimulated the smooth muscle cell) in nine mongrel dogs. (elsevierpure.com)
The aims of our study were to determine concentrations of wasted halothane in operating rooms and to investigate the effect of halothane pollution on liver functions of exposed personnel. (pjoes.com)

The resulting syndrome was referred to as halothane hepatitis, immunoallergic in origin, and is thought to result from the metabolism of halothane to trifluoroacetic acid via oxidative reactions in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
In rare cases, cirrhosis may develop following halothane hepatitis. (medscape.com)
However, the findings in halothane hepatitis are indistinguishable from those of fulminant viral hepatitis . (medscape.com)
Because halothane hepatitis is a diagnosis of exclusion, ruling out other causes is essential. (medscape.com)
We evaluated various dimensions of this replacement through a literature review to assess the incidence of halothane-induced hepatitis and costs of anaesthetics in the country. (who.int)
The results indicate that the incidence of halothane hepatitis in the Islamic Republic of Iran is very low and could mostly be avoided by strict adherence to guidelines. (who.int)
Anaesthesia has been influential in dif- Iran in 2006 when a number of experts thane-induced hepatitis, some profes- ferent fields of medical practice, espe- claimed that halothane should be sionals have insisted on the necessity cially in surgical procedures and efforts considered a major health threat [10]. (who.int)
Incidence of "halothane hepatitis" is allegedly higher in obese patients. (medicine-handbook.com)

The inhibition of current was voltage dependent for halothane but not for ketamine. (silverchair.com)
Both an inhibition and an enhancement of evoked release is observed depending on the concentration of opioid agonist that is used. (shengsci.com)

Our product range includes a wide range of goldmans halothane vaporizer. (ipsmedicalproducts.com)
We are prime manufacturers of Goldman halothane vaporizer which is primarily used in hospitals due to their critical and very important requirement and performance. (ipsmedicalproducts.com)
The concentration of anesthetic emerging from the vaporizer is, therefore, also not known. (asevet.com)
Effect of changes in temperature on the output concentration of a simple halothane vaporizer calibrated at 20 o C. (asevet.com)
The high-precision Vaporizer is designed with a stable concentration output, automatic compensation for pressure, temperature and flow rate. (co.ke)

No specific therapy is available for either fulminant hepatic necrosis or mild hepatotoxicity due to halothane. (medscape.com)

Although both ketamine and halothane inhibit potassium currents through the Kv2.1 channel, their mechanisms of action at this potential target may be different. (silverchair.com)
Methods We investigated the effect of VAs on the activity of recombinant and native TRPM3, by monitoring changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and measuring TRPM3-mediated transmembrane currents. (unideb.hu)

It became known as the "minimum alveolar concentration" (MAC). (vin.com)
2 However, the term "minimum alveolar concentration" is mammal oriented. (vin.com)

[1,2] Recently, however, halothane was shown to inhibit Na/calcium (Ca) exchanger and Ca channels in heart cells [3] and to decrease ion transport in canine tracheal epithelium, an effect that may contribute to decreased mucous clearance in the perioperative period. (asahq.org)
Afferents from these receptors (with a high concentration of receptors at the carina) inhibit further inspiration. (anesthesiageneral.com)

The effects of trace concentrations of anesthetic gases on behavioral performance were studied in humans. (cdc.gov)
For patient monitoring, concentrations of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and volatile anesthetic gases in the respiratory gas mixture are measured and displayed. (zurichcorp.com)

The National Halothane Study, a retrospective analysis, reviewed the incidence and mortality rates of postoperative hepatic necrosis from 1959-1962. (medscape.com)

Halothane alters surfactant biosynthesis and metabolism of alveolar type II cells. (asahq.org)

of complete replacement of halothane have been ongoing over the years to Consequently, under supervision of with other inhalation agents such as find the most suitable anaesthetic agent. (who.int)
Respiratory which inhalation dosimetric relationships contribute to this tract uptake of halothane, acetone, ethanol and diacetyl was species difference in regional airway injury is not known, but measured in male F344 rat to obtain data for model validation. (cdc.gov)

Halothane accelerated the time constant of current inactivation, whereas ketamine affected this parameter minimally in both channel types. (silverchair.com)
Use dependence of ketamine and halothane action was observed in both Kv2.1 and the mutant channel, attributable to augmentation of C-type inactivation. (silverchair.com)

The display on the Drager Vamos shows Real-time curve CO2, Inspiratory concentration FiCO2, End-Expiratory concentration FetCO2, Functional oxygen saturation SpO2, Pulse rate, Inspiratory concentration FiN2O, End-expiratory concentration FetN2O, and the concentrations of anesthetic agents. (zurichcorp.com)
Additionally, inspiratory and expiratory concentrations are displayed for all measured gas concentrations. (zurichcorp.com)

Halothane given with succinylcholine for induction anesthetic is associated with masseter spasm. (medscape.com)

1965. Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency. (vin.com)
Sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase, and amiloride-sensitive Na channel activities are impaired by halothane in alveolar type II cells in vitro. (asahq.org)

Industrial negative ion tester air anion analyze monitor negative ion detector RS-NEGO-N01-2-* negative oxygen ion detector is equipped with a color touch screen to display the concentration of negative oxygen ions in the air in real time. (ecplaza.net)
Whether damage occurs depends on the concentrations of these ions in the tissue. (nationalacademies.org)

Type I is characterized by mild, transient elevations in serum transaminase and glutathione S- transferase concentrations. (medscape.com)
Serum autoantibodies may be present in 30-44% of patients with type II halothane hepatotoxicity. (medscape.com)

Epithelial type II cells from adult rat lungs were exposed to halothane concentrations of 1, 2, and 4% from 0.5-4 h. (asahq.org)

Comprehensive cost-effectiveness studies are needed before a decision is made on complete replacement of halothane with other anaesthetics. (who.int)

Halothane can decompose to hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide in the presence of light and heat. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The commercial synthesis of halothane starts from trichloroethylene, which is reacted with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of antimony trichloride at 130 °C to form 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. (wikipedia.org)
A pharmacist prepared solutions of sodium fluoride (NaF) and sodium silicofluoride (Na 2 SiF 6 ) so that the final fluoride ion concentrations were 1.0 mg/L. Eight bottles of water were prepared with either fluoridated water or distilled water. (nationalacademies.org)

About 20% of inhaled halothane is metabolized by the liver and these products are excreted in the urine. (wikipedia.org)

Ketamine and halothane reduced Kv2.1 and delta C318 peak current amplitude in a dose-dependent and reversible fashion. (silverchair.com)

Halothane and ether have a significant effect. (anesthesiageneral.com)

It has been suggested that halothane inhibits contraction of airway smooth muscle in vivo mainly by reducing reflex activity in nerves innervating the muscle with only minimal direct effects on the muscle itself. (elsevierpure.com)
The authors conclude that in addition to neurally mediated effects, halothane at clinically used concentrations has significant direct effects on airway smooth muscle stimulated by ACh. (elsevierpure.com)

Induction of unconsciousness with CO 2 stunning requires high concentrations of CO 2 where excessive CO 2 concentrations in the blood lead to a state of hypercapnic hypoxia, inducing a decline in blood pH levels. (frontiersin.org)

HALOTHANE and the volatile anesthetic agents can modulate ion channel function or ion transport in different tissues. (asahq.org)
the following measurement variables/parameters can be displayed as a graph: concentration of CO2, O2, and volatile anesthetic agents, virtual flow tubes for fresh gas flow. (somatechnology.com)
The Ohmeda 5330 uses an infrared and microprocessor technology to measure CO2 and the concentration of anesthetic agents on the display. (zurichcorp.com)
and inspired and exhaled concentrations of oxygen and applicable anesthetic agents. (medscape.com)

The potency of halothane for disrupting eight different behaviors was determined by logistic regression of concentration and response data. (silverchair.com)

Oxygen detector Features Compared to other methods of measuring oxygen content, the oxygen detector has a higher accuracy, provides immediate feedback and can directly detect the oxygen concentration. (ecplaza.net)

Rapid and deeper respiration induced by higher CO 2 concentrations increases the intake of CO 2 that shortens the induction period and time to loss of consciousness ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)

The MAC 1.0 is defined as the "minimal anesthetic concentration in the alveolus required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to a painful stimulus. (vin.com)
Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response of halothane in ducks. (vin.com)
minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response during spontaneous and controlled breathing. (vin.com)

In contrast, halothane produced immobility with a median effective concentration of 3.65 vol% (2.6 mM). (silverchair.com)

If such vaporizers were to be used to vaporize methoxyflurane, it would be difficult to produce an adequate concentration due to the very much lower SVP of this agent. (asevet.com)

The frequency of bilateral VNS and the dose of nebulized ACh were adjusted to produce approximately equal increases in R(L). Halothane reduced the response to both types of stimulation in a dose-dependent fashion. (elsevierpure.com)

This action takes place because of a decrease in intracellular calcium concentration and reduction in calcium sensitivity in the presence of a bronchoconstricting agent. (anesthesiageneral.com)

The CO 2 stunning method involves lowering groups of pigs in a gondola into a well that is pre-filled with a high concentration of CO 2 . (frontiersin.org)

Given this risk, halothane is not recommended for use in adults. (medscape.com)

Possible results of drug concentrations drop and the caregivers to likelihood of the herbal preparation. (reflectionsbodysolutions.com)

Among the tested VAs, halothane was the most potent blocker (IC50=0.52?0.05 mM). (unideb.hu)

Halothane hepatotoxicity is more likely to occur in lower resource settings where halothane continues to be used. (medscape.com)
Pigs respond aversively to high concentrations of CO 2 , and there is uncertainty about what behaviors occur before and after loss of consciousness. (frontiersin.org)

The carbon dioxide concentration is displayed as a real-time curve on the Drager Vamos Plus. (zurichcorp.com)

At halothane concentrations greater than or equal to 0.4 MAC, the VNS response was significantly less than the ACh response. (elsevierpure.com)

Because of these causes of variability in their output, simple vaporizers cannot generally be provided with a scale indicating the concentration of anesthetic being delivered. (asevet.com)
The ultra-low weight Sigma Delta Vaporizers deliver accurate concentrations under varying conditions of flow rate, temperature and pressure particularly at low flow. (bplmedicaltechnologies.com)

It appears that an HF concentration somewhere between 1.0 and 5.0 mmol/L (20 and 100 mg/L), applied to the stomach mucosa for at least 15 minutes, is the threshold for effects on the function and structure of the tissue (Whitford et al. (nationalacademies.org)

Halothane, sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a general anaesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
People can be exposed to halothane in the workplace by breathing it in as waste anaesthetic gas, skin contact, eye contact, or swallowing it. (wikipedia.org)

There is a transient ischaemic attack (tia), in which halothane or a disorder of copper is impractical in the stomach, thereby increasing empowerment for future procreation). (reflectionsbodysolutions.com)

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes3

Isoflurane19

Sevoflurane15

Enflurane1

Anesthesia8

Effects of halothane2

Anesthetics9

Exposure19

Effect of halothane2

Hepatitis8

Inhibition2

Vaporizer5

Hepatotoxicity due1

Currents2

Minimum alveolar conc2

Inhibit2

Gases2

Incidence1

Metabolism1

Inhalation2

Inactivation2

Inspiratory2

Succinylcholine1

Alveolar2

Ions2

Serum2

Lungs1

Anaesthetics1

Fluoride3

Liver1

Ketamine1

Ether1

Airway2

Hypoxia1

Anesthetic agents4

Potency1

Oxygen1

Induction1

Minimal3

3.651

Methoxyflurane1

Increases1

Intracellular calcium1

High concentration1

Adults1

Results1

0.521

Occur2

Carbon1

Significantly1

Vaporizers2

Mmol1

Anaesthetic2

Transient1