Concentrations fetal bpa exposure level of exposure. Medical search. Frequent questions

Plasticizers include bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
While chronic exposures to BPA, phthalates, and other plasticizers may result in adverse health effects, it's likely safe for pregnant women to have occasional exposures to these chemicals through nail polish application. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
With regard to human biomonitoring, analysis of organochlorine compounds and metals in biological samples (blood, brain, milk) in venous serum of pregnant mothers from Arctic areas, farmworkers exposure to pesticides in Spain, phthalates and DINCH metabolites, bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan in Slovenian populations, and metals in from population samples from the PHIME study has been carried out. (europa.eu)
The new study does not prove that phthalates- widely used in certain plastics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and medical devices- cause autism, however, it adds to a growing body of evidence that prenatal exposure to certain chemicals may impair social development and suggests folic acid may protect against some of these potential impacts. (ehn.org)
The rapid rise in prevalence over the past three decades cannot be explained solely by genetic factors," the authors wrote, adding the research "provides new insights regarding the potential neurotoxicity of phthalates and … supports earlier research showing increased susceptibility of the developing brain, especially the male fetal brain, to the impact of toxic chemicals. (ehn.org)
For example, a doubling of concentrations of two phthalates was associated with roughly 60 percent higher scores on the tests for autistic traits. (ehn.org)
Phthalates - Exposure to phthalates can lead to incomplete testicular descent in fetuses, reduced sperm counts, testicular atrophy or structural abnormality and inflammation in newborns . (truemedicine.com.au)
The more a pregnant woman is exposed to high levels of one type of endocrine-disrupter known as phthalates, the greater the risk her son will have smaller genitals and incomplete testicular descent, leading to impaired reproductive development. (truemedicine.com.au)
In one study, women who had higher concentrations of two types of phthalates (DEHP and DBP) also had boys who appeared more feminized in their personality while playing. (truemedicine.com.au)
Phthalates are entangled within a plastic rather than bonded so can leach out easily by exposure to heat and solvents. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)

This pilot study examined the association between BPA exposure, fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) and GDM diagnosis during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity did not provide evidence of association between BPA exposure and case status across increasing tertiles of BPA exposure (number of GDM cases/controls in tertile 1: 13/24, tertile 2: 6/24 tertile 3: 3/24). (cdc.gov)
Although researchers have demonstrated that the estimated BPA exposure was correlated with current urine BPA, it is still possible that the association between BPA exposure and birth weight was impacted due to inaccurate classification of BPA exposure categories. (sciencedaily.com)

The earlier in life that toxic exposure occurs, the more powerful the toxins affect a child's development ongoing from that day forward. (susansmithjones.com)
So, like the chicken and egg question - does BPA help cause PCOS symptoms, or do PCOSer's just unable to eliminate toxins as effectively? (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
Robust scientific evidence has emerged over the past 15 years demonstrating that preconception and prenatal exposure to toxic environmental toxins can have a profound and lasting effect on reproductive health across the life course and an analysis of National health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2003-2004 found that every women is exposed to 43 different chemicals. (hindustantimes.com)
Such fetal exposure to toxins during critical stages of development can cause permanent and irreversible brain and organ damage, not just at birth but even decades later. (inalliancepse.org)
To date, the dangers of prenatal or postnatal exposure to this complex mixture of carcinogens, developmental toxins, and neurotoxins have not been studied. (ndnr.com)

The third study, published in Fertility and Sterility , showed that an increasing urine BPA level was significantly associated with decreased sperm concentration, decreased total sperm count, decreased sperm vitality and decreased sperm motility. (sciencedaily.com)
Decreased sperm motility and concentration, as well as genital abnormalities in baby boys have been linked to these chemicals. (truemedicine.com.au)

These are important in foetal neurodevelopment and prenatal exposure to BPS has been linked to impaired psychomotor development in children. (wikipedia.org)
Prenatal exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with adverse birth outcomes, but findings of previous studies have been inconsistent. (blogspot.com)
We investigate the relation of prenatal BPA exposure with intrauterine growth and evaluate the effect of the number of measurements per subject on observed associations. (blogspot.com)
In fact, those with raised prenatal levels were 6kgs to 10kgs heavier. (nutri-tech.com.au)
We do not know if these subtle effects associated with prenatal phthalate exposure will last after the preschool period," said child development specialist and study co-author Gina Muckle, professor at Université Laval and Quebec-CHU Research Center in Quebec City, Canada, in a statement. (ehn.org)

BPA, a major molecule used in the plastic industry, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor that could exert deleterious effects on human health. (clinicalnews.org)
BPA has estrogenic activity and is regarded as a representative endocrine disruptor. (koreamed.org)
It is an endocrine disruptor which means exposure could lead to hormone imbalance, infertility, increased risk of reproductive cancer, low sperm counts, and other hormone-related problems. (oscea.com)

More typical 'safe levels' are 1000 to 3000 times lower than toxic doses to animals. (mamapedia.com)
The impact of prolonged exposure to apparently non-toxic doses of neurotoxicants during early development may have on children's health, represents a major risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). (europa.eu)
See, BPA has been shown to be toxic even at low doses. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
Highlighting that exposure to some pesticides can interfere with all developmental stages of reproductive function in adult females, including puberty, menstruation and ovulation, fertility and fecundity, she said, "Most environmental chemicals have entered the marketplace without comprehensive and standardized information regarding their reproductive or other long-term toxic effects. (hindustantimes.com)
Since liver detoxification enzymes are not fully developed in fetal and neonatal period yet, it is thought that the toxic effects of BPA are even more serious during this crucial time [ 17 ]. (ac.ir)
A new class-action lawsuit in the US alleges Coca-Cola and Simply Tropical fruit juice deceived customers with claims of an all-natural, healthy product when the juice has been found to be contaminated with toxic PFAS at levels "hundreds of times" above federal advisory limits for drinking water. (pops.int)
BPA is a toxic chemical found in everyday products that can be absorbed through skin contact or ingested from leaking into foods from packaging. (oscea.com)
Only after many years, and a plethora of published research showing its toxic effects, did some manufacturers begin to remove BPA from their products. (bitterrootbugle.com)
As its name implies, it's very similar to BPA and, by some measures, may be even more toxic. (bitterrootbugle.com)
Regulatory agencies commonly gave more weight to standard than non-standard studies in risk assessment of BPA, despite the growing amount of research indicating that toxic effects at low doses were being overlooked. (5dok.org)

A recent study showed that exposure to BPS during pregnancy may disrupt thyroid hormone levels. (wikipedia.org)
Fetal growth characteristics were repeatedly measured by ultrasound during pregnancy and combined with measurements at birth. (blogspot.com)
Our goal was to evaluate whether exposure to BPA during pregnancy is related to thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women and neonates. (blogspot.com)
We measured BPA concentration in urine samples collected during the first and second half of pregnancy in 476 women participating in the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study. (blogspot.com)
Among boys, the relation was stronger when BPA was measured in the third trimester of pregnancy and decreased with time between BPA and TH measurements. (blogspot.com)
Conclusion: Results suggest that exposure to BPA during pregnancy is related to reduced total T 4 in pregnant women and decreased TSH in male neonates. (blogspot.com)
The current study used sheep, a relevant model for human pregnancy and thyroid regulation and ontogeny, and analyzed the internal exposures of the fetuses and their mothers to BPA and determined to what extent those exposures may be associated with thyroid disruption. (clinicalnews.org)
Results showed that maternal and fetal exposure to BPA was associated with disruption of thyroid function of both the pregnant ewes throughout pregnancy and the newborns as characterized by a decrease in circulating thyroxine levels. (clinicalnews.org)
Is bisphenol-A exposure during pregnancy associated with blood glucose levels or diagnosis of gestational diabetes? (cdc.gov)
Exposure to BPA during pregnancy may contribute to development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a precursor to type 2 diabetes in women. (cdc.gov)
While the occasional application of nail polish to pregnant women is likely not going to result in harmful health effects, pregnant women who work in nail salons (and thus have long-term exposures to these chemicals over the duration of their pregnancy) may be at risk of harmful fetal effects. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
This study was done to determine whether exposure to air pollution during late pregnancy affects the mother's and/or the baby's thyroid function and birth weight. (thyroid.org)
The outcomes were obtained for the third trimester of pregnancy and the average exposure value was used after correction for environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. (thyroid.org)
[ 2 ] A number of modalities may be required for diagnosis and treatment of exposures in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Parental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) during pregnancy is associated with decreased birth weight of offspring, compared with offspring from families without parental BPA exposure in the workplace, according to researchers. (sciencedaily.com)
Although the finding needs to be confirmed by additional studies, the study provides preliminary evidence that maternal exposure to BPA during pregnancy may have an adverse effect on fetal growth, said De-Kun Li, MD, PhD, the principal investigator of the study, senior author of the new publication, and a reproductive and perinatal epidemiologist at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in Oakland, Calif. (sciencedaily.com)
Due to the retrospective nature of the study, estimated exposure levels in the past, rather than maternal urine BPA level, was used to classify the exposure dosage during the index pregnancy. (sciencedaily.com)
The aim of this present pilot study was to determine urinary concentrations of BPA during the last trimester of pregnancy among a small subset of women in Mexico City, Mexico and relate these concentrations to risk of delivering prematurely. (biomedcentral.com)
The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine urinary concentrations of BPA during the last trimester of pregnancy among 60 women, a subset of participants in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) study in Mexico City, Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
Maternal metabolite concentrations during pregnancy were related to child concentrations at ages 1-3 years. (cdc.gov)
In addition, some studies in recent years looking at mid to late pregnancy have not found links between mothers' phthalate levels and autism traits in their children later in life. (ehn.org)

Our study is the first to show that BPA can alter thyroid function of pregnant animals and their offspring in a long-gestation species with similar regulation of thyroid function as humans," said Catherine Viguié, PhD, of Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology in Toulouse, France and lead author of the study. (clinicalnews.org)
One reason for this is that occasional low-level exposures to these chemicals are not associated with significant health effects in humans. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Two determinations must be made when a physician responds to a patient's concerns about a specific exposure: (1) whether any quantity of the toxicant has known adverse effects on reproduction in humans and (2) whether the substance is present in sufficient quantity to affect the patient or population exposed. (medscape.com)
This study is the fourth in a series published by Dr. Li and his colleagues that examine the effect of BPA in humans. (sciencedaily.com)
BPA has actually been suspected of being hazardous to humans since 1930. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
There is growing evidence that low level BPA exposure may impact placental tissue development and thyroid function in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2013, scientists published study findings showing that BPA exposure can affect egg maturation in humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Research in humans has linked even low dose BPA exposure to cardiovascular problems, including coronary artery heart disease, angina , heart attack , hypertension , and peripheral artery disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)

Over 6 billion pounds per year of the estrogenic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) are used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic products, in resins lining metal cans, in dental sealants, and in blends with other types of plastic products. (nih.gov)
Polycarbonate plastics: BPA is found in polycarbonate plastic food containers often marked on the bottom with the recycling label #7. (mamapedia.com)
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic bottles, food and beverage can linings, thermal receipts, and dental sealants. (blogspot.com)
BPA molecules are polymerized to make polycarbonate plastic used for food and beverage containers, epoxy resins used to line cans, and dental composites and sealants, but free (unpolymerized) BPA is also used as an additive (plasticizer), such as in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. (plos.org)

Our concern with human exposure to BPA derives from 1) identification of molecular mechanisms mediating effects in human and animal tissues at very low doses, 2) in vivo effects in experimental animals caused by low doses within the range of human exposure, and 3) widespread human exposure to levels of BPA that cause adverse effects in animals. (nih.gov)
A study by researchers into the presence of potentially dangerous chemicals in eight brands of cling wrap, which is used to package food has revealed that one brand had a high concentration, which may result in adverse health effects and cancer risks. (up.ac.za)
The study found that one of the cling film brands had a very high concentration of DEHA, which may result in adverse health effects and carcinogenic risks. (up.ac.za)
People who are exposed to formaldehyde in foods, or through occasional application of nail polish, are unlikely to develop adverse effects due to these exposures. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Intentional exposures to high amounts of toluene by pregnant women, which may occur after "huffing" paint thinner or other toluene-containing products, are associated with adverse fetal health effects including premature delivery, birth defects, and neurologic problems. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
For questions about adverse events from exposures to nail polish, contact Poison Control for expert advice. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Dr Shruti N Mane elaborated, "Exposure to environmental chemicals is linked to various adverse health consequences, and patient exposure at any point in time can lead to harmful reproductive health outcomes. (hindustantimes.com)
According to the report of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) value of BPA is 5 mg/kg/day and the TDI is 0.05 mg/kg/day [ 18 ]. (ac.ir)
Studies also show adverse health outcomes from levels of those 91 chemicals way below the EPA's standards, including links to cancer, hormone disruption, and reproductive and immune system harm . (platefulhealth.com)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting environmental contaminant used in a wide variety of products, and BPA metabolites are found in almost everyone's urine, suggesting widespread exposure from multiple sources. (plos.org)
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the exposure pattern of urinary OPE metabolites in children. (cdc.gov)
RESULTS: Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) had the lowest median concentrations over time (0.66-0.97 mg/L) while the median concentrations of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) increased with age (1.44-3.80 mg/L). The median concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) fluctuated between 1.96 and 2.69 mg/L. Intraclass correlation coefficients for urinary metabolites measured at five time points indicated high variability within individuals (0.13-0.24). (cdc.gov)
Higher concentrations of certain phthalate metabolites were linked to higher scores in autistic traits for boys-but not for girls. (ehn.org)

The evidence of another 2015 study shows that BPA can interfere with endocrine function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis , such as by changing gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) secretion in hypothalamus and promoting pituitary proliferation. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that BPA can imitate the body's hormones and interfere with the production of, response to, or action of natural hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In 2009, scientists reported that BPA could interfere with the effectiveness of chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)

BPS differentiates from BPA by possessing a sulfone group (SO2) as the central linker of the molecule instead of a dimethylmethylene group (C(CH3)2), which is the case of bisphenol A. BPS is used in curing fast-drying epoxy glues and as a corrosion inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
Recent epidemiological studies indicate bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical used in production of epoxy, polycarbonate and plastic may increase risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)
2008). Human exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics is widespread (Kang et al. (cdc.gov)
BPA-exposed (from the manufacturers of BPA and epoxy resin) and unexposed workers (from industries without BPA exposure), including their spouses and offspring, were recruited from 2003-2008. (sciencedaily.com)
Funded by the U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, this latest study adds to emerging human evidence questioning the safety of BPA, a chemical created in the production of polycarbonated plastics and epoxy resins found in baby bottles, plastic containers, the linings of cans used for food and beverages, and in dental sealants. (sciencedaily.com)
The most common route of exposure is through to be the consumption of food and beverages from polycarbonate bottles and epoxy resin-coated packages [ 14 ]. (ac.ir)
Heating BPA-coated containers at high temperature results in the deterioration of the structure of epoxy resins and release of hydrolyzed BPA products into the foods, primarily due to prolonged use of plastic containers and the long shelf life of such packages [ 15 ]. (ac.ir)
Bisphenol A (BPA) , found in polycarbonate plastics and in the epoxy resins that line food and drink cans, is so ubiquitous that a recent US study found detectable levels in more than 90% of the general population. (nutri-tech.com.au)
Canned Goods- BPA is often found in the epoxy resin lining of metal cans like those used for soda and canned fruits and vegetables. (oscea.com)

Animal and human studies suggest that BPA may disrupt thyroid function. (blogspot.com)
2006). Estradiol concentrations outside the normal range have been shown to disrupt glucose homeostasis and perhaps contribute to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Barros et al. (cdc.gov)
Bovine growth hormones used in food production, soy foods, and bisphenol-A (BPA), just to name a few, add to the problem as they also mimic estrogen and disrupt your endocrine system. (truemedicine.com.au)

To comply with restrictions and regulations on BPA due to its confirmed toxicity, manufacturers are gradually replacing BPA with other related compounds, mainly bisphenol S, as substitutes in industrial applications. (wikipedia.org)
Although there is no direct link established between BPS and cardiac disease, it is thought that BPS may operate by a similar mechanism to BPA and could cause cardiac toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
High levels of DEHA and di-2-propyl heptyl phthalate (DEHP) were found in the commercial brands tested, posing signiﬁcant health risks (such as reproductive and developmental effects and liver toxicity), while exposure to the EDC DEHP results in carcinogenic risks that are regarded slightly higher than the acceptable level (1 in 100 000). (up.ac.za)
In addition, fetal exposures are likely much lower than maternal exposures, making fetal toxicity much less likely. (webpoisoncontrol.org)

Not taken into account when considering thermal paper as a source of BPA exposure is that some commonly used hand sanitizers, as well as other skin care products, contain mixtures of dermal penetration enhancing chemicals that can increase by up to 100 fold the dermal absorption of lipophilic compounds such as BPA. (plos.org)
Several epidemiological studies have linked diabetes mellitus and exposure to endocrine active compounds such as dioxin (Cranmer et al. (cdc.gov)
This will be done by developing a functional link between human biological monitoring and data on exposure to specific environmental compounds and NDs using the latest advances in environmental health science, namely the exposome paradigm. (europa.eu)
The goal is the development of functional links among the different components of environmental, exposure, Human Biomonitoring (HBM), toxicological and epidemiological studies to understand the causal associations between exposure to organic compounds and metals to NDs. (europa.eu)
Further, human exposure may occur occasionally to such natural endocrine disruptors as soybean compounds, like genistein and daidzein [ 8 ]. (ac.ir)
They exert their negative effects on the environment through two processes, long range transport, which allows them to travel far from their source, and bioaccumulation, which reconcentrates these chemical compounds to potentially dangerous levels. (wikipedia.org)

According to a 2009 study that looked at the effect of males' exposure to BPA at work, BPA may affect male fertility. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Linear regression models for repeated measurements of both BPA and fetal growth were used to estimate associations between urinary concentrations of creatinine based BPA (BPA CB ) and intrauterine growth. (blogspot.com)
37 weeks) had higher urinary concentrations of BPA compared to women delivering after 37 weeks. (biomedcentral.com)

The elevated levels of BPA that we observed due to holding thermal paper after using a product containing dermal penetration enhancing chemicals have been related to an increased risk for a wide range of developmental abnormalities as well as diseases in adults. (plos.org)
Nail polish contains chemicals that may have dangerous health effects after high-dose or long-term exposures. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Because occasional exposure to the chemicals found in nail polish is unlikely to harm a developing fetus, it's safe for pregnant women to treat themselves to manicures and/or pedicures. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Pregnant women who are concerned about exposure to chemicals in nail polish can also choose polishes that are labeled "3-free", "7-free", or similar, as these polishes do not contain these potentially worrisome chemicals. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
The AT also plays a role in the toxicokinetics of POPs since it can store these chemicals for a long time and, in that sense, may be protective during acute exposure. (ecog-obesity.eu)
However growing evidence suggests that these chemicals can be released from the AT at a low level. (ecog-obesity.eu)
Chemicals in pregnant women can cross the placenta and in some cases can accumulate in the foetus resulting in higher foetal exposure than maternal exposure. (hindustantimes.com)
One study shows that the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol-A works in a fashion that is comparable to diethylstilboestrol at the cell and developmental level and research has clearly shown that many industrial chemicals can affect thyroid function. (hindustantimes.com)
It appears that exposure to certain fat promoting chemicals - particularly at critical developmental stages, can lead to problems with excess weight and obesity. (nutri-tech.com.au)
Female firefighters in San Francisco have higher concentrations of certain cancer-linked chemicals in their blood than women in other occupations, according to the first study to investigate how women in the profession are exposed to chemicals in the line of duty. (pops.int)
Chemicals called PFAS were found in high levels in the first study of female firefighter health. (pops.int)
[9] [11] Persistent chemicals tend to have higher concentrations and are eliminated more slowly. (wikipedia.org)
In 2000, an independent panel of experts convened by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program found there was credible evidence that some hormone-like chemicals at very low levels can affect animals' bodily functions. (ndnr.com)
Trying to reduce our exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in our home is no mean feat. However, the more research I read, the more committed I feel. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
Every little change made today makes a big difference in the cumulative exposure to these chemicals over time, so I celebrate each and every one. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
It's impossible to completely eliminate our exposure to chemicals and live a modern life. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
Then there is the issue of chemical cocktails - the simultaneous exposure to numerous environmental chemicals to which most people and animals are currently exposed. (bitterrootbugle.com)

Banked urine samples from 22 cases of GDM and 72 controls were analyzed for total (free BPA + conjugates) urinary BPA concentrations (g/L). FBG levels (mg/dl) were obtained from 1 h 50 g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) that women underwent for routine GDM screening (mean gestational age=26.6 weeks sd=3.8). (cdc.gov)
One study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found BPA in nearly all human urine samples, suggesting that exposure is widespread across the United States. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The ester bond linking BPA molecules in polycarbonate and resins undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the release of free BPA into food, beverages, and the environment, and numerous monitoring studies now show almost ubiquitous human exposure to biologically active levels of this chemical. (nih.gov)
The pathway through which BPS acts on cells to increase body weight is suggested to be different to the pathway through which BPA acts, even though they have very similar chemical structures. (wikipedia.org)
Although completely eliminating exposure to BPA may not be possible, there are steps you can take to reduce your family's exposure to this chemical. (mamapedia.com)
Exposures, whether chemical, physical, or microbiological, may act directly upon neural cells or may affect the expression of genes that regulate relevant fetal/infant processes. (europa.eu)
Male births have been in decline for decades, while researchers say developmental genital damage from chemical exposure can become hereditable. (oneradionetwork.com)
Bisphenol A, or BPA, is a chemical present in many hard plastics that people use every day. (medicalnewstoday.com)
BPA is a commonly used chemical. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists believe BPA, with its estrogen-like behavior, could increase the risk of breast , prostate , and other cancers in people who experienced exposure to the chemical in the womb. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The CDC note that people commonly experience exposure to low levels of BPA when they consume food or water stored in containers made with the chemical. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Environmental chemical exposure could affect liver disease development. (aspetjournals.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Environmental chemical exposure significantly contributes to the development of cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (aspetjournals.org)
Concerns about BPA were initially raised in 1997, when Dr Fred vom Saall, a developmental biologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia, discovered that mice fed low doses of the chemical while pregnant gave birth to male pups that developed enlarged prostates. (archetypeltd.co.nz)
I also follow my '9 Easy Ways To Reduce Your Chemical Exposure At Home' (To get a copy, simply sign up to my newsletter! (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
The main source of exposure is food and drinks stored in containers that contain the chemical. (oscea.com)
Exposure to this chemical - used widely in plastic products, canned goods and more - in utero has been linked to altered brain function and organ development. (bitterrootbugle.com)
Most BPA-free plastics contain another chemical, bisphenol S (BPS), in BPA's place. (bitterrootbugle.com)

Chevy Chase, MD -- In utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can be associated with decreased thyroid function in newborn sheep, according to a recent study accepted for publication in Endocrinology, a journal of The Endocrine Society. (clinicalnews.org)
Janssen BG et al Fetal thyroid function, birth weight, and in utero exposure to fine particle air pollution: a birth cohort study. (thyroid.org)

Similar to estradiol, BPA causes changes in some cell functions at concentrations between 1 pM and 1 nM, and the mean and median range of unconjugated BPA measured by multiple techniques in human pregnant maternal, fetal, and adult blood and other tissues exceeds these levels. (nih.gov)
EWG found that the worst foods tested put pregnant women and formula-fed infants within an unacceptable margin of safety to levels that cause harmful effects in laboratory animals. (mamapedia.com)
Although thyroid hormones play a determinant role in human growth and brain development, no studies have investigated relations between BPA exposure and thyroid function in pregnant women or neonates. (blogspot.com)
Some of the pregnant ewes received daily subcutaneous injections of BPA while the remainder were allocated to the control group. (clinicalnews.org)
BPA concentrations in the mother blood in this experiment were fluctuating between injections from 15 to 1 time the highest blood levels reported in pregnant women in the literature," notes Viguié. (clinicalnews.org)
As a consequence, although this study clearly indicates that BPA has the potential to alter thyroid function in living pregnant animals and their offspring, it cannot be considered as fully conclusive in terms of risk for human health in the actual conditions of exposure of human populations. (clinicalnews.org)
In addition, there is no evidence that fetal harm occurs in pregnant women who are exposed to low levels of formaldehyde through nail polish application. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
The use of radiation for diagnostic imaging in the pregnant woman is usually associated with a high level of anxiety for the woman, her family, and, often, the physician. (medscape.com)
BPA acts like estrogen in the body and should be kept away from pregnant women and children in critical windows of development, according to researchers who have linked it to cancer, infertility, brain, nervous system and cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes, obesity and other serious disorders. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
When we get pregnant, we're routinely told to skip alcohol so our kids aren't born with fetal alcohol syndrome, and to stop smoking to reduce the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . (inalliancepse.org)
PUFAs especially DHA plays an important role in fetal brain and retina development when consumed by pregnant mothers. (ufaocity.xyz)

In addition, the gestational window is critical because exposures outside certain gestational periods may be nontoxic, while the same doses can cause devastating results within the window. (medscape.com)
Experts have linked higher BPA doses with side effects such as infertility and other health problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Aggressive behavior and serum testosterone concentration during the maturation process of male mice: the effects of fetal exposure to bisphenol A In this study we evaluated the effect of fetal exposure to bisphenol A, which mimics estrogenic activity, on aggressive behavior and hormonal change in male mice. (sunflowernaturals.com)

In other words, although our study clearly indicates that BPA-induced thyroid disruption is possible, it does not indicate how probable such a disruption is to occur in real conditions," added Viguié. (clinicalnews.org)
However, these cancers generally occur in individuals who were exposed to formaldehyde in the workplace, at high concentrations for a period of many years. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Exposure in this group could occur through exposure to contaminated clothing, through workplace visits with spouses, and through residence proximity to factories, explained the researchers. (sciencedaily.com)
How does exposure occur? (inalliancepse.org)
And damaging exposure can occur as early as in the womb, impacting on the lives and health of our children before they are born. (archetypeltd.co.nz)

Bisphenol A (BPA) - A common ingredient in many plastics, including those in reusable water bottles and resins lining some food cans and dental sealants, can change the course of fetal development in a way that increases your risk of breast cancer. (truemedicine.com.au)

Liquid infant formula: Two of five concentrated (liquid) infant formulas tested had detectable levels of BPA. (mamapedia.com)
A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study found detectable levels of BPA in the urine of 93% of people (6 and up) who were tested. (oscea.com)

In this study, very high concentrations of BPS were detected in thermal receipt samples collected from cities in the United States, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. (wikipedia.org)
A correlation between exposure to BPS before birth and being overweight has been found in mice, although this was only found when they were also fed a high fat diet. (wikipedia.org)
However, free BPA is applied to the outer layer of thermal receipt paper present in very high (∼20 mg BPA/g paper) quantities as a print developer. (plos.org)
The project's training goal is to produce a new generation of exposome researchers, trained in academia, applied research and industry, with transdisciplinary skills (environmental end exposure modelling, HBM, -omics technologies, high dimensional bioinformatics and environmental epidemiology,) and understanding of fundamental science and its direct application to environmental health challenges. (europa.eu)
Exposure to BPA has been reported to reduce birth weight in animal studies at relatively high levels of exposure. (sciencedaily.com)
The first study, published in November 2009 in the Oxford Journals' Human Reproduction, found that exposure to high levels of BPA in the workplace increases the risk of reduced sexual function in men. (sciencedaily.com)
A March 2015 study showed that high concentrations of BPA inhibited sperm motility and motion kinematics by significantly decreasing ATP levels in spermatozoa. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
The findings indicate that high level exposure may increase the risk of erectile dysfunction and problems with sexual desire and ejaculation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers in Washington State found high levels of PCBs in the packaging of foods like cheese and cracker snack packs, macaroni and cheese, and taco shells, among others. (inalliancepse.org)
The basis for the interest is their widespread use, high exposure and possible health problems they may cause. (ac.ir)
Bisphenol A (BPA) is produced by condensation of two moles of phenol with one mole of acetone at low pH and high temperature, and is generally referred to as 2,2- (4,4-hydroxyphenyl) propane. (ac.ir)
High fasting blood sugar levels are the most powerful indicator of potential heart problems and low fasting blood insulin levels are the single common denominator in centenarians. (nutri-tech.com.au)
Tuna is famous because it has very low levels of fat and very high levels of protein, minerals, vitamins and PUFAs. (ufaocity.xyz)
Young children have been shown to be at particularly high risk of phthalate exposure. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
BPA levels are often even higher in foods that require high heat canning and sterilization processes. (oscea.com)
Synthetic materials used in activewear, like nylon and spandex, contain high levels of BPA and parabens. (oscea.com)
Obesity and a high fat diet poisons the Leydig cells, reducing testosterone levels. (hippevo.com)
In adults, exposure may lead to cancer, high blood pressure, obesity and sperm damage. (bitterrootbugle.com)

Our results suggest that BPA may negatively affect sperm quality. (sunflowernaturals.com)

Most investigations have focused on reproductive functions, but there is evidence that BPA might have negative effects on other endocrine systems including thyroid function. (clinicalnews.org)
Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to serum thyroid and reproductive hormone levels in men from an infertility clinic external icon . (cdc.gov)
He explained that exposure to EDCs during highly sensitive life stages such as foetal development and early childhood can result in the development of non-communicable diseases, problems with metabolism, as well as immune system dysfunction, problems with neurodevelopment, and reproductive function. (up.ac.za)
Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
Reproductive risk of toxicant exposure includes fetal effects, especially congenital anomalies. (medscape.com)
The researchers explained that BPA is believed by some to be a highly suspect human endocrine disrupter, likely affecting both male and female reproductive systems. (sciencedaily.com)
Ovary, uterus and other reproductive organs are also targets of BPA. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
BPA exposure impairs the structure and functions of female reproductive system in different times of life cycle and may contribute to infertility. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)

Food and drink cans are lined with a BPA-containing plastic. (mamapedia.com)
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a man-made compound used in polycarbonate (hard)plastics like water and baby bottles, household equipment, toys, and tin cans. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
BPA (bisphenol-A) is a synthetic estrogen used in many plastic products and resins used for inner coatings of food and beverage cans. (oscea.com)
The study found that subjects who drank from BPA-lined cans had 16 times higher levels of BPA in their urine within 2 hours and a rise in blood pressure during the same period. (oscea.com)

Both animal and human studies have shown that BPA can pass through the placental barrier and that fetuses are likely to be exposed to similar (if not higher) levels of BPA as those of mothers, explained the researchers. (sciencedaily.com)
By injecting the mothers with bumetanide, however, the researchers were able to reduce chloride levels to their appropriate amount -- and in turn, to restore the GABA switch mechanism (it went from excitatory to inhibitory, as expected). (science20.com)

2010). Initially thought to be a weak environmental estrogen, evidence now indicates that low dose exposures to BPA may elicit cellular responses with effects in various types of tissues that are just as efficacious and potent as estradiol (Welsons et al. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, environmental exposures could contribute to a dysregulated immune system that interacts at the molecular level with glial cells and astrocytes, creating a neuroinflammatory condition. (europa.eu)
The project and its methodological advances are expected to have a positive impact on local society and the economy contributing to more cost-effective environmental management, enhanced human health and reduced costs associated to the health burden from exposure to neurotoxicants. (europa.eu)
The analytical framework for environmental sampling has been applied in the assessment of wild fish and seafood contribution to dietary exposure to persistent pollutants. (europa.eu)
In terms of modelling environmental exposure, assessment of BPA, PM and PAHs has been carried out, as well as a comprehensive assessment of Hg exposure through the food chain. (europa.eu)
Information from environmental exposure and personal sensors, as well as from Agent Based models data has been used to estimate personal exposure and validate it against HBM data. (europa.eu)
Certain fetal and maternal conditions have been shown to have environmental and genetic components. (medscape.com)
The primary exposures include diagnostic radiographs, radiopharmaceuticals, workplace exposures, and environmental exposures such as those that occurred after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear reactor accidents. (medscape.com)
The roentgen equivalent man (rem) unit of measure and sievert (Sv) unit are used to quantify radiation exposure over time (eg, environmental releases). (medscape.com)
According to the Environmental Working Group (EWG) website they quoted a recent study done by the CDC, and it showed that 93% of the people tested are contaminated with BPA. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
A nested case-control subset of 60 participants in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) study in Mexico City, Mexico were selected based on delivering less than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation and greater than 37 weeks of gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) , BPA is present in some water bottles, baby bottles, dental fillings and sealants, dental and medical devices, safety equipment, compact disks, household electronic items, and sports equipment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Environmental exposure to BPA has the potential to affect the developing brain during gestation, according to research. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In this minireview, our focus is to provide evidence from reports that determine the effects of environmental or therapeutic exposure on altering homeostasis and functions of BAs and FXR. (aspetjournals.org)
The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Increasingly, however, scientists are looking at environmental exposures as a potential culprit. (ehn.org)

Among controls, median FBG levels (mg/dL) did not differ across exposure tertiles, defined according to the distribution of total specific-gravity adjusted urinary BPA concentrations. (cdc.gov)
uncorrected geometric mean was 1.52 μg/L. The adjusted odds ratio of delivering less than or equal to 37 weeks in relation to specific gravity adjusted third trimester BPA concentration was 1.91 (95%CI 0.93, 3.91, p-value = 0.08). (biomedcentral.com)

On the other hand, levels of fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII) and VWF were significantly higher in the acute phase in comparison to controls and recovery, while they remained persistently higher in the infection group compared to controls. (bvsalud.org)
ADAMTS-13 levels were significantly lower in the acute phase of infection in comparison to controls and recovery (p = 0.015 and 0.004, respectively), while a trend toward superimposed normalization was demonstrated post infection, as higher ADAMTS-13 levels were measured in recovered neonates compared to controls (p = 0.002). (bvsalud.org)
Cancer risks resulting from exposure to DEHA equated to about five in 1000 people, which is 50 times higher than the acceptable cancer risk, said Prof de Jager. (up.ac.za)
cord-blood FT 4 concentrations were 3.7% lower and cord-blood FT 3 concentrations were 6.4% higher. (thyroid.org)
The researchers explained that it is possible that offspring in this group had relatively higher levels of in-utero BPA exposure than those in other groups. (sciencedaily.com)
Spouses of exposed fathers, although not directly exposed to BPA in the workplace, were more likely to have a higher BPA exposure level than women in the unexposed group. (sciencedaily.com)
Japanese scientists have found that women with Poly cystic Ovary Syndrome actually had higher serum levels in their blood than women with normal ovary function. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
Research suggests there may be a link between exposure to BPA before or after birth and a higher risk of wheezing or asthma . (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is because chloride - a key signaling molecule -- builds to higher concentrations than it should inside neurons. (science20.com)
Oxytocin didn't signal from mother to baby in either rodent model, the researchers found, and as a result, chloride built to higher concentrations than it should have inside fetal neurons. (science20.com)
the organism has a higher concentration of the substance than the concentration in the organism's surrounding environment. (cityofhope.org)
The EPA confirms that albacore contains higher mercury levels than canned light tuna. (ufaocity.xyz)
Hypogonadism that results in suboptimal testosterone levels is very dangerous as it contributes to higher risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, vascular plaque, Metabolic Syndrome and myocardial infarction. (hippevo.com)

It is believed that people may be exposed to BPA throughout life, starting with intrauterine period [ 13 ]. (ac.ir)

It has also been suggested that BPS leads to the formation of new adipocytes as exposure to it increases the expression of related markers. (wikipedia.org)
This study shows for the first time that exposure to air pollution decreases cord Free T 4 and increases cord Free T 3 level. (thyroid.org)
Anything that increases inflammatory cytokines will work to reduce testosterone levels. (hippevo.com)

Our findings suggest that maternal urinary BPA may impair fetal growth. (blogspot.com)
Average maternal urinary BCEP and BDCIPP were associated with concentrations in early childhood. (cdc.gov)

Associations between the average of the two BPA measurements and maternal thyroid hormone levels were not statistically significant. (blogspot.com)

Both epidemiological and experimental evidences demonstrate that BPA affects reproduction-related gene expression and epigenetic modification that are closely associated with infertility. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)

Rigid and transparent plastic containers for food and drink, such as widely used clear Nalgene bottles and toddler sip cups contain BPA. (mamapedia.com)
Some polycarbonate water bottles are marketed as 'non-leaching' for minimizing plastic taste or odor, however there is still a possibility that trace amounts of BPA will migrate from these containers, particularly if heated or otherwise abraded or abused. (mamapedia.com)
Human exposure to a controversial ingredient in many plastic bottles and food containers is too low to be worrisome, according to a closer look at 150 studies of an additive called bisphenol A, widely known as BPA. (blogspot.com)

Large effects from small exposures. (nih.gov)
BPA exerts estrogenic effects through the classical nuclear estrogen receptors, and BPA acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. (nih.gov)
However, BPS may have comparable estrogenic effects to BPA. (wikipedia.org)
Typical exposures are within a 10 to 100-fold range of the effects that cause harm in a laboratory setting. (mamapedia.com)
Endocrine disruptors are known to be capable of producing significant effects for developing beings, even at low levels, during critical developmental stages. (blogspot.com)
It is also possible that there can be an effect in children at an epigenetic level (heritable changes that affect gene expression and activity, but do not involve changes in the DNA sequence) in their adult years, as well as the potential carcinogenic effects to long term exposure,' said Prof de Jager. (up.ac.za)
In 2015, a group of researchers concluded that exposure to BPA before birth could have long-term effects on carcinogenesis in certain organs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In their 2005 review of the literature(2), Drs vom Saall and Claude Hughes wrote that, as of December 2004, there were "115 published in vivo studies concerning low-dose effects of BPA, and 94 of these report significant effects. (archetypeltd.co.nz)
In recent decades, attention has been directed toward the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on human health. (koreamed.org)
I'm on the road to 'Turning away from BPA' and pretty motivated about doing so after reading all the scientific evidence of its harmful effects when writing my last post. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)
Also, associations between exposure to such substances and endocrine-related health effects in the general population, as well as in wildlife, have been increasingly reported. (5dok.org)

In contrast to these published findings, BPA manufacturers persist in describing BPA as a weak estrogen and insist there is little concern with human exposure levels. (nih.gov)

Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Caraballo RS, Holiday DB, Wang J. Optimal serum cotinine levels for distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States between 1999 and 2004 external icon . (cdc.gov)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Levothyroxine (L-T4) monotherapy to normalize TSH level might be not sufficient to restore serum free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels in hypothyroid patients. (koreamed.org)

However, the truth is, by making all the other changes, I've decreased my family's BPA exposure massively - that's what matters. (mynontoxictribe.com.au)

I have been reading a lot lately about BPA in baby bottles. (mamapedia.com)
Bottles used to pump and store expressed breast milk by the brand Medela are also labeled BPA-free. (mamapedia.com)
Many metal water bottles are lined with a plastic coating that contains BPA. (mamapedia.com)

Let us look at some other studies that have show that fetal growth may be adversely linked to BPA and that BPA is linked to lower thyroid hormone levels in boys. (blogspot.com)

It has been proposed that BPS has the potential to affect body weight, and several studies have found a correlation between exposure to bisphenols and increased body weight. (wikipedia.org)
Leaching from plastics appears to happen at a much lower level than found in canned foods. (mamapedia.com)
The Wall Street Journal Reported yesterday "No Ill Effect Found in Human BPA Exposure" by R. L. Hotz Feb 6-17 2013 p. (blogspot.com)
As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. (intechopen.com)
The second study, published in May 2010 in the Journal of Andrology , found that increasing BPA levels in urine are associated with worsening male sexual function. (sciencedaily.com)
This half settled my nerves, but I still found myself seeking out items labeled "BPA-free" because it seemed to me that unnecessary exposure to a known toxin didn't seem right. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)
Mercury is also found in compact fluorescent light bulbs and older thermometers, though the largest exposure by far comes from eating mercury-tainted seafood. (inalliancepse.org)
This study also found that both DDE and PCB levels were strongly linked to Body Mass Index (BMI). (nutri-tech.com.au)
A Spanish study involving 482 children in Barcelona found that those children with the highest levels of HCB in their blood before birth were two to three times more likely to be overweight or obese by the age of six. (nutri-tech.com.au)
Methoxychlor and Vinclozin - An insecticide and a fungicide respectively, have been found to cause changes to male mice born for as many as four subsequent generations after the initial exposure. (truemedicine.com.au)
The National Toxicology Program has found that exposure to lead during childhood , with in even low levels in the blood, is associated with impaired cognitive functioning and academic achievement, as well as increased attention and behavioral issues. (platefulhealth.com)
Other studies have also found childhood lead exposure was associated with lower cognitive functioning and socioeconomic status in adulthood. (platefulhealth.com)
Socks and Activewear- In a recent study, BPA was found in 91% of children's socks! (oscea.com)

BPA has been detected in the umbilical cord blood of 90 percent of newborn infants tested. (truemedicine.com.au)

Research suggests BPA can impact human health in various ways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
BCEP, BDCIPP, and DPHP demonstrated different trajectories in children, which suggests that multiple samples may be required to capture OPE exposure patterns in childhood. (cdc.gov)
Together, the work of Ben-Ari and colleagues suggests that abnormal chloride levels may cause the defective GABA switch associated with autism, and that these chloride levels may be treatable beyond infancy. (science20.com)

BPS has become increasingly common as a building block in polyethersulfone and some epoxies, following the public awareness that BPA has estrogen-mimicking properties, and widespread-belief that enough of it remains in the products to be dangerous. (wikipedia.org)

Our interest is in the use of BPA in thermal paper, which is used for airline ticket, gas, ATM, cash register and other types of receipts ( Figure 1 ). (plos.org)
Receipts- Receipts printed on thermal paper are lined with BPA. (oscea.com)

Blood samples were taken from jugular blood, amniotic fluid, placenta samples and cord blood to determine levels of BPA, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine. (clinicalnews.org)

Since then, we've learned a lot more about the extent of the damage possible because of BPA exposure and absorption. (naturalfertilityandwellness.com)

Beverages appear to contain less BPA residues, while canned pasta and soups contain the highest levels. (mamapedia.com)

Only one study has demonstrated a decrease in body weight after BPS exposure, and the affected mice quickly regained the weight they had lost. (wikipedia.org)
In one study of children, there was a significant correlation between urinary levels of BPS and insulin resistance, abnormal kidney function and abnormal vascular function. (wikipedia.org)
The study comprised 219 women, of which 99 had one measurement, 40 had two measurements, and 80 had three measurements of urinary BPA. (blogspot.com)
Because of the potential consequences of maternal/fetal thyroid disruption on neural and cognitive development, we think that our study warrants the need for further investigations on the effect of BPA on thyroid function. (clinicalnews.org)
While levels of BPA and p-NP were detected in cling film samples of this study, Prof de Jager stressed that the levels of these EDCs were lower when compared with a previous South African study in 1997. (up.ac.za)
This is the first study to document measurable levels of BPA in the urine of a population of Mexican women. (biomedcentral.com)
A secondary aim of this study was to determine differences in BPA concentrations between women who delivered less than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation and after the completion of 37 weeks of gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this study is to compare the levels of thyroid-related hormones in patients with Alzheimer's disease. (koreamed.org)
A more recent study proved that even one-time exposure to BPA can create health problems within only a few fours. (oscea.com)
The study by Travison measured testosterone levels in 3 different groups of healthy males age 45 to 80 from 1987 through 2004. (hippevo.com)
The much debated EDC bisphenol A (BPA) was used for a case study in a large part of this work. (5dok.org)

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Health Care10

Phthalates10

Association between BPA exposure3

Toxins5

Decreased sperm motility2

Prenatal5

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR3

Toxic10

Pregnancy21

Humans8

Polycarbonate plastic4

Adverse9

Metabolites4

Interfere3

Epoxy9

Disrupt3

Toxicity4

Compounds6

Fertility1

Urinary concentrations2

Chemicals17

Urine samples2

Chemical16

Utero exposure2

Pregnant11

Doses2

Estrogenic activity1

Occur5

Dental sealants1

Detectable levels2

High18

Sperm1

Reproductive8

Cans4

Mothers2

Environmental16

Specific-gravity adjusted2

Higher13

Intrauterine1

Increases3

Maternal urinary2

Statistically significant1

Infertility1

Containers3

Effects11

Findings1

Serum2

Family's1

Bottles3

Thyroid hormone levels1

Found13

Umbilical cord1

Suggests3

Widespread1

Receipts2

Amniotic fluid1

Absorption1

Beverages1

Study11